Oscillation and fundamental of wave optics

Taipei Financial Center

Height
509.2 m
Architectural
(1,671 ft)
509.2 m
Tip
(1,671 ft)
1. Oscillation and fundamental of wave optics
Periodic motion-simple harmonic motion-characteristics of
simple harmonic motion-vibration of simple springs mass
system. Resonance-definition, damped harmonic oscillator –
heavy, critical and light damping, energy decay in a damped
harmonic oscillator, quality factor, forced mechanical and
electrical oscillators.
RWDI designed a 660-metric-ton (728-short-ton)[57][58][59] steel pendulum that serves as
a tuned mass damper, at a cost of NT$132 million (US$4 million).[60] Suspended from the
92nd to the 87th floor, the pendulum sways to offset movements in the building caused
by strong gusts.[duplication?][citation needed] Its ball, the largest damper ball in the world, consists
of 41 circular steel plates of varying diameters, each 125 mm (4.92 in) thick, welded
together to form a 5.5-meter-diameter (18 ft) ball. Two additional tuned mass dampers,
each weighing 6 metric tons (7 short tons), are installed at the tip of the spire which help
prevent damage to the structure due to strong wind loads.[60][61] On 8 August 2015,
strong winds from Typhoon Soudelor swayed the main damper by 1 meter (39 in)—the
largest movement ever recorded by the damper.[62][63]
Source : Taipei 101 - Wikipedia
To reduce swaying in tall buildings because of
wind, tuned dampers (harmonic absorber)
are placed near the top of the building.
These mechanisms include an object of large
mass that oscillates under computer control
reducing the swaying (amplitude of
mechanical vibrations. The large sphere in
the photograph on the left is part of the
tuned damper system of the building in the
photograph on the right, called Taipei 101, in
Taiwan. The building, also called the Taipei
Financial Center, was completed in 2004, at
which time it held the record for the world's
tallest building.
Oscillatory motion is a repeating motion, A repeating
and periodic disturbance moving through medium
from one location to other gives rise to wave,

Pendulum serves as a simplest example of oscillating

body.
The constant play between the restoring force and
inertia property is responsible for oscillatory motion
of the pendulum.
Any motion that repeats itself at regular interval is called a
harmonic motion. The oscillations of simple pendulum or the
motion of mass m under restoring force is an idealised model of
harmonic motion.
A Simple Harmonic Motion, or SHM, is defined as a
motion in which the restoring force is directly
proportional to the displacement of the body from
its mean position. The direction of this restoring
force is always towards the mean position. The
acceleration of a particle executing simple
harmonic motion is given by a(t) = -ω2 x(t). Here, ω is
the angular velocity of the particle.
A special kind of (periodic) motion occurs when the force that
acts on a particle is always directed toward an equilibrium
position and is proportional to the position of the particle
relative to the equilibrium position.
When the mass is pulled and left to it, it
oscillates about its equilibrium position.
The restoring force acting on the body
is due to stiffness of the spring and is
given by Hooke’s law.
x is displacement and k is the elastic
constant, -ve sign indicates that the
force is opposite to the displacement
Characteristics of SHM
by the initial displacement and the velocity of the oarticle
 Energy
A body executing simple harmonic oscillations is called a simple
harmonic oscillator. simple harmonic oscillator possesses
potential energy as kinetic energy.
𝟏 𝟏
Ek = 𝒎𝒗 = 𝒎𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝋
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
= 𝒎𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 [𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝋 ]
𝟐
𝟏
= 𝒎𝝎𝟐 (𝑨𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 )
𝟐
𝟏
= 𝒌(𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 )
𝟐
Three condition for the Occurrence of Simple Harmonic
oscillations. In case of mechanical oscillators, three condition
must be satisfied for the occurrence of simple harmonic
oscillation.
(1) There must be a position of stable equilibrium.
(2) There must be no dissipation of energy.
(3) The acceleration should be proportional to the displacement
and opposite in direction.
The potential energy, U, is given by
𝒙 𝒙 𝟏
=U=- ‫𝒙𝒅𝑭 𝟎׬‬ = ‫𝒙𝒅𝒙𝒌 𝟎׬‬ = 𝒌𝒙𝟐
𝟐

= The total energy of the simple harmonic oscillator is

E = K.E. + P.E.
𝟏 𝟏
== 𝒌(𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙 )+ 𝒌𝒙𝟐
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏
= 𝒌𝑨𝟐 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕.
𝟐

The, the total energy of a simple harmonic oscillator does not depend on
time and is a constant of the motion and is proportional to square of the
amplitude of oscillation
Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
 A particle of mass 5 gm executes SHM and has a amplitude of 8 cm. If it makes 16
vibrations per seconds find the max velocity and energy at mean position.

A body of mass 4.9 kg hangs from a spring and oscillates with a period of 0.6 s.
How much will be the spring shorten when the body is removed
A body of mass 2 kg suspended through a vertical spring executes simple harmonic motion of period 4 s. If the oscillations are
stopped and the body hangs in equilibrium, find the potential energy stored in the spring.
The Total energy particle executing a SHM of period 2π seconds in 10.24 x 10-4 joule. The
displacement of a particle at π/4 second is .08√2m. Find the amplitude and mass of the particle.

The displacement equation of a particle describing simple harmonic motion is x = 0.01 sin 100π (t + 0.005) meter, where x is the
displacement of the particle at any instant . Calculate the amplitude, periodic time, maximum velocity and displacement at the
time of the motion.
 Find the maximum velocity and acceleration of a particle executing SHM of period 10𝝅 second and
amplitude 5 x 10-2 m.

Calculate the maximum velocity of a particle that executes SHM of amplitude 0.06m with time period of 10 𝝅𝒔.
A particle of mass 100gm is placed in a field of potential ∪ = 5𝒙𝟐 + 10 ergs/g and m = 100g.
Find the frequency
A lift is ascending at acceleration of 3m/𝒔𝟐 . What is the period of oscillation of simple pendulum of length
one meter suspended in the lift ?

A mass of 6 kg stretches a spring 0.3m from its equilibrium position. The mass is removed and another body of
mass 1.0kg is hanged from the spring. What would be the period of motion if the spring is now stretched and
released?
A spring when compressed by 10 cm develops a restoring force 0f 10
N. A body of mass 4 kg. is attached to it. Calculate the compression
of the spring due to the weight of the body and calculate the period of
oscillation.
Free Oscillations
If the oscillating system is isolated ( i.e. no energy being added or taken away from), the
oscillations are called free oscillations
Oscillations (free or otherwise) can occur whenever a restoring force capable of transforming PE
to KE and vice versa.
In free oscillations, since the sum of PE and KE can not increase, the PE must be largest at the
extreme points of the oscillations where KE is zero.
eg. When a pendulum is displaced from its equilibrium position and left to the action of internal
forces, it undergo free oscillations with frequency------------

The frequency is independent of mass and will be same as long as pendulum does not experience
resistance to its motion.
The frequency with which pendulum oscillates freely at its own is natural frequency. Period of
oscillations of such ideal oscillator is independent of amplitude and it’s a characteristics property
of the oscillation.
Damped oscillations: An ideal pendulum once set into motion, continues to
oscillate between two spatial positions forever without a decrease in actual
practice. No body can oscillate for an indefinite time. If we watch an oscillating
pendulum, we shall find that its amplitude of oscillation goes on decreasing
due to resistance offered both at the supports and by the surrounding air; and
ultimately it stops. The phenomenon of decay in the amplitude of oscillation is
known as damping. Damped oscillation are not sinusoidal, but are much more
complex.
Damping force is resistive : it opposes motion (i.e. is always in opposite
direction to motion). A damped system is subjected to the following two
force :
(1) A restoring force proportional
to displacement but oppositely
directing directed and
(2) A frictional force proportional
to the velocity but oppositely directed.
We write the damping force as F´= − b𝝊
Where b is a constant that depends on the medium and the
shape of the body. The resultant force on the body is
F+ F’= − 𝐤𝒙 − 𝐛𝛖

Therefore the equation of motion of the body is

ma = − k𝒙 − 𝒃𝒗

( inertial force ) = (Restoring ) (damping force)

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
m = −𝒌𝒙 − 𝒃
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕
 𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
m 𝟐 = −𝒌𝒙 − 𝒃
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
m +𝒃 + 𝒌𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒃 𝒅𝒙 𝒌
𝟐
+ + 𝒙=𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝒎 𝒅𝒕 𝒎
Solution of eqn
𝒃𝒕
−𝟐𝒎
𝒙(𝒕) = 𝒙𝒎 𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎′ 𝒕 + 𝝋

This angular frequency is given by

𝒌 𝒃𝟐
𝝎′ = −
𝒎 𝟒𝒎𝟐
The displacement function x(t) for the damped oscillator of figure .The
amplitude, which is xm,ebt/2m,decreases exponentially with time.
 2𝜋
Time Period: of the damped harmonic oscillator is: T  =
𝒌 𝒃𝟐
−
𝒎 𝟒𝒎𝟐
This shows that due to damping the time period slightly increased.

Relaxation Time: It is the time taken for the total energy to decay to 1/e
of its initial value E0 .
−𝑏𝑡
> E=𝐸𝑜 𝑒 2𝑚

> E=𝐸𝑜 𝑒 −1
2𝑚
> tr= is the relaxation time, then at tr=t=
𝑏
Energy in Damped Oscillations
Forced Oscillations and Resonance
 Forced Oscillations
A damped oscillator left to itself will eventually stop moving altogether. But
we can maintain a constant-amplitude oscillation by applying a force that
varies with time in a periodic or cyclic way, with a definite period and
frequency. As an example, consider your cousin on a playground swing. You
can keep him swinging with constant amplitude by giving him a little push
once each cycle.We call this additional force a driving force.
Driving force =F(t)=A sin ωdt

Total Eqn.
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
m +𝒃 + 𝒌𝒙 = A sin ωdt
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕

That would involve more differential equations than we’re

ready for, but here is the result:
Graph of amplitude versus frequency for
a damped oscillator when a periodic
driving force is present. When the
frequency of the driving force equals the
natural frequency ω, resonance occurs.
Note that the shape of the resonance
curve depends on the size of the
damping coefficient b.
 Resonance ω d= ω
There is an amplitude peak at driving frequencies ω d close to the natural
frequency ω of the system is called resonance.

Phenomenon of resonance, in which an oscillating system exhibits its

maximum response to a periodic driving force when the frequency of the
driving force matches the oscillator’s natural frequency.
We now apply this understanding to the interaction between the shaking of
the ground during an earthquake and structures attached to the ground. The
structure is the oscillator. It has a set of natural frequencies, determined by
its stiffness, its mass, and the details of its construction. The periodic driving
force is supplied by the shaking of the ground
A disastrous result can occur if a natural frequency of the building matches a
frequency contained in the ground shaking. In this case, the resonance
vibrations of the building can build to a very large amplitude, large enough to
damage or destroy the building. This result can be avoided in two ways. The
first involves designing the structure so that natural frequencies of the
building lie outside the range of earthquake frequencies. (A typical range of
earthquake frequencies is 0–15 Hz.)

In 1940, steady winds set up

vibrations in the Tacoma
Narrows Bridge, causing it to
oscillate at a frequency near
one of the natural frequencies
of the bridge structure.
The quality factor of a mechanical system characterizes the tendency for the system to
maintain energy under free oscillations. A system with a high quality factor dissipates only a
small amount of energy during one oscillation and thus is well isolated from the environment
Quality Factor , Its define as 2π times of the ratio of energy stored in
the system to the energy lost per cycle.

𝑬
Q= 2π
𝑷𝒅 𝑻
𝒅𝑬 𝑬
here 𝑷𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = >>
𝒅𝒕 𝒕
𝑬 𝒕
Q= 2π 𝑬 = 2π =ω 𝒕
𝑻 𝑻
𝒕

Relaxation Time | Quality Factor | Damping