Gas

What makes gas molecules different from liquid and
solid molecules?
What advantages do gas molecules have over liquid
and solid molecules? Disadvantages?
Explain why you can smell the odor of food being
cooked by your neighbor.
GAS
PROPERTY GAS
DENSITY LOW
SOLUBILITY READILY
MIXES/DISSOLVES
SHAPE AND VOLUME ASSUMES THE SHAPE AND
VOLUME OF THE
CONTAINER
DIFFUSION EASILY DIFFUSES
MOTION MOVES VERY FREELY
PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT WIDELY SEPARATED
COMPRESSIBILITY EASILY COMPRESSED
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY (KMT)
It provides a model of moving particles to
explain some properties of matter.
1. Gases consist of molecules that move very fast in
a series of straight –line paths. Each kind of
matter is made up of its own kind of molecules.
2. The distance between gas molecules is very wide,
so wide that the volume occupied by the
molecules themselves is negligible compared to
the volume of the container in which the gas is
held.
3. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is
proportional to the Kelvin temperature. In any
sample of gas at a given temperature, average
kinetic energy means some of the molecules have
more energy, while others have less.
4. Gas molecules are so far apart and are moving so
rapidly that the forces of attraction between them
are negligible.
5. Gas collision are said to be completely elastic,
meaning no energy lost as heat goes to the walls of
the container.
The KMT assumptions are only true for an ideal

gas, where there are no attractive forces
between the molecules.
While there is no gas that is really 100 % ideal
at ordinary T and P, real gases can be
considered ideal gases. At any attraction
between molecules may be disregarded
Gas can be measured and described
with the following properties
1. PRESSURE
This the result of a force that is produced
when gas particles hit the walls of a
container.
2. VOLUME
The volume of a gas is equal to the volume
of the container in as much as a gas
completely fills its container.
Gas can be measured and described
with the following properties
3. TEMPERATURE
The Kelvin temperature is used in all
calculations with gases. If a gas were to reach
a temperature of absolute zero (0 K), its
particles would have no energy or motion.
4. AMOUNT OF GAS
the amount of gas in a container is usually
expressed in moles (mol or n).
From the behavior and properties of gases, identify what
principle (EXPANSIBILITY, DIFFUSIBILITY, COMPRESSIBILITY,
and DENSITY) is involved in each situation.
1. It is advisable not to remove the tab of a can of

a warm soft drink after shaking it vigorously.
2. Fully inflated balloons should not be exposed
to extreme heat like sunlight because it might
explode.
3. Helium gas is used to inflate balloons.
4. The lights of a candle will be extinguished
when it is placed under an inverted jar or
bottle.
5. The freshness of flowers reaches our nose.
6. People are warned not to dispose empty
aerosols or spray cans in an incinerator or
flame because these might explode.
7. The volume of the floating balloon in the air
increases as it ascends upward.
8. A basketball player trained at sea level

experiences hardship of breathing during the
first few hours of playing in an elevated place
like Baguio.
9. Food is cooked in a shorter time using the
pressure cooker.
10. It is advisable not to increase the tire

pressure to its full limit when driving
during summer time.
GAS LAWS
1. BOYLE’S LAW (Robert Boyle)
it states that the volume of a sample of gas
changes inversely with the pressure of the gas as
long as the temperature and the amount of gas
remain constant.
PiVi =k
PfVf = k
PiVi = PfVf ( at constant T and n)
Ex: medical respirators, syringe, sip a liquid through a

straw, water pump.
GAS LAWS
2. CHARLES’s LAW (Jacques Charles)
it states that the Kelvin temperature and the
volume of a gas are directly related when there is
no change in pressure and amount of substance.
V / T = k
Vi / Ti = Vf / Tf
NOTE: temperature used in gas law calculations must

be in Kelvin.
GAS LAWS
3. GAY-LUSSAC’s LAW ( Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac)
which states that the pressure of a gas is directly
related to its Kelvin temperature as long as V and n
do not change.
P / T =k
Pi /Ti = Pf / Tf
Ex: aerosol cans, spray nets, insecticides, spray

paints, fire extinguisher ( storage warning above
120 C), pressure cooker (Denis Papin)
COMBINED GAS LAWS
The customary reference point for gases is 0
degree Celsius and in 1 atm pressure, or also
known as the STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND
PRESSURE (STP).
PiVi = PfVf
Ti Tf
GAS LAWS
4. AVOGADRO’s LAW ( Amedeo Avogadro)
Which states that the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the number of its moles when the
temperature and pressure are not changed.
V/n=k
Vi / ni = Vf / nf
NOTE: molar volume (the volume of 1 mole of a gas

at STP is 22.41 L)
GAS LAWS
5. DALTON’s LAW of PARTIAL PRESSURE
which states that the total pressure exerted
by the mixture of gases is equal to the sum of
the partial pressures of the gases present.
A. Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 …
B. P gas = X Pt
IDEAL GAS LAW
It is based on experimental measurements of the
properties of gas:
1. Volume is directly proportional to amount of
substance at constant T and P) V= k1n
2. Volume is directly proportional to absolute T at
constant n and P) V= k2T
3. Volume is inversely proportional to pressure at
constant n and T) V = k3 /P
Combining the three laws
V = constant x n x T
P
IDEAL GAS LAW
By evaluating the constants (k1k2k3) in this equation
by taking advantage of Avogadro’s Law, which
states that equal volumes of all gases at the same
T and P contain the same number of moles. The
constant must be the same for all gases. It is
represented by the symbol R.
Changing the sign of proportionality to the sign of
equality
PV = n R T
Where R = 0.0821 L ∙ atm / mol ∙ K

PRACTICE
1. If the volume of one mole of gas molecules
remains constant, lowering the temperature
will make the pressure?
2. If the volume available to the gas is increased,
the pressure exerted by one mole of gas
molecules will?
3. To what Celsius temperature must 580 mL of
oxygen at 17.0 ⁰C be raised to increase the
volume to 700.0 mL?
PRACTICE
4. What happens to the volume of a confined
gas if the pressure is doubled and its
temperature remains constant?
5. How many moles of O2 are present in 44.8 L
of O2 at STP?
6. A sample of neon gas at 760 mm Hg has a
volume of 10.0 L and a temperature of 34 ⁰C.
Find the new volume of the gas after the
temperature has been increased to 75 ⁰C.
PRACTICE
7. A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 8.0 L
and a pressure of 1.0 atm. What is the new
pressure if the volume is decreased to 2.0 L?
8. A sample of nitrogen gas has a volume of

20.0L at 740 mmHg. What will be the volume
of the gas at 2.00 atm if temperature is held
constant?
9. In a hospital unit, the gauge on a 10.0 L tank
of compressed oxygen reads 4,500 mmHg.
How many liters of oxygen can you get from
the tank at a pressure of 750 mmHg?
10. A sample of neon gas at 760 mmHg has a

volume of 10.0 L and a temperature of 34 ⁰C.
Find the new volume of the gas after the
temperature has been increased to 75 ⁰C at
760 torr?
11. A gas has a volume of 4.00 L at O ⁰C. What
final temperature in degree Celsius is needed
to cause the volume of the gas to change to
2.50 L?
12. Aerosol cans can be dangerous when they

are heated because they can explode. Suppose
a can of insecticide with a pressure of 4.0 atm
at room temperature (28 ⁰C) is thrown into a
fire. If the temperature of the gas inside the
can reaches 400 ⁰C, what will be its pressure?
Would you expect the can to explode if the
maximum SAFE PRESSURE is 8.0 atm?
13. A 30.0 mL bubble is released from a diver’s
air tank at a pressure of 4.50 atm and
temperature of 15 ⁰C. What is the volume of
the bubble when it reaches the ocean
surface, where the pressure is 1.00 atm and
temperature is 20 ⁰C?
14. A sample of 6.0 moles of sulfur

hexafluoride (SF6) is present in a container
with a volume of 22.4 liters. What is the
pressure (in atm) of the gas if the
temperature is 130 ⁰C?
15. Sulfur hexafluoride is a gas used as a long
term tamponade (plug) for a retinal hole to
repair detached retinas in the eye. If 2.50 g of
this compound is introduced into an
evacuated 500.0 mL container at 83 ⁰C, what
pressure in atm is developed?
16. A sample of 256 g of sulfur hexafluoride is

present in a container with a volume of 22.4
liters. What is the pressure (in atm) of the gas
if the temperature is 130 ⁰C?
17. A medical cylinder contains a mixture of
oxygen and dinitrogen monoxide. The
pressure gauge on the tank indicates 1.20
atm. If the partial pressure of oxygen is 0.180
atm, what is the partial pressure of
dinitrogen monoxide?
18. Air contains 0.780 mole of nitrogen, 0.210

mole of oxygen, and 0.010 mole of hydrogen.
If the total pressure of the gases is 1.50 atm,
what are the partial pressures of the gases?

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What makes gas molecules different from liquid and

The KMT assumptions are only true for an ideal

1. It is advisable not to remove the tab of a can of

8. A basketball player trained at sea level

10. It is advisable not to increase the tire

Ex: medical respirators, syringe, sip a liquid through a

NOTE: temperature used in gas law calculations must

Ex: aerosol cans, spray nets, insecticides, spray

NOTE: molar volume (the volume of 1 mole of a gas

Where R = 0.0821 L ∙ atm / mol ∙ K

8. A sample of nitrogen gas has a volume of

10. A sample of neon gas at 760 mmHg has a

12. Aerosol cans can be dangerous when they

14. A sample of 6.0 moles of sulfur

16. A sample of 256 g of sulfur hexafluoride is

18. Air contains 0.780 mole of nitrogen, 0.210

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