107 STAT. 1510 PUBLIC LAW 103-150—NOV.

23, 1993
Public Law 103-150
103d Congress
Joint Resolution
Nov 23 1993 "^^ acknowledge the 100th anniversary of the Jtinuary 17, 1893 overthrow of the
' Kingdom of Hawaii, and to offer an apology to Native Hawaiians on behalf
[S.J. Res. 19] of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Whereas, prior to the arrival of the first Europeans in 1778, the
Native Hawaiian people lived in a highly organized, self-sufficient,
subsistent social system based on communal land tenure with
a sophisticated language, culture, and religion;
Whereas a unified monarchical government of the Hawaiian Islands
was established in 1810 under Kamehameha I, the first King
of Hawaii;
Whereas, from 1826 until 1893, the United States recognized the
independence of the Kingdom of Hawaii, extended full and com-
plete diplomatic recognition to the Hawaiian Grovernment, and
entered into treaties and conventions with the Hawaiian mon-
archs to govern commerce and navigation in 1826, 1842, 1849,
1875, and 1887;
Whereas the Congregational Church (now known as the United
Church of Christ), through its American Board of Commissioners
for Foreign Missions, sponsored and sent more than 100 mission-
aries to the Kingdom of Hawaii between 1820 and 1850;
Whereas, on January 14, 1893, John L. Stevens (hereafter referred
to in this Resolution as the "United States Minister"), the United
States Minister assigned to the sovereign and independent King-
dom of Hawaii conspired with a small group of non-Hawaiian
residents of the Kingdom of Hawaii, including citizens of the
United States, to overthrow the indigenous and lawful Govern-
ment of Hawaii;
Whereas, in pursuance of the conspiracy to overthrow the Govern-
ment of Hawaii, the United States Minister and the naval rep-
resentatives of the United States caused armed naval forces of
the United States to invade the sovereign Hawaiian nation on
January 16, 1893, and to position themselves near the Hawaiian
Government buildings and the lolani Palace to intimidate Queen
Liliuokalani and her Government;
Whereas, on the afternoon of January 17, 1893, a Committee of
Safety that represented the American and European sugar plant-
ers, descendents of missionaries, and financiers deposed the
Hawaiian monarchy and proclaimed the establishment of a Provi-
sional Grovemment;
Whereas the United States Minister thereupon extended diplomatic
recognition to the Provisional Government that was formed by
the conspirators without the consent of the Native Hawaiian
 PUBLIC LAW 103-150—NOV. 23, 1993 107 STAT. 1511

people or the lawful iGrovemment of Hawaii and in violation

of treaties between the two nations and of international law;
Whereas, soon thereafter, when informed of the risk of bloodshed
with resistance, Queen Liliuokalani issued the following state-
ment yielding her authority to the United States Government
rather than to the Provisional Government:
"I Liliuokalani, by the Grace of Grod and under the Constitution
of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Queen, do hereby solemnly protest
against any and all acts done against myself and the Constitutional
Government of the Hawaiian Kingdom by certain persons claiming
to have established a Provisional Government of and for this King-
dom.
"That I yield to the superior force of the United States of
America whose Minister Plenipotentiary, His Excellency John L.
Stevens, has caused United States troops to be landed at Honolulu
and declared that he would support the Provisional Government.
"Now to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the
loss of life, I do this under protest and impelled by said force
yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United
States shall, upon facts being presented to it, undo the action
of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which
I claim as the Constitutional Sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.".
Done at Honolulu this 17th day of January, A.D, 1893.;
Whereas, without the active support and intervention by the United
States diplomatic and military representatives, the insurrection
against the Government of Queen Liliuokalani would have failed
for lack of popular support and insufficient arms;
Whereas, on February 1, 1893, the United States Minister rsiised
the American flag and proclaimed Hawaii to be a protectorate
of the United States;
Whereas the report of a Presidentially established investigation
conducted by former Congressman James Blount into the events
surrounding the insurrection and overthrow of January 17, 1893,
concluded that the United States diplomatic and military rep-
resentatives had abused their authority £ind were responsible
for the change in government;
Whereas, as a result of this investigation, the United States Min-
ister to Hawaii was recalled from his diplomatic post and the
military commander of the United States armed forces stationed
in Hawaii was disciplined and forced to resign his commission;
Whereas, in a message to Congress on December 18, 1893, President
Grover Cleveland reported fully and accurately on the illegal
acts of the conspirators, described such acts as an "act of war,
committed with the participation of a diplomatic representative
of the United States and without authority of Congress", and
acknowledged that by such acts the government of a peaceful
and friendly people was overthrown;
Whereas President Cleveland further concluded that a "substantial
wrong has thus been done which a due regard for our national
character as well as the rights of the injured people requires
we should endeavor to repair" and called for the restoration
of the Hawaiian monarchy;
Whereas the Provisional Government protested President Cleve-
land's call for the restoration of the monarchy and continued
to hold state power and pursue Emiuexation to the United States;
Whereas the Provisional Government successfully lobbied the
Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate (hereafter referred
107 STAT. 1512 PUBLIC LAW 103-150—NOV. 23, 1993

to in this Resolution as the "Committee") to conduct a new inves-

tigation into the events surrounding the overthrow of the monar-
chy;
Whereas the Committee and its chairman, Senator John Morgan,
conducted hearings in Washington, D.C., from December 27, 1893,
through February 26, 1894, in which members of the Provisional
Grovernment justified and condoned the actions of the United
States Minister and recommended annexation of Hawaii;
Whereas, although the Provisional Government was able to obscure
the role of the United States in the illegal overthrow of the
Hawaiian monarchy, it was unable to rally the support from
two-thirds of the Senate needed to ratify a treaty of annexation;
Whereas, on July 4, 1894, the Provisional Government declared
itself to be the Republic of Hawaii;
Whereas, on January 24, 1895, while imprisoned in lolani Palace,
Queen Liliuokalani was forced by representatives of the RepubHc
of Hawaii to officially abdicate her throne;
Whereas, in the 1896 United States Presidential election, William
McKinley replaced Grover Cleveland;
Whereas, on July 7,1898, as a consequence of the Spanish-American
War, President McKinley signed the Newlands Joint Resolution
that provided for the annexation of Hawaii;
Whereas, through the Newlands Resolution, the self-declared
Republic of Hawaii ceded sovereignty over the Hawaiian Islands
to the United States;
Whereas the Republic of Hawaii also ceded 1,800,000 acres of
crown, government and public lands of the Kingdom of Hawaii,
without the consent of or compensation to the Native Hawaiian
people of Hawaii or their sovereign government;
Wnereas the Congress, through the Newlands Resolution, ratified
the cession, annexed Hawaii as part of the United States, and
vested title to the lands in Hawaii in the United States;
Whereas the Newlands Resolution also specified that treaties exist-
ing between Hawaii and foreign nations were to immediately
cease and be replaced by United States treaties with such nations;
Whereas the Newlands Resolution effected the transaction between
the Republic of Hawaii and the United States Government;
Whereas the indigenous Hawaiian people never directly relin-
quished their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people
or over their national lands to the United States, either through
their monarchy or through a plebiscite or referendum;
Whereas, on April 30, 1900, President McKinley signed the Organic
Act that provided a government for the territory of Hawaii and
defined the political structure and powers of the newly established
Territorial Government and its relationship to the United States;
Whereas, on August 21, 1959, Hawaii became the 50th State of
the United States;
Whereas the health and well-being of the Native Hawaiian people
is intrinsically tied to their deep feehngs and attachment to
the land;
Whereas the long-range economic and social changes in Hawaii
over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have been
devastating to the population and to the health and well-being
of the Hawaiian people;
Whereas the Native Hawaiian people are determined to preserve,
develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral terri-
tory, and their cultural identity in accordance with their own
 PUBLIC LAW 103-150—NOV. 23, 1993 107 STAT. 1513

spiritual and traditional beliefs, customs, practices, language,

and social institutions;
Whereas, in order to promote racial harmony and cultural under-
standing, the Legislature of the State of Hawaii has determined
that the year 1993 should serve Hawaii as a year of special
reflection on the rights and dignities of the Native Hawaiians
in the Hawsdian and the American societies;
Whereas the Eighteenth Greneral Synod of the United Church of
Christ in recognition of the denomination's historical complicity
in the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 directed
the Ofi&ce of the President of the United Church of Christ to
offer a pubUc apology to the Native Hawaiian people and to
initiate the process of reconciliation between the United Church
of Christ and the Native Hawaiians; and
Whereas it is proper and timely for the Congress on the occasion
of the impending one hundredth anniversary of the event, to
acknowledge the historic significance of the illegal overthrow
of the Kingdom of Hawaii, to express its deep regret to the
Native Hawaiian people, and to support the reconciliation efforts
of the State of Hawaii and the United Church of Christ with
Native Hawaiians: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND APOLOGY.
The Congress—
(1) on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the illegal
overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17, 1893,
acknowledges the historical significance of this event which
resulted in the suppression of the inherent sovereignty of the
Native Hawaiian people;
(2) recognizes and commends efforts of reconciliation initi-
ated by the State of Hawaii and the United Church of Christ
with Native Hawaiians;
(3) apologizes to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the people
of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of
Hawaii on January 17, 1893 with the participation of agents
and citizens of the United States, and the deprivation of the
rights of Native Hawaiians to self-determination;
(4) expresses its commitment to acknowledge the ramifica-
tions of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, in order
to provide a proper foundation for reconciliation between the
United States and the Native Hawaiian people; and
(5) urges the President of the United States to also acknowl-
edge the ramifications of the overthrow of the Kingdom of
Hawaii and to support reconciliation efforts between the United
States and the Native Hawaiian people.
SEC. 2. DEFINmONS.
As used in this Joint Resolution, the term "Native Hawaiian"
means any individual who is a descendent of the aboriginal people
who, prior to 1778, occupied and exercised sovereignty in the area
that now constitutes the State of Hawaii.
107 STAT. 1514 PUBLIC LAW 103-150—NOV. 23, 1993
SEC. 3. DISCLAIMER.
Nothing in this Joint Resolution is intended to serve as a
settlement of any claims against the United States.
Approved November 23, 1993.

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY—S.J. Res. 19:

SENATE REPORTS: No. 103-126 (Comm. on Indian Affairs).
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 139 (1993):
Oct. 27, considered and passed Senate.
Nov. 15, considered and passed House.