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    ENGR 2213 Thermodynamics: F. C. Lai School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Oklahoma

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    Sebastián Santarrosa
    The document provides examples and explanations of the increase-in-entropy principle for closed systems, control volumes, and thermodynamic cycles. Example 1 calculates the work and entropy change for a process where water changes from saturated liquid to saturated vapor at 100°C without heat transfer. Example 2 determines the entropy change for a feedwater heater process. Example 3 calculates the heat transfer and entropy change for liquid water being withdrawn from a tank at constant temperature. Example 4 calculates the entropy change for each process in an ideal gas thermodynamic cycle.

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    ENGR 2213 Thermodynamics: F. C. Lai School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Oklahoma

    Uploaded by

    Sebastián Santarrosa
    72 views20 pages
    The document provides examples and explanations of the increase-in-entropy principle for closed systems, control volumes, and thermodynamic cycles. Example 1 calculates the work and entropy change for a process where water changes from saturated liquid to saturated vapor at 100°C without heat transfer. Example 2 determines the entropy change for a feedwater heater process. Example 3 calculates the heat transfer and entropy change for liquid water being withdrawn from a tank at constant temperature. Example 4 calculates the entropy change for each process in an ideal gas thermodynamic cycle.

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    Lecture 15

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    The document provides examples and explanations of the increase-in-entropy principle for closed systems, control volumes, and thermodynamic cycles. Example 1 calculates the work and entropy change for a process where water changes from saturated liquid to saturated vapor at 100°C without heat transfer. Example 2 determines the entropy change for a feedwater heater process. Example 3 calculates the heat transfer and entropy change for liquid water being withdrawn from a tank at constant temperature. Example 4 calculates the entropy change for each process in an ideal gas thermodynamic cycle.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    72 views20 pages

    ENGR 2213 Thermodynamics: F. C. Lai School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Oklahoma

    Uploaded by

    Sebastián Santarrosa
    The document provides examples and explanations of the increase-in-entropy principle for closed systems, control volumes, and thermodynamic cycles. Example 1 calculates the work and entropy change for a process where water changes from saturated liquid to saturated vapor at 100°C without heat transfer. Example 2 determines the entropy change for a feedwater heater process. Example 3 calculates the heat transfer and entropy change for liquid water being withdrawn from a tank at constant temperature. Example 4 calculates the entropy change for each process in an ideal gas thermodynamic cycle.

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    ENGR 2213 Thermodynamics

    F. C. Lai
    School of Aerospace and Mechanical
    Engineering
    University of Oklahoma
    Increase-in-Entropy Principle
    Closed systems
    ΔStotal = ΔSsystem + ΔSsurroundings ≥ 0
    Qk
     (S2  S1)   0
    Tk
    Qk
     m(s2  s1)   0
    Tk
    Example 1

    Water in a tank, initially a saturated liquid at


    100 ºC, undergoes a process to the corresponding
    saturated vapor state. There is no heat transfer
    with the surroundings during the process. If the
    change of states is brought about by the action of
    a paddle wheel, determine the work required per
    mass and the total entropy change for the process.
    Example 1 (continued)
    Table A-4, T = 100 ºC,
    ΔU = Q – W
    uf = 418.94 kJ/kg, ug = 2506.5 kJ/kg
    W
     (ug  uf ) sf = 1.3069 kJ/kg K, sg = 7.3549 kJ/kg K
    m
    = - (2506.5 – 418.94)
    = - 2087.56 kJ/kg
    Qk
    Stotal  (S2  S1 )  
    Tk
    Δs = sg – sf = 7.3549 – 1.3069 = 6.048 kJ/kg K
    Increase-in-Entropy Principle
    Control volumes
    (a) Steady-Flow Processes
    Stotal  SCV  Ssurroundings
    Qsurr
     (  mese   misi )  0
    Tsurr
    Qsurr
     m(se  si )  0
    Tsurr
    Example 2
    Feedwater Heater:
    Inlet 1 T1 = 200 ºC, p1 = 700 kPa,
    Inlet 2 T2 = 40 ºC, p2 = 700 kPa,
    Exit sat. liquid, p3 = 700 kPa.
    Find S  ?
    Inlet 1 Inlet 2

    Exit
    Example 2 (continued)
    Qsurr
    Stotal  (  mese   misi )  0
    Tsurr
    m2
     4.06
    m1
    Inlet 1: Superheated vapor
    Table A-6, s1 = 6.8912 kJ/kg K
    Inlet 2: compressed liquid
    Table A-4, s2 = 0.6387 kJ/kg K
    Example 2 (continued)
    Exit: saturated liquid
    Table A-5, s3 = 2.0200 kJ/kg K
    Stotal  (1 + 4.06)(2.0200)
    – [(4.06)(0.6387) + (1)(6.8912)]
    = 0.7369 kJ/kg K
    Increase-in-Entropy Principle
    Control volumes
    (b) Uniform-Flow Processes
    ΔStotal = ΔSCV + ΔSsurroundings ≥ 0

     ( mese   misi )  (m2s2  m1s1)CV


    Qsurr
     0
    Tsurr
    Example 3
    A 0.4-m3 rigid tank is filled with saturated liquid water
    200 ºC. A valve at the bottom of the tank is opened,
    and liquid is withdrawn from the tank. Heat is
    transferred to the water from a source at 250 ºC so that
    the temperature in the tank remains constant.
    Determine
    (a) the amount of heat transfer by the time one-half of
    the water (in mass) has been withdrawn.
    (b) the total entropy change for this process.
    Example 3 (continued)
    Discharging Process Uniform-Flow Process

    Sat. liquid
    T1 = 200 ºC
    Q
    Example 3 (continued)
    No inlet, one outlet
    me = (m1 – m2)CV
    Initial state: Sat. liquid at T1 = 200 ºC
    Table A-4, v1 = 0.001157 m3/kg, h1 = 850.65 kJ/kg
    s1 = 2.3309 kJ/kg K
    Exit: Sat. liquid at T1 = 200 ºC
    Table A-4, h1 = 850.65 kJ/kg, s1 = 2.3309 kJ/kg K
    V 0.4
    m1    345.72 kg
    v1 0.001157
    Example 3 (continued)
    Final state: Sat. mixture at T2 = 200 ºC
    m2 = ½ m1, v2 = 2v1
    1
    m2  m1  0.5(345.72)  172.86 kg
    2
    v2 = 2v1 = 2(0.001157) = 0.002314 m3/kg
    v 2  v f 0.002314  0.001157
    x2    0.00917
    vg  vf 0.12736  0.001157
    u2 = uf + x2ufg = 850.65 + (0.00917)(1744.7)
    = 866.65 kJ/kg
    Example 3 (continued)
    s2 = sf + x2sfg = 2.3309 + (0.00917)(4.1014)
    = 2.3685 kJ/kg K
     Ve2   Vi2 
    QCV  WCV   me  he   gze    mi  hi   gzi 
     2   2 
    + (m2u2 – m1u1)CV
    QCV = mehe + (m2u2 – m1u1)CV
    = (172.86)(852.45) + (172.86)(866.65)
    - (345.72)(850.65) = 3077 kJ
    Example 3 (continued)

    Stotal  ( mese   misi )  (m2s2  m1s1)CV


    Qsurr
     0
    Tsurr
    ΔStotal = (172.86)(2.3309) + (172.86)(2.3685)
    3077
    - (345.72)(2.3309) 
    523
    = 0.616 kJ/K
    Example 4
    A quantity of air undergoes a thermodynamic cycle
    consisting of three processes in series.
    Process 1-2: constant-volume heating from p1 = 0.1
    MPa, T1 = 15 ºC, and V1 = 0.02 m3, to
    p2 = 0.42 MPa.
    Process 2-3: constant-pressue cooling.
    Process 3-1: isothermal heating to the initial state.

    Employ the ideal gas model with cp = 1 kJ/kg·K, calculate


    the change of entropy for each process.
    Example 4 (continued)

    3 2

    v
    Example 4 (continued)
    State 1: p1 = 0.1 MPa, T1 = 15 ºC, and V1 = 0.02 m3
    State 2: p2 = 0.42 MPa, V2 = V1 = 0.02 m3
    State 3: p3 = p2 = 0.42 MPa, T3 = T1 = 15 ºC
     T2   v2 
    s2  s1  c v ln    Rln  
     T1   v1 
    cv = cp – R = 1 – 0.287 = 0.713 kJ/kg·K
    p1V1 p2 V2 p2 0.42
     T2  T1  288  1209.6 K
    T1 T2 p1 0.1
    Example 4 (continued)
     T2 
    s2  s1  c v ln  
     T1 
     1209.6 
     0.713 ln   = 1.023 kJ/kg·K
     288 
     T3   p3 
    s3  s2  cp ln    Rln  
     T2   p2 
     288 
     1 ln   = - 1.435 kJ/kg·K
     1209.6 
    Example 4 (continued)
     T1   p1 
    s1  s3  cp ln    Rln  
     T3   p3 
     0.1  = 0.412 kJ/kg·K
     0.287 ln  
     0.42 
    Δstotal = Δs12 + Δs23 + Δs31
    = 1.023 – 1.435 + 0.412 = 0

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