Engr. Edgie L.

Estopace
B.S Chemical Engineering
B.S Chemistry

 Introduction to Gases : Air

Pollution
Properties of Gases
Gas Laws
Kinetic- Molecular Theory for
Gases
Ideal and Real Gases
Stoichiometry of Reactions

Air Pollution

Clean air is a mixture of

several gases.
Nitrogen and oxygen

are major components

Water vapor

(humidity) varies with

place, time, and
temperature.
Dry air is a convenient

reference point

Air Pollution
Six Principal Criteria Pollutants
CO, NO2, O3, SO2, Pb, and Particulate Matter (PM)

Commonly found throughout the country; cause a variety of

negative effects on health, environment, and/or property.

Air Pollution
The criteria pollutant nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is

emitted by automobiles.
High temperatures inside car engines cause oxygen

and nitrogen to react to produce a variety of

nitrogen oxides, designated with the generic
formula NOx.
Brown color of smog due to NO2; attacks lung

membranes

Air Pollution
Photochemical reactions, reactions initiated by light

energy, can trigger formation of ozone, another criteria

pollutant, at ground level from:
volatile organic compounds (VOCs): hydrocarbons
that readily evaporate
Reactions between these two types of compounds
produce a mixture a gases collectively referred to as
smog.
Many components are lung irritants.

Ozone is the most significant lung irritant.

States of Matter: Looking back

Solids

States of Matter
Solids
Liquids

States of Matter
Solids
Liquids
Gases

Properties of Gases
Expand to fill the volume of any container.
Have much lower densities than solids or liquids.
Have highly variable densities, depending on

conditions.
Mix with one another readily and thoroughly.
Change volume dramatically with changing

temperature.

Properties of Gases
The ideal gas law is the quantitative relationship between

pressure (P), volume (V), moles gas present (n), and the
absolute temperature (T).
R is the universal gas constant.
R = 0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1: used in most gas equations
R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1 : used in equations involving energy

PV

nRT

Pressure
Pressure is force per unit area.

F
A

Atmospheric pressure is the force attributed to the

weight of air molecules attracted to Earth by gravity.

As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases.

Pressure
Pressure results from

molecular collisions
between gas molecules
and container walls.
Each collision imparts a

small amount of force.

Summation of the

forces of all molecular

collisions produces the
macroscopic property
of pressure.

Measuring Pressure
A barometer is used to measure

atmospheric pressure.

The height of the mercury

column is proportional to
atmospheric pressure.

Units of Pressure

1 torr = 1 mm Hg
1 atm = 760 torr (exactly)
1 atm = 101,325 Pa (exactly)
760 torr = 101,325 Pa (exactly)

History and Application of the Gas Law

Gases change significantly when the conditions in

which they are found are altered.

These changes are determined empirically using gas

laws.
Charless Law: relationship between T and V
Boyles Law: relationship between P and V

Avogadros Law: relationship between n and V

The empirical gas laws led to the ideal gas law

Charless Law
Jacques Charles studied relationship between volume

and temperature.
Plots of V versus T for different gas samples converged to

the same temperature at zero volume.

Basis of the Kelvin temperature scale.

Charless Law
For fixed pressure and fixed number of moles of gas,

the volume and the absolute temperature of a gas are

directly proportional.

All of the fixed variables can be factored out of the

ideal gas law as a new constant that can be used to

relate two sets of conditions:

V1
T1

nR
P

constant

V2
T2

Boyles Law
Pressure and volume are inversely proportional.

1
P

All of the fixed variables can be factored out as a new

constant that can be used to relate two sets of

conditions:

P1V1

nRT

constant

P2V2

Avogadros Law
Avogadros Law states that for fixed pressure and

temperature, the volume and moles of a gas are

directly proportional.

V
V1
n1

RT
P

n
constant

V2
n2

Example Problem 5.1

A common laboratory cylinder of methane has a

volume of 49.0 L and is filled to a pressure of 154 atm.

Suppose that all of the CH4 from this cylinder is
released and expands until its pressure falls to 1.00
atm. What volume would the CH4 occupy?

Example Problem 5.2

A balloon is filled with helium and its volume is 2.2 L

at 298 K. The balloon is then dunked into a thermos

bottle containing liquid nitrogen. When the helium in
the balloon has cooled to the temperature of the liquid
nitrogen (77 K), what will the volume of the balloon
be?

Units and the Ideal Gas Law

Temperature must be expressed in Kelvin for all gas calculations!
Negative temperatures would result in negative pressures,

volumes, and moles.

In some engineering fields, the Rankine temperature scale is
used, which is another absolute temperature scale.
0R = 0 K; 1R = 1.8 K
The unit for moles is always mol.
The units for measuring pressure and volume can vary. In gas

calculations, these units must agree with those of the gas

constant
R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1
R = 0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1
R = 62.37 L torr mol-1 K-1

Example Problem 5.3

A sample of CO2 gas has a volume of 575 cm3 at 752

torr and 72F. What is the mass of carbon dioxide in

this sample?

Molar Mass and Density

Density = mass/volume
Recall that the molar mass has units of grams (mass)

per mole
Now, look at the ideal gas law:
The number of moles appears
Moles, n, can be expressed as mass/MM
There is also a volume term in the ideal gas law

Rewriting the Ideal Gas Law in Density Terms

PV

m
RT
MM

m
V

P MM
R T

Density of Gases
Density is an extensive property
Does not depend on the amount of substance
Density of a gas does depend on
Pressure
Temperature
Molar mass

Example 5.4

Example 5.4 (cont'd)

 The Gas Laws

BOYLES LAW

If the temperature remains constant, the volume of a given mass

of gas varies inversely with the pressure.
CHARLES LAW

If the pressure does not change, the volume of a given mass of

gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
AVOGADROS LAW

Equal number of molecules are contained in equal volumes of

different gases if the pressure and temperature are the same.
COMBINED GAS LAW

29

P1V1
n1T1

P2V2
n2T2

IDEAL GAS LAW

PV

nRT

PM

RT

DALTONS LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES

The total pressure in a mixture of gases is the sum of the

individual partial pressures.
GRAHAMS LAW OF DIFFUSION

The rates of diffusion of two gases are inversely proportional to

the square roots of their densities.
r1
r2
30

M2

M1

Effusion of Gases
Diffusion
Gases move through space from a region of high
concentration to a region of low concentration

You can smell an apple pie baking as the particles responsible

for the odor diffuse through the room

Effusion
Gas particles will escape through a small hole (orifice) in
a container

Air will slowly leak out of a tire or balloon through pores in

the rubber

Grahams Law of Effusion

rate of ef f usionof B
rate of ef f usionof A

MMA
MMB

1
2

The rate at which gas B escapes divided by the rate at which

gas A escapes is equal to the square root of the ratio of the

molar mass of gas A to gas B

Effusion of Gases

Diffusion and Effusion of Gases

Example Problem: A sample of hydrogen, H2, was found to

effuse through a pinhole 5.2 times as rapidly as the same

volume of unknown gas (at the same temperature and
pressure). What is the molecular weight of the unknown
gas?
You do it!

R H2
R u nk
5.2

M u nk
M H2
M u nk
2.0 g/mol

M u nk
27
2.0 g/mol
M u nk 27(2.0 g/mol)= 54 g/mol

34

Partial Pressure
Air is a mixture of gases.
Gas laws do not depend on identity of gases.
Pressure due to total moles gas present.

The pressure exerted by a component of a gas mixture

is called the partial pressure for the component gas.

Partial Pressure

Daltons law of partial pressures: The total pressure

(P) of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial

pressures of the component gases (Pi).

Pi

Daltons Law can be expressed in terms of mole

fraction.
Mole fraction (Xi) for a gas in a gas mixture is the moles

of the gas (ni) divided by the total moles gas present.

The partial pressure of each gas is related to its mole
fraction.
ni
Xi
Pi Xi P
ntotal

Example Problem 5.4

A scientist tries to generate a mixture of gases similar

to a volcano by introducing 15.0 g of water vapor, 3.5 g

of SO2, and 1.0 g of CO2 into a 40.0 L vessel held at
120.0C. Calculate the partial pressure of each gas and
the total pressure.

Example Problem 5.5

A mixture has the mole fractions given in the following

table:

Gas

N2

O2

H 2O

SO2

Mole Fraction 0.751 0.149 0.080 0.020

If the desired pressure is 750. torr, what should the

partial pressures be for each gas?

If the gas is to be in a 15.0 L vessel held at 30C, how

many moles of each substance are needed?

Stoichiometry of Reactions Involving Gases

For reactions involving gases, the ideal gas law is used

to determine moles of gas involved in the reaction.

Use mole ratios (stoichiometry)
Connect number of moles of a gas to its temperature,

pressure, or volume with ideal gas law

PV

nRT

Example Problem 5.6

When an experiment required a source of carbon

dioxide, a student combined 1.4 g of sodium

bicarbonate (NaHCO3) with excess hydrochloric acid
(HCl). If the CO2 produced is collected at 722 torr and
17C, what volume will the gas occupy?

STP Conditions
Standard temperature and pressure, STP, for a gas is

0C (273.15 K) and 1 atm.

For one mole of gas at STP, the standard molar volume is

22.41 L (calculated using ideal gas law)

This number provides a conversion factor for

stoichiometric problems that include gases, provided the

STP conditions are maintained.

Example Problem 5.7

Carbon dioxide can be removed from a stream of gas

by reacting it with calcium oxide to form calcium

carbonate. If we react 5.50 L of CO2 at STP with excess
CaO, what mass of calcium carbonate will form?

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES

Gases are composed of molecules that are widely separated

from one another in otherwise empty space.
The molecules move about at high speeds, traveling in straight
paths but in random directions.
The molecules collide with one another but the collisions are
perfectly elastic.
The average velocity of the molecules increases as the
temperature increases and decreases as the temperature
decreases.
At a given temperature, the molecules of gases A and B have the
same average kinetic energy. An increase in mass is
compensated for by a decrease in average velocity.
43

Figure 5.1 The Kinetic Molecular Model

Kinetic-Molecular Theory and Ideal versus Real Gases

In many important practical settings, gases do not

always behave ideally, especially at very high pressure

and/or very low temperature.
Nonideal gas behavior can be explained using Kinetic

Molecular Theory.

Provides connections between observed macroscopic

properties of gases, the gas law equation, and the behavior of
gas molecules on a microscopic scale.

New Variables
N, the number of gas particles
m, the mass of the gas particle
u, the average speed of a gas particle

Pressure and the Molecular Model

P

Nmu
3V

Notes:
N/V is the concentration of gas particles
mu2 is a measure of the energy of the collisions

Average Kinetic Energy of Translational Motion

3RT
2N A

Notes:
R is the gas constant
T is the Kelvin temperature
NA is Avogadros number

Results from Kinetic Energy of Translational Motion

At a given temperature, all molecules of all gases have

the same average kinetic energy of translational

motion
The average kinetic energy of a gas particle is directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature

Average Speed, u
u

3RT
MM

1
2

The average speed is proportional to the square root of the

Kelvin temperature
The average speed is proportional to the inverse of the
square root of the molar mass of the gas

Example

Real Gases and Limitations of the Kinetic Theory

The volume of a gas particle is significant compared to
the empty space volume under high pressure
conditions.
Mean free path decreases as pressure increases.

Gas molecules are very close together.

Therefore, volume of the gas particles becomes

significant.

Real Gases and Limitations of the Kinetic Theory

Kinetic molecular theory asserts that gas molecules move in straight lines and

interact only through perfectly elastic collisions.

Gas molecules neither attract nor repel.

Strength of attractive forces small compared to kinetic energy of gas

molecules.
Attractive and repulsive forces are significant under conditions of low

temperature.
Kinetic energy decreases with temperature.

Gas molecules experience sticky collisions.

Collision rate decreases, decreasing the pressure.

Real Gases and Limitations of the Kinetic Theory

The ideal gas model breaks down at high pressures and low temperatures.
high pressure: volume of particles no longer negligible

low temperature: particles move slowly enough to interact

Correcting the Ideal Gas Equation

van der Waals equation is commonly used to describe the

behavior of real gases

an 2
V2

nb

nRT

a corrects for attractive forces.

Molecules with stronger attractive forces have larger a values.
b corrects for the volume occupied by gas molecules.
Large molecules have larger b values.

Correcting the Ideal Gas Equation

The van der Waals

constants a and b
are compound
specific.
Both are zero in

gases behaving
ideally.

Example Problem 5.8

An empty 49.0 L methane storage tank has an empty

mass of 55.85 kg and, when filled, has a mass of 62.07

kg. Calculate the pressure of CH4 in the tank at 21C
using both the ideal gas equation and the van der
Waals equation.

What is the percentage correction achieved by using

the more realistic van der Waals equation?

End of Lecture Unit 1

58

 Introduction to Gases : Air

Pollution
Properties of Gases
Gas Laws
Kinetic- Molecular Theory for
Gases
Ideal and Real Gases
Stoichiometry of Reactions

Engr. Edgie L. Estopace

B.S Chemical Engineering
B.S Chemistry