Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga
Peninsula

10 Z
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Science Grade 10
Quarter 4 - Module 2
Behavior of Gases

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section:____________________________
Grade & Section:____________________ _______
 Module 2
Behavior of Gases

What I Need to Know

This module offers interesting discussions about gases. You will have a
chance to get to know important concepts that will make you appreciate the
properties and gases' behavior. It is here to help you master the concepts behind
how gases behave based on the motion and relative distances between gas
particles (S10MT-IVa-b-21).

You learned in Grade 8 that, like other solids and liquids, gases are also
made up of molecules that behave differently. Most of the properties of gases can
be attributed to the random and scattered arrangement of their molecules, which
are located as far away as possible from each other because they have a very
weak intermolecular force of attraction.

To keep you track in studying these Gas Laws, the previous week dealt
with the first and second objectives. This week, we will study the third objective;
you should be able to explain these relationships using the kinetic molecular
theory.

What’s In
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases or kinetic theory explains the laws
that describe the behavior of gases. Gas molecules travel in a straight line until
they collide with other molecules (or walls of their container and any barrier) and
change their directions.
The said theory explains gases' overall properties: volume, pressure, and
temperature considering their molecular composition and motion. As pressure is
caused by the molecules colliding with each other and their container. Kinetic
theory is also known as collision theory.
 What’s New
Activity 1: Inflate-Deflate Balloon
Materials needed: 1 Large Balloon 500 ml hot water
1 500 ml empty water bottle 500 ml ice cold water 2
medium identical bowl

1. Stretch the balloon on the opening of the bottle.

2. Pour the hot water on the first bowl, then place the bottle inside the bowl.
Let it stay for a minute. What have you observed?
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Pour the ice cold water on the second bowl. Without touching the balloon
on top of the bottle, place the bottle inside the second bowl. Let it be in for
a minute. What have you observe? What makes the balloon to act his way?
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

The same concept is applied to a hot air balloon. Heat (temperature)

basically measures the motion of the molecule; the hotter the air inside the
bottle, the more quickly molecules move, colliding with each other increases
pressure as Charles' Law said that the pressure is at constant volume parallel
to temperature. And when the bottle is placed in cold water, the air inside moves
slower with decreasing pressure.

What is it
Have you ever notice the warning label in the aerosol container? What is
the temperature required for its storage? Have you seen an explosion of a can of
this kind? The explosion of this container is also an application of Combined
Gas Law. “The exposure to high temperature increases the kinetic energy of the
gases causing an increase in the high pressure due to the increased collision of
the gases on the walls. An increase in pressure would result in expansion of
volume. But because the can is contained, thus the container explodes.”

No one is credited for the Combined Gas Law. Putting together Boyle's Law
and Charles' Law will result in this statement. "The pressure and volume of a gas
are inversely proportional to each other but are both directly proportional to the
temperature of that gas.
 Let's use the Combined Gas Law in determining the change in the final
volume, temperature, or pressure of gases.

P₁ V₁= P₂ V₂
T₁ T₂
note: 1 stands for initial like P₁ is initial pressure;
2 stands for final like P₂ is final pressure;
P – pressure, V – volume, T – temperature

Sample Problem 1: The oxygen tank manufacturer used to produce 5.0 L oxygen
tanks at 2000 psi or pounds per square (unit for pressure) and 25°C. Statistics
suggests that the 3.0 L oxygen tank at 1500 psi more marketable. What
temperature requirement is needed to produce a 3 L oxygen tank at 1500 psi?

(Step 1: Identify the problem, what is needed? Write the given.) The
given values are:

Initial Conditions Final Conditions

V₁ = 5.0 L V₂ = 3.0 L
T₁ = 25°C + 273 = 298 K T₂ = ?
Note: the temperature for this gas law must be in Kelvin.
To convert Celsius (C) to kelvin (k), add 273, if k to °c, deduct
273
P₁ = 2000 psi P₂ = 1500 psi

(Step 2: Extract the needed formula) The

Formula:
P₁ V₁ = P₂ V₂
T₁ T₂

Since T₂ (final temperature) is missing, cross multiply the formula.

P₁ V₁ P₂ V₂
T₁ T₂

Then it will be P₁V₁T₂ = T₁P₂V₂.

Since we need T₂, divide each side with P₁V₁ to extract T₂.
P₁ V₁ T₂ = T₁P₂ V₂ P₁ V₁ T₂ = T₁P₂ V₂
P₁ V₁ P₁ V₁ P₁ V₁ P₁ V₁

Cancel out with the same value for it will give you 1, making it:
T₂ = T₁P₂ V₂
P₁ V₁
(Step 3: Substitute the value and solve)

The solution:
T₂ = T₁P₂ V₂
P₁ V₁

T₂ = 298 K x 1500 psi x 3.0 L=1,341,000 K= 134.1 K

2000 psi x 5.0 L 10,000
Note: cancel out the same unit and copy the remaining unit

T₂= 1,341,000 K
10,000

T₂ = 134.1 K

Checking: P₁ V₁ = P₂ V₂
T₁ T₂

2000 psi x 5.0 L = 1500 psi x 3.0 L ;

298 K 134.1 K

10,000 = 4,500 ;
298 134.1

33.56 = 33.56
Therefore your answer is correct since the initial condition of a tank is equal to
the final condition.

Table 1. Commonly Used Units for Volume and Pressure

Variable SI Unit Metric Unit English Unit
cubic meter (m³)
cubic decimeter
liter (L) milliliter quart (qt) gallon
Volume (dm³)
(mL) (gal)
cubic centimeter
(cm³)
atmosphere (atm)
millimeters of mercury
Pressure Pascal (Pa) (mmHg)
centimeters of mercury
(cmHg)
Sample Problem 2: Helium gas has a volume of 250 mL at 0°C at 1.0 atm
(atmospheric conditions). What will be the final pressure if the volume is reduced
to 100 mL at 45°C?

Step 1: Write the given, convert both temperatures into Kelvin (K).

Step 2: Extract the needed formula. It should be with this P₂ = P₁ V₁ T₂.

T₁ V₂
Step 3: Show your solution.

Is your answer for final pressure is 2.88 atm? If it is so, then you’re correct! You
are now ready on your own.

Practice Test 1 30

Test Problem: On a clean paper, answer the following problems. Read the
situation carefully. Follow the 3 steps; you can do your own checking if you're
uncertain of your answer. 15 points for each item.

1. The volume of a gas at 27°C and 700.0 mmHg or millimeter of mercury (unit
for pressure) is 600.0 mL. What is the volume of the gas at -20.0°C and
500.0 mmHg?

2. A 2.5 L of nitrogen gas exerts a pressure of 760 mmHg at 473 K. What

temperature is needed to reduce the volume to 1.75 L at 1140 torr (unit
for pressure also known mmHg)?

What’s More
The combined gas law combines the three gas laws: Boyle’s Law, Charles’
Law, and Gay-Lussac’s Law. It states that the ratio of the product of pressure
and volume and the absolute temperature of a gas is equal to a constant. When
Avogadro’s Law is added to the combined gas law, the Ideal Gas Law results.
In 1811, Amedeo Avogadro wrote in a paper, "Equal volumes of all gases,
kept at the same pressure and temperature, contain the same number of
molecules." Avogadro was the first to suggest that the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the number of moles of gas present at a given temperature and
pressure.
The Ideal Gas Equation is useful in illustrating the relationship among the
pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles of a gas. This equation
is used to describe gases that behave ideally.
 PV = nRT
where: P = pressure (atm) V = volume (L) n = number
of moles, molecular mass, or weight (mol) R = universal
gas constant which is 0.0821 L atm/mol. K T =
temperature (in Kelvin)
Let’s apply the Ideal Gas Law equation in sample problem 3: What is the volume
of a container that can hold 0.50 mole of gas at 25.0°C and 1.25 atm?

(Step 1: Identify the problem, what is needed? Write the given.)

The given values are: P = 1.25 atm
T = 25.0°C + 273 = 298 K n
= 0.50 mole

(Step 2: Extract the needed formula)

The Formula: Since volume is missing, divide each side with pressure, thus
PV = nRT

PV=nRT
P P

it will be: V = n R T
P

(Step 3: Substitute the value and solve)

The Solution: V=nRT
P

V =0.50 mole x 0.0821 L atm/mol. K x 298 K

1.25 atm

V = 12.23 L
1.25

V = 9.78 L

Checking: P V = n R T

1.25 atm x 9.78 L = 0.50 mole x 0.0821 L atm / mol. K x 298 K

12.23 = 12.23

Sample Problem 4: Calculate the pressure exerted by a 0.25-mole sulfur

hexafluoride in a steel vessel having a capacity of 1250 mL at 70.0°C.
Step 1: Write the given, convert temperature into Kelvin (K).
Step 2: Extract the needed formula. It should be with this P = n R T
V
Step 3: Show your solution.

Is your answer for final pressure is 0.0056 atm?. If it is so, then your correct!
You are now ready on your own.

Practice Test 2 30

Test Problem: On a clean paper, answer the following problems. Read the
situation carefully. Follow the 3 steps. You can do your own checking if you're
uncertain of your answer. 15 points for each item.

1. At what temperature will 0.654 moles of neon gas occupy 12.30 liters at
1.95 atm?

2. A cylinder of argon gas contains 50.0 L of Ar at 18.4 atm and 127°C. How
many moles of argon is in the cylinder?

What I Have Learned

Summary
Gas is one of the phases of matter. It has no definite shape and size. It can
be compressed easily.

Properties of gases include mass, volume, temperature, and pressure.

a. The amount of gas or its mass could be expressed in moles or grams. The
mass of gases is negligible.
b. The volume of a gas is the amount of space occupied by the gases. Gases
tend to occupy all the spaces of the container that they are confined. They
have a weak intermolecular force of attraction; hence they are arranged as
far away as possible from each other. The common units used in
expressing a gas volume are liter (L) and milliliter (mL).
c. The temperature of a gas is the measure of the hotness or coldness of an
object. It is proportional to the average kinetic energy of its molecules. It
can be measured in Celsius or Kelvin. Kelvin is the absolute scale.
 d. The pressure of a confined gas is the average effect of the forces of the
colliding molecules. It can be measured in atmosphere, torr, psi, cmHg, or
mmHg.

The properties of gases can affect one another. They are related to each other.
a. The volume of a gas is directly related to its temperature at constant
pressure.
b. The pressure of a gas is directly related to its temperature at a constant
temperature.
c. The volume of a gas is inversely related to its pressure at a constant
temperature.
d. The amount of a gas in a mole is directly related to its volume at constant
pressure and temperature.

P₁ V₁ = P₂ V₂
Combined Gas Law
T₁ T₂
Ideal Gas Law PV=nRT

Kinetic Molecular Theory states that:

a. Gases are composed of molecules. The distances from one molecule to

another molecule are far greater than the molecules' dimensions. These
molecules can be considered as spherical bodies that possess negligible
mass and volume.

b. Gas molecules are always in constant random motion, and they frequently
collide with one another and with the walls of the container. Collision
among molecules is perfectly elastic; that is, energy may transfer from
molecule to molecule due to the collision, but the total energy of all the
molecules in the system remains the same/constant.
c. There is neither attractive nor repulsive force between or among gas
molecules.

d. The movement of gas molecules is directly related to the temperature of

the gas.

The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) explains the properties of gases and
describes the behavior of gases.

You have learned that gases have mass, volume, temperature and it exerts
pressure. The pressure exerted by gas molecules is due to collision among gas
molecules and the container walls. The frequency of collision is affected by
temperature because gas molecules move faster at high temperatures; on the
other hand, they move slowly at low temperatures. The faster the molecules'
movement, the more frequent the collision, causing an increase in pressure.

Let’s check whether you understand the Kinetic Molecular Theory.

Identify True or False 10

Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect.

__________ 1. A gas consists of a collection of small particles traveling in straight
line motion and obeying Newton’s Laws.
__________ 2. The molecules in a gas occupy negligible volume.
__________ 3. Collisions between molecules are perfectly elastic (that is, no energy
is gained nor lost during the collision).
__________ 4. There are negligible, attractive, or repulsive forces between
molecules.
__________ 5. The average kinetic energy of a molecule is constant.

What I Can Do
Direction: Identify and Solve. Write after the number if Combined Gas
Law or Ideal Gas Law is being applied in the problem. Solve each problem
following the 3 steps, show your solution.
1. ____________________: 2.00 L of a gas is collected at 25°C and 745.0 mmHg.
What is the volume at STP (standard temperature and pressure). Note:
standard temperature is 273 K or 0°C, while the standard pressure is 1atm.
2. ____________________: A sample of argon gas at STP occupies 56.2 liters.
Determine the number of moles of argon in the sample
3. ____________________: At what temperature will 0.654 moles of neon gas
occupy 12.30 liters at 1.95 atmospheres?
4. ____________________: The pressure of 8.40 L of nitrogen gas in a flexible
container is decreased to one-half its original pressure, and its absolute
temperature is increased to double the original temperature. What is the
new volume? Refer to STP.
5. ____________________: 6.2 liters of an ideal gas is contained at 3.0 atm and
37°C. How many moles of this gas are present?
6. ____________________: 35.4 mL of hydrogen gas is collected over water at
24.0°C and a total pressure of 745.0mmHg. What is the volume of the gas
at STP?
 Assessment
Direction. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Jane can still pump air in the party balloon even though it is already
inflated. What explains this phenomenon?
A. Balloons look better if their size is bigger.
B. Balloons are made up of plastic.
C. The air inside the balloon is hot.
D. Air molecules can be compressed.
2. What is most likely to happen when an aerosol can is heated?
A. The can will be deformed C. The can will stay the same
B. The can will stay the same D. The can will tarnish.
3. Which of the following samples is highly compressible at high pressure
and expandable at high temperature?
A. Oxygen gas B. Aluminum sheet C. Water D. Ice
4. Records show that the incidence of tire explosion is high during the
summer season. Which of the following gives the best explanation for this
observation?
A. There are more travelers during summer vacation.
B. High temperature during the summer season causes the air inside the
tire to expand.
C. Vehicles' tires are not well maintained.
D. There is too much air inside the tires.
5. The temperature of nitrogen gas in a not rigid vessel is reduced from 100°C
to 5.0°C? Which of the following describes the resulting behavior of
nitrogen gas molecules?
I. The average kinetic energy suddenly increases; thus, the
pressure increases.
II. The average kinetic energy suddenly decreases; thus, the
pressure decreases.
III. The volume occupied by the gas molecules suddenly
increases; thus, the container expands.
IV. The volume occupied by the gas molecules suddenly
decreases, thus the container shrink.
A. I and III B. II and IV C. I and IV D. II and III
6. A balloon with a volume of 200 mL at 30°C is submerged in hot water to
obtain a temperature of 50°C. Find out what will happen to the volume of
the balloon, provided the pressure remains the same.
A. The volume of the balloon will become higher than 200 mL.
B. The volume of the balloon will become lower than 200 mL.
 C. The volume of the balloon will stay the same.
D. There is no enough data given.

7. A 2.0 g (approximately 0.045 moles) sample of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide)
is placed in an evacuated 3.5 L vessel at 30°C. Compute for the vessel's
pressure after all the dry ice has been converted to carbon dioxide gas. (R
= 0.0821 L atm/mol. K)
A. 0.32 atm B. 0.45 atm C. 0.67 atm D. 1.0 atm
8. What is the explanation for your answer in item number 7?
A. The gaseous form of dry ice exerts the same pressure as its environment
because it adopts the atmospheric pressure.
B. The gaseous form of dry ice exerts lower pressure due to the bigger
volume resulting in lesser collisions of the gas particles.
C. The gaseous form of dry ice will have the same pressure because its
composition remains the same.
D. The gaseous form of dry ice will either have high or lower pressure.
9. What do you expect to happen to a gas volume if its pressure is doubled
and its temperature is reduced to half?
A. Its volume is increased C. Its volume remains unchanged.
B. Its volume is doubled D. Its volume is decreased.
10. Last summer vacation, the Dela Cruz family decided to go to Donel’s
Resort, Tukuran, to have a beach party. On their way to Tukuran, all of
them were surprised when the tire suddenly exploded. What is the
probable explanation for the blown-out tire during a long summer drive?
A. High temperature causes a decrease in volume.
B. The amount of the gases inside the tire is increased.
C. The mass of the gases inside the tire increases, causing a blown-up tire
D. The volume of gases increases as the temperature increases, causing a
blown-up tire.

Additional Activity
Activity 2: Squashing the Bottle
Materials needed: 2 empty bottles of 1.5 liters with cap
A glass of hot water Hammer
Ice cubes Plastic bag
Procedure for Activity A:
1. Fill one-third of the bottle with hot water.
 2. After a few seconds, empty the bottle and put the cover at once.
a. What happened when you covered the bottle?
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

b. What caused it to happen?

__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Procedure for Activity B:

1. Put some ice cubes in a bag, crush the cubes with a hammer.
2. Put the crushed ice cubes in the second bottle. Put the cover on.
3. Shake the bottle so that the inner portion is thoroughly chilled. Observe
the bottle.
a. What happened to the bottle?
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. Explain the phenomenon.
 Answer Key-
True or False: Gr10Q4W2
Pre-test Post Test 1. False
Science
B D 2. False
3. True
A C
4. True
C A
5. True
B $. B
C B
A A What I can do
D A 1. Combine Gas Law
D D Formula: V₂ = P₁ V₁ T₂
P₂ T₁
D D
V₂ = 1.796 L
C D

2. Ideal Gas law

Formula: n = P V
Practise 1 RT
1. Formula: V₂ = V₁ P₁ T₂ n = 2.51 mole
P₂ T₁
V₂ = 7 mL
3. Ideal Gas law
Formula: T = P V nR
2. Formula: T₂ = V₂ P₂ T₁ T = 447 K
V₁ P₁
4. Combine Gas Law
T₂ = 496.65 K
Formula: V₂ = P₁ V₁ T₂
P₂ T₁
Practise 2
V₂ = 33.6 L
1. Formula: T = P V
nR
T = 479.8 K 5. Ideal Gas law
Formula: n = P V
2. Formula: n = P V RT n
RT = 0.75 mole
n = 28.01 mole
6. Combine Gas Law
Formula: V₂ = P₁ V₁ T₂
P₂ T₁
V₂ = 30.9 L