Gas Equations2

Gas Equations
Bring it on!
Lesson goals
Explain
the behavior of ideal

gases in terms of pressure,
volume, temperature, and
number of particles using the
Combined and Ideal Gas Laws.
Able to identify inversely and
directly proportional relationships
of gas behaviour using graphs.
1. There are 2 balloons in a room. They are identical in size and material.
One balloon is filled with air and the other balloon is filled with Helium. How
does the pressure of the air balloon compare to the pressure of the Helium
balloon. The pressure in the air balloon is
A. lessB. equal C. greater
2. How does the pressure in the Helium balloon

compare to the pressure of the air in the room? The
pressure in the Helium balloon is
A. less B. equal C. greater
3. How do the number of air molecules in the air balloon

compare to the number of He atoms in Helium balloon?
The number of air molecules is
4. How does the average speed of the Helium

molecules compare to that of the air molecules?
The average speed of the He molecules is
Boyles Law: Volume vs

Pressure
Robert
Boyle discovered that at

CONSTANT temp, the volume and
pressure of a gas are....
inversely proportional
This means that as P, V
What does a graph of this look like?
Now
for some practice!
Practice #1
Bacteria
produce methane gas in

sewage-treatment plants. A
bacterial culture produces 0.06 L
of gas that has a pressure of 1
atm. What volume would be
produced at 690 mmHg ?
Charles Law: Volume vs

Temperature
Jaques
Charles discovered that at

CONSTANT pressure, gas volume
and temperature are....
directly proportional
This means that as T, V
=
Now
for some practice!
Practice #2
You
place a bag of Hot Cheetos

under a heat lamp. At room
temperature (297 K), there is
0.35 L of air within the bag.
Under the heat lamp, the
temperature climbs to 311 K.
Find the new volume of air.
Gay-Lussacs Law: Temperature

vs Pressure
Gay-Lussac
discovered that at CONSTANT

volume, gas temperature and pressure are....
directly proportional.
This means that as T, P
=
Why
should you NOT incinerate an aerosol
can?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8WkBCzEzaw
Now
for some practice!
Practice #3
A
gas has a pressure of 699.0

mm Hg at 40.0 C. What is the
temperature at 760.0 mm Hg?
Activity using PhET

simulation
What
is the relationship between

the number of gas molecules
(i.e., moles) and volume?
at CONSTANT temp/pressure
Avagadros Law: Moles vs

Volume
This
law states that if more gas

molecules are added to a sample of gas,
the gas volume will increase (at
CONSTANT temp/pressure). The
relationship can be defined as....
Directly proportional
This means that as n , V
=
Now
for some practice!
Practice #4
A
6.0 L sample at 25 C and 2.00

atm of pressure contains 0.5
moles of a gas. If an additional
0.25 moles of gas at the same
pressure and temperature are
added, what is the final total
volume of the gas?
Molar volume of a gas at

STP
Conditions
need to be STP, when comparing gas behaviours

STP is used widely as a standard reference point for
expression of the properties and processes of ideal gases.
The standard temperature is the freezing point of water and
the standard pressure is one standard atmosphere.
At
STP one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4

litres.
At SLC one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 24.5 litres.
1) What is the volume of 5mol of O2 at STP?
2) What is the mass of 15.9 L Cl2 (g)
3) What is the volume of 100g of NO (g)?
STP
Stands
for Standard Temperature

and Pressure
0 C & 1.0 atm

Remember 1 mol = 22.4
L? This is ONLY true at
STP.
The Combined Gas Law
allows you to predict what will change

in a gas sample as a result of 1+
variables being changed
What if number of moles is constant?

Any
set of relationships between a single quantity

(such as V) and several other variables (P, T, n)
can be combined into a single expression that
describes all the relationships simultaneously.
The
following three expressions:

V 1/P (at constant n, T), Boyles Law
V T ( at constant n, P), Charles Law
V n (at constant T, P), Avogadros Law
can be combined to give

or

or
The
proportionality constant is called the

gas constant, represented by the letter R.
Inserting
R into an equation gives
Multiplying
both sides by P gives the

following equation, which is known as the
ideal gas law:
PV = nRT
The ideal gas law: PV =

nRT
P
V
T
n
R
=
=
=
=
=
pressure
volume
temperature (Kelvin)T
number of moles
gas constant
P
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
= 0 oC or 273 K
= 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mm H

1 mol = 22.4 L @ STP
Solve for constant (R)

PV
nT
1 atm = 101.3 kPa
Substitute values:
(1 atm) (22.4 L)=
(1 mole)(273 K)
R = 0.0821 atm L / mol K
R = 0.0821 atm L(101.3 kPa)= 8.31 kPa L

mol K ( 1 atm)
mol K
or
R = 8.31 kPa L / mol K
The ideal gas constant
The ideal gas law does not work when the particles take up a large
proportion of the available space
(1)the gas consists of a large number of molecules, which are in
random motion and obey Newton's laws of motion;
(2)the volume of the molecules is negligibly small compared to
the volume occupied by the gas; and
(3)no forces act on the molecules except during elastic
collisions of negligible duration.
Ideal gas law equation

example
1) What is the volume that 500 g of iodine will occupy under
the conditions:
Temp = 300C and Pressure = 740 mm Hg?
2) At 137 degrees celsius and under pressure of 3.11 atm, a
276 gram sample of an unkown noble gas occupies 13.46
Liters of space. What is the gas?
3) Using the information from STP conditions determine the
value of the ideal gas constant.
4) What volume will 35g of CO2 occupy at STP?
What is the volume that 500 g of iodine will occupy under the conditions:
Temp = 300oC and Pressure = 740 mm Hg?
Step 1) Write down given information.
mass = 500 g iodine Convert mass to gram;
recall iodine is diatomic (I2)
x mol I2 = 500 g I2(1mol I2 / 254 g I2)
n = 1.9685 mol I2
T = 300oC Temperature must be converted to Kelvin
T = 300oC + 273
T = 573 K
P = 740 mm Hg Pressure needs to have same unit as R;
therefore, convert pressure from mm Hg to atm.
x atm = 740 mm Hg (1 atm / 760 mm Hg)
P = 0.8 atm
R = 0.0821 atm . L / mol . K
What is the volume that 500 g of iodine will occupy under the conditions:
Temp = 300oC and Pressure = 740 mm Hg?
Step 1) Write down given information.
Step 2) Equation: PV = nRT
mass = 500 g iodine
Step 3) Solve for variable
n = 1.9685 mol I2
T = 573 K (300oC)
nRT
V=
P = 0.9737 atm (740 mm Hg)
P
R = 0.0821 atm . L / mol . K
V=?L
Step 4) Substitute in numbers and solve
(1.9685 mol)(0.0821 atm . L / mol . K)(573 K)
V =
0.9737 atm
V = 95.1 L I2
Advanced gas law

question
1) A sample of carbon monoxide at 57 degrees celsius and
under 0.67 atm of pressure takes up 85.3 Liters of space.
What mass of carbon monoxide is present in the sample?
mass CO = (28.01g/mole) x (0.67atm) x (85.3L) /
((0.08206 L*atm)/(mole*K) x (330K))
mass CO = 59.1g CO
2) At 137 degrees celsius and under pressure of 3.11 atm,
a 276 gram sample of an unknown noble gas occupies
13.46 Liters of space. What is the gas?
mw = (276g) x (0.08206 L*atm)/(mole*K) x (410K) / ((3.11
atm) x (13.46L))
mw = 222 g/mole
the noble gases are found in column 18 of the periodic
table.. so if you look here. you'll see that the gas must be
Radon
Example #1
What
volume is occupied by 2.0

g of He at 25 C and a pressure of
775 mm Hg?
Example #2
A
2.50-L container is filled with

175 g argon. If the pressure is
10.0 atm what will be the
temperature?
Test
#
PhET sims
Pressure
Measurement
Pressure Prediction
(greater than, equal to, less than, twice as
much, half as much, etc)
100 Light particles

=
Pressure for 100 Heavy Particles will be
__________________ the pressure from Test #1.
1. For Test 6 (150 Heavy +

2
100 Heavy
particles =
50 Light particles), what is
Pressure for 200 Heavy particles will be
the pressure contribution
3
200 Heavy
Pressure for 100 Light AND 100 Heavy particles will be
from the heavy particles
particles =
(Pheavy)? How did you

__________________ the pressure from Test #3
figure this out?
4
100 Heavy + 100 Pressure for 200 Heavy AND 100 Light particles will be
2. What is the pressure
Light particles =

contribution from the light
particles (Plight)? How did

5
200 Heavy + 100 Pressure for 150 Heavy AND 50 Light particles will be
Light particles =
you figure this out?
3. For each test above,

Heavy + 50
Write your own prediction:
calculate the mole fraction 6 150
Light particles =
of each gas (number of
particles of that type /

total particles). Find a
relationship between the
mole
fraction
and the
4. The
atmosphere
is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21%
pressure
contribution
of Typical atmospheric pressure in
oxygen, and
1% argon.
each
type of is
gas.
Toowoomba
about 1.01 atm. What is the pressure contributed
by each gas?
Dalton
Daltons
Law of Partial Pressures

(PT) says that in a mixture of
gases, each gas exerts its own
pressure as though the others
were not there.
Mathematically,
P3 + ...
PT = P1 + P2 +
Example
A
container of a gas mixture has

a total pressure of 10 atm. The
mixture is composed of 2 atm He,
4 atm Ne, and an unknown
amount of Br2. What is the
partial pressure of Br2?
Scuba
tanks contain a mixture of oxygen

for breathing and helium which prevents
decompression sickness. It is more readily
released from the blood than nitrogen or
air. This allows divers to return to the
surface more quickly with less risk of gas
bubbles forming in the blood.
10 L tank, 4 mol of He, and 1.1 mol of,
295 K
PHe; PO2
Ptotal = PHe+PO2
The Litter Box Equation
Another
useful version of the Ideal Gas

Law involves molar mass and gas density.
If
gas density (d in g/L) is known, molar

mass ( in g/mol) can easily be
calculated.
We call it the litter box equation
because a kitty says mu, takes a P,
and kicks dRT over it. Easy to
remember
Problem of the ideal gas

law
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIPrsWuSkQc
(from 4:00)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SRAkXMu3d0
(from 3:21)
http://
ch301.cm.utexas.edu/gases/ideal-gas-law/idealgaslawall.php
However,
a gas may act differently under not-so-ideal

conditions, such as really high pressures and densities
or at very low temperatures. These gases that exhibit
different properties under extreme conditions are
known as real gases. And in order to describe this
behavior, we need to deviate slightly from the ideal
gas law and use a modified version of the equation.
For Fun
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsoE
4F2Pb20
(Implosion)
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=28TI
yWdfxxc
(egg and flask)
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXfT
NcnF9rM
What keeps things cold?

The modern refrigerator takes
advantage of the gas laws to
remove heat from a system.
Compressed gas in the coils (see
right) is allowed to expand. This
expansion lowers the temperature
of the gas and transfers heat
energy from the material in the
refrigerator to the gas. As the gas
is pumped through the coils, the
pressure on the gas compresses it
and raises the gas temperature.
This heat is then dissipated through
the coils into the outside air. As the
compressed gas is pumped through
the system again, the process
repeats itself.

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Gas Equations

the behavior of ideal

A. lessB. equal C. greater

2. How does the pressure in the Helium balloon

A. less B. equal C. greater

3. How do the number of air molecules in the air balloon

A. less B. equal C. greater

4. How does the average speed of the Helium

A. less B. equal C. greater

Boyles Law: Volume vs

Boyle discovered that at

What does a graph of this look like?

for some practice!

produce methane gas in

Charles Law: Volume vs

Charles discovered that at

for some practice!

place a bag of Hot Cheetos

Gay-Lussacs Law: Temperature

discovered that at CONSTANT

should you NOT incinerate an aerosol

for some practice!

gas has a pressure of 699.0

Activity using PhET

is the relationship between

Avagadros Law: Moles vs

law states that if more gas

for some practice!

6.0 L sample at 25 C and 2.00

Molar volume of a gas at

need to be STP, when comparing gas behaviours

STP one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4

for Standard Temperature

0 C & 1.0 atm

The Combined Gas Law

allows you to predict what will change

set of relationships between a single quantity

following three expressions:

can be combined to give

proportionality constant is called the

R into an equation gives

both sides by P gives the

The ideal gas law: PV =

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)

= 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mm H

Solve for constant (R)

1 atm = 101.3 kPa

R = 0.0821 atm L / mol K

R = 0.0821 atm L(101.3 kPa)= 8.31 kPa L

R = 8.31 kPa L / mol K

The ideal gas constant

Ideal gas law equation

Advanced gas law

volume is occupied by 2.0

2.50-L container is filled with

100 Light particles

1. For Test 6 (150 Heavy +

(Pheavy)? How did you

__________________ the pressure from Test #4.