Designation: D 1356 – 05

Standard Terminology Relating to

Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope D 4096 Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended

1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High-Volume Sam-
sampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience to pler Method)
general interest, it contains most of the standard terms, D 4240 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration
definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Com- in Workplace Atmosphere3
mittee D22. D 4298 Guide for Intercomparing Permeation Tubes to
1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (with Establish Traceability
attribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section D 5011 Practices for Calibration of Ozone Monitors Using
2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the right Transfer Standards
margin of the applicable definition. D 5015 Test Method for pH of Atmospheric Wet Deposition
1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise Samples by Electrometric Determination
multiple concepts are included herein with the definition D 5096 Test Method for Determining the Performance of a
specific to standards and practices of Committee D22. Cup Anemometer or Propeller Anemometer
D 5111 Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Meth-
2. Referenced Documents ods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 Locations
D 1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient D 5366 Test Method for Determining the Dynamic Perfor-
Atmosphere mance of a Wind Vane
D 3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce- D 5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical
dures Analysis
D 3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and D 5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic
Analysis of Atmospheres and Emissions Chemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-
D 3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric ogy)
Pressure D 5527 Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Tem-
D 3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of perature by Acoustic Means
Methods of Committee D22 D 6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and
D 3686 Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Or- Thermal Desorption Analysis
ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad- E 104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity
sorption Method) by Means of Aqueous Solutions
D 3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound Vapors
3. Terminology
Collected by the Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption
Method absolute temperature—See temperature.
D 4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements3 absolute filter—See filter.
absorbance, n—the logarithm to the base of 10 of the
reciprocal of transmittance.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air absorbate, n—material that has been retained by the process
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.
Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originally of absorption.
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 1356 - 00a. absorbent, n—material in which absorption occurs.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or absorption, n—a process in which one material (the absor-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
bent) takes up and retains another (the absorbate) with the
the ASTM website. formation of an homogeneous mixture having the attributes
3
Withdrawn. of a solution.

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 D 1356 – 05
DISCUSSION—Chemical reaction may accompany or follow absorp- linearity, n—the maximum deviation between an actual
tion. analyzer reading and the reading predicted by a straight line
acceptance angle (6a, deg), n—the angular distance, cen- drawn between upper and lower calibration points.
tered on the array axis of symmetry, over which the DISCUSSION—This deviation is expressed as a percentage of full scale.
following conditions are met: (a) wind components are D 3249
unambiguously defined, and (b) flow across the transducers
is unobstructed or remains within the angular range for minimum detection limit, n—the smallest input concentra-
which transducer shadow corrections are defined. D 5527 tion that can be determined as the concentration approaches
accrediting authority, n—a body that evaluates the capability zero. D 3249
of a testing agency or an inspection agency, or both, in noise, n—random deviations from a mean output not caused
certain specific fields of activity. D 3614 by sample concentration changes. D 3249
accretion, n—a phenomenon consisting of the increase in size open path analyzer, n—an analytical system that measures
of particles by the process of external additions. the average atmospheric or emission compound concentra-
accuracy, n—the degree of conformity of a value generated by tion along one or more monitoring paths open to the
a specific procedure to the assumed or accepted true value atmosphere. See monitoring path.
and includes both precision and bias. D 3670 operating humidity range of analyzer, n—the range of
acoustic pathlength (d, (m)), n—the physical distance be- ambient relative humidity of air surrounding the analyzer,
tween transducer transmitter-receiver pairs. D 5527 over which the analyzer will meet all performance specifi-
activated charcoal, n—activated charcoal refers to properly cations. D 3249
conditioned coconut-shell charcoal. D 3686 operating temperature range of analyzer, n—the range of
adsorbate, n—material that has been retained by the process ambient temperatures of air surrounding the analyzer, over
of adsorption. which the monitor will meet all performance specifications.

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adsorbent, n—solid material on the surface of which adsorp- D 3249
tion takes place. operational period, n—the period of time over which the
adsorption, n—a physical process in which molecules of gas, analyzer can be expected to operate unattended within
of dissolved substances, or of liquids, adhere in an extremely specifications. D 3249
thin layer to the surfaces of solid bodies with which they are output, n—a signal that is related to the measurement, and
in contact. intended for connection to a readout or data acquisition
aerosol, n—a dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a device.
gaseous medium. DISCUSSION—Usually this is an electrical signal expressed as milli-
agency, n—an organization or part of an organization engaged volts or milliamperes full scale at a given impedance. D 3249
in the activities of testing or inspection, or both. D 3614
range, n—the concentration region between the minimum
agglomeration, n—a process of contact and adhesion whereby
and maximum measurable limits. D 3249
the particles of a dispersion form clusters of increasing size.
readout instrumentation, n—output meters, recorder, or data
air at normal conditions (standard air), n—air at 50 %
acquisition system for monitoring analytical results.
relative humidity, 25°C and 101.3 kPa (77°F and 760 mm
D 3249
Hg). See also atmosphere.
response time, n—the time interval from a step change in the
air pollution, n—the presence of unwanted material in the air.
input concentration at the analyzer inlet to an output reading
DISCUSSION—The term unwanted material here refers to material in of 90 % of the ultimate reading. D 3249
sufficient concentrations, present for a sufficient time, and under rise time, n—response time minus lag time. D 3249
circumstances to interfere significantly with comfort, health, or welfare
sample system, n—equipment necessary to provide the
of persons, or with the full use and enjoyment of property.
analyzer with a continuous representative sample. D 3249
aliquot, n—a representative portion of the whole that can be span drift, n—the change in analyzer output over a stated
expressed as the inverse of an integer. time period, usually 24 h of unadjusted continuous opera-
ambient, adj—surrounding on all sides. tion, when the input concentration is at a constant, stated
analyzer, n—the instrumental equipment necessary to perform upscale value.
automatic analysis of ambient air through the use of physical
DISCUSSION—Span drift is usually expressed as a percentage change
and chemical properties and giving either cyclic or continu- of full scale over a 24-h operational period. D 3249
ous output signal. D 3249
analyzer system, n—all sampling, analyzing, and readout zero drift, n—the change in analyzer output over a stated
instrumentation required to perform ambient air quality time period of unadjusted continuous operation when the
analysis automatically. D 3249 input concentration is zero; usually expressed as a percent-
full scale, n—the maximum measuring limit for a given age change of full scale over a 24-h operational period.
range of an analyzer. D 3249 D 3249
lag time, n—the time interval from a step change in the input See also point analyzer.
concentration at the analyzer inlet to the first corresponding
change in the analyzer signal readout. D 3249 analyzer system—See analyzer.

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 D 1356 – 05
arrester, n—a term for an air cleaning device. ments on subsamples of the same test material.
aspirated psychrometer—See psychrometer. DISCUSSION—If the test method includes the sampling of atmo-
aspirator, n—any apparatus such as a squeeze bulb, fan, spheres, the participants should sample the same test atmosphere, as
pump, or venturi that produces a movement of a fluid by possible. D 3670
suction.
atmosphere, n—the gaseous envelope which surrounds the collection effıciency—See efficiency.
earth and includes ambient air, indoor air, and workplace air. collector, n—a device for removing and retaining contami-
See also air at normal conditions. nants from air or other gases.
synthetic atmosphere, n—a specific gaseous mass containing DISCUSSION—Usually this term is applied to cleaning devices in
any number of constituents and in any proportion produced exhaust systems.
for a special purpose.
backdrafting, n—the reversal of the normal (upward) direc- colorimeter, n—an instrument used for color measurement
tion of air flow in a vent for a vented combustion appliance based on optical comparison with standard colors.
(boiler, fireplace, furnace, or water heater), when the vented combustion system downdrafting, n—the reversal of the
appliance is operating. ordinary (upward) direction of air flow in a combustion
bias, n—a systematic (nonrandom) deviation of the method system when vented combustion appliances are not operat-
average value or the measured value from an accepted value. ing.
D 3670 DISCUSSION—The term “cold backdrafting” is used synonymously
laboratory bias, n—systematic differences between the true with combustion system downdrafting.
value and a value reported by a laboratory due to errors of
application such as losses, contamination, miscalibration, combustion system spillage, n—entry of combustion products
and faulty manipulations, for example. D 3670 into a building, caused by backdrafting, vent blockage, or a
method bias, n—systematic departures of the limiting mean leaky heat exchanger.
from the true value of the parameter measured caused by concentration, n—the quantity of a substance contained in a
physical or chemical phenomena inherent in the methodol- total unit quantity of sample.
ogy. D 3670 mass concentration, n—concentration expressed in terms of
breathing zone, n—that location in the atmosphere at which mass of substance per unit volume of gas or liquid.
persons breathe. ppb(v), n—a unit of measure of the concentration of gases in
air expressed as parts of the gas per billion (109) parts of the

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bubbler, n—a sampling device consisting of a gas disperser
immersed in an absorbing liquid. air-gas mixture, both by volume.
fritted bubbler, n—a bubbler having a frit as the gas ppm(v), n—a unit of measure of the concentration of gases
disperser. in air expressed as parts of the gas per million parts of the
candidate method, n—an analytical method or measurement air-gas mixture, both by volume.
process being considered for standardization. vapor concentration, n—concentration expressed in terms of
gaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or other
DISCUSSION—A method is a candidate until completion of all phases gas usually expressed in percent or parts per million by
of the consensus process specified by ASTM regulations for a proposal, volume. See also absolute humidity.
an emergency standard, or a standard. D 3670 volume concentration, n—concentration expressed in terms
cascade impactor—See impactor. of gaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or
carpet-embedded dust—See dust. other gas usually expressed in percent or parts per million.
chemisorption, n—adsorption, especially when irreversible, condensate, n—liquid or solid matter formed by condensation
by means of chemical forces in contrast with physical forces. from the vapor phase.
chimney effect, n—a phenomenon consisting of a vertical DISCUSSION—In sampling, the term is applied to the components of
movement of a localized mass of air or other gases due to an atmosphere which have been isolated by simple cooling.
temperature differences.
cloud, n—any collection of particulate matter in the atmo- condensation, n—the process of converting a material in the
sphere dense enough to be perceptible to the eye, especially gaseous phase to a liquid or solid state by decreasing
a collection of water drops. temperature or by increasing pressure, or both.
cloud water, n—an aggregate of condensed water vapor or DISCUSSION—Usually in air sampling only cooling is used.
ice crystals that are suspended in the atmosphere.
condensation sampling—See sampling.
DISCUSSION—Cloud water droplet sizes are typically less than those condensoid, n—the particles of a dispersion formed by con-
of precipitation, measuring between 1 and 100 µm in diameter. densation.
D 5111 constant flow high-volume sampler—See sampler.
cloud water—See cloud. contaminant, n—a material added by human or natural
coalescence, n—a process by which the particles of a disper- activities which may, in sufficient concentrations, render the
sion combine into one body. atmosphere unacceptable.
collaborative test, n—an interlaboratory study of a test DISCUSSION—Contaminants refer to gases, vapors, mists, aerosols,
method wherein the participants analyze or make measure- fumes, particles, or dusts, and so forth, that are airborne. The term does

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D 1356 – 05
not apply to elements that make up the components of the earth’s where
atmosphere, such as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and so forth. D 1357 Ut = instantaneous indicated wind speed at time t,m/s,
Uf = final indicated wind speed, or wind tunnel speed, m/s,
continuous sampling—See sampling. t = elapsed time after the step change occurs, s, and
G = time constant of the instrument.
controlled-pore filter—See filter.
count median size, n—a measurement of particle size of
samples of particulate matter, consisting of that diameter of Distance constant is: L = UfG D 5096
particle such that one half of the number of particles is larger
diurnal, adj—recurring daily.
and half is smaller.
cumulative sample—See sample. DISCUSSION—Applied to (variations in concentration of air contami-
delay distance (D), n—the distance the air flows past a wind nants, diurnal indicates variations that follow a distinctive pattern and
vane during the time it takes the vane to return to 50 % of the which recur from day to day.
initial displacement. D 5366 DOP, n—dioctyl phthalate (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate).
density, n—the mass per unit volume of substance. droplet, n—a small liquid particle of such size and density as
denuder, n—a device designed to collect or remove gases from to fall under still conditions but which may remain sus-
an air stream by diffusion to a collecting surface or second- pended under turbulent conditions.
ary air stream while permitting the passage of particles. dry-bulb temperature—See temperature.
D 5111 dry deposition—See deposition.
deposition, n—the transfer of an atmospheric constituent to a dry impingement—See impingement.
surface due to gravity or another mechanism, or the material dust, n—a general term, depending upon application, applied
which is transferred. to solid particles predominantly larger than colloidal and
dry deposition, n—all forms of deposition derived from the capable of temporary suspension in air or other gases.
net vertical transfer of chemical species to a surface that are
not the result of precipitation. DISCUSSION—Dusts tend to flocculate under electrostatic forces and
settle under the influence of gravity. They are typically formed from
DISCUSSION—Dry deposition includes both turbulent diffusion and larger masses through the application of physical forces.
gravitational settling. Dew and frost are anomalous forms of dry
deposition which rely upon a near-surface condensation process as their dust loading, n—an engineering term for dust concentration,
principle means of effecting the net vertical transfer. D 5111 usually applied to the contents of collection ducts and the
emissions from stacks.
wet deposition, n—the precipitation of water from the carpet-embedded dust, n—soil and other particulate matter,
atmosphere in the form of hail, rain, sleet, and snow. approximately 5-µm equivalent aerodynamic diameter and
DISCUSSION—Deposits of dew, fog, and frost are excluded. See also larger, embedded in carpet pile and normally removable by
meteorological precipitation under precipitation. D 5111 household vacuum cleaners. D 5438
surface dust, n—soil and other particulate matter, approxi-
desorption, n—the process of freeing from a sorbed state. mately 5-µm equivalent aerodynamic diameter and larger,
dew, n—water vapor that has condensed onto a surface near adhering to floor surfaces and normally removable by
the ground because of radiational cooling of that surface to household vacuum cleaners. D 5438
a temperature that is below the dew point of the air dustfall—See particle fall under particle.
surrounding the surface. D 5111 dust loading—See dust.
dew cell, dew probe, n—an instrument that measures the efficiency, n—a measure of the performance of a collector.
temperature at which a saturated salt solution (usually of
DISCUSSION—Usually it is the ratio of the amount collected to the
lithium chloride) is in equilibrium with the water vapor in inlet loading, expressed in percentage.
moist air. D 4023
dew-/frost-point hygrometer—See hygrometer. collection effıciency, n—the percentage of a specified sub-
dew-point temperature—See temperature. stance retained by a gas cleaning or sampling device.
dew probe—See dew cell. fractional effıciency, n—the mean collection efficiency for
diffusion, molecular—See molecular diffusion. specific size fractions of a contaminant.
dispersion, n—the most general term for a system consisting DISCUSSION—Commonly this term has been applied to the perfor-
of particulate matter suspended in a fluid. mance of air cleaning equipment towards particulate matter in various
dispersoid, n—the particles of a dispersion. size ranges.
distance constant (L, m), n—the distance the air flows past a
rotating anemometer during the time it takes the cup wheel ejector, n—a device that uses a fluid under pressure, such as
or propeller to reach (1 − 1/e) or 63 % of the equilibrium steam, air, or water, to move another fluid by developing
speed after a step change in wind speed. suction through differential pressure.
DISCUSSION—Suction is developed by discharging the fluid under
DISCUSSION—The response of a rotating anemometer to a step change
pressure through a venturi.
in which wind speed increases instantaneously from U = 0 to U = Uf,
is: electrical conductivity, n—the property of a fluid or solid that
Ut5Uf ~12e~2t/G!! permits the passage of an electrical current as a result of an
impressed emf.

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DISCUSSION—It is measured by the quantity of electricity transferred fractionation, n—the process of separating a mixture into
across unit area per unit potential gradient per unit time. (In sampling components having different properties (as by distillation,
and analysis, changes in this property are utilized to measure the precipitation, or screening).
presence of certain ions and compounds such as sulfur dioxide.)
frit, n—a porous material permeable to gas flow usually made
electric hygrometer—See hygrometer. by sintering microbeads of an appropriate material.
electrostatic precipitation—See precipitation. fritted bubbler—See bubbler.
electrostatic precipitator—See precipitator. frost, n—ice crystals resulting from the direct sublimation of
elute, v—to remove sorbed materials from a sorbent by means water vapor onto a surface that is below freezing.
of a fluid.
DISCUSSION—Frost is due to radiational cooling and only occurs when
emission mixture, n—the total mixture in the outside atmo-
the temperature of the air in contact with the surface falls below the
sphere of emissions from all sources.
emissions, n—substances discharged into the air from a stack, freezing point of water. D 5111
vent, or other discrete source. frost-point hygrometer—See dew-/frost-point hygrometer
emission rate, n—the mass emitted per unit of time from a under hygrometer.
source or, alternatively, per unit of material or energy frost-point temperature—See temperature.
produced or consumed by a process. full scale—See analyzer.
enhancement factor, n—the correction for the departure of the fume, n—properly, the solid particles generated by condensa-
mixture of air and water vapor from ideal gas laws. tion from the gaseous state, generally after volatilization
D 4023 from melted substances, and often accompanied by a chemi-
event sampling—See sampling. cal reaction such as oxidation.
exposure, n—contact with a chemical, biological, physical or
other agent over a specified time period. DISCUSSION—Fumes flocculate and sometimes coalesce. Popularly,
the term is used in reference to any or all types of contaminant, and in
DISCUSSION—Exposure is expressed as the integral of the concentra- many laws or regulations with the added qualification that the contami-
tion (or intensity) of the agent at the boundary of the receptor over the nant have some unwanted action.
time period of contact, that is, E;=;* {C(t)}dt
gage pressure—See pressure.
filter, n—a porous medium for collecting particulate matter.
gas, n—one of the states of matter, having neither independent
absolute filter, n—a filter or filter medium of ultra-high
shape nor volume and tending to expand indefinitely.
collection efficiency for very small particles (submicrometre
gas meter, n—an instrument for measuring the quantity of a
size) so that essentially all particles of interest or of concern
gas passing through the meter.
are collected.
gasometer, n—an apparatus employing a calibrated volume
DISCUSSION—Commonly, the efficiency is in the region of 99.95 % or which is used to calibrate gas-measuring devices.
higher for a standard aerosol of 0.3-µm diameter (see Practice D 2986).
generic criteria, n—common characteristics pertaining to
D 4096 organizations’ human resources, material resources, and
controlled-pore filter, n—a filter of various plastics or metals quality systems which provide a basis for assessing the
having a structure of controlled uniform pore size. qualifications of testing or inspection agencies. D 3614
gustiness, adj—now referred to as intensity of turbulence
DISCUSSION—Sometimes referred to as a membrane or molecular
filter.
which is defined as the ratio of the root mean square of wind
velocity fluctuations to the mean wind velocity.
flocculation, n—synonymous with agglomeration. Hi-Vol (high-volume air sampler)—See sampler.
flowmeter, n—an instrument for measuring the rate of flow of house depressurization, n—the situation, pertaining to a
a fluid (that is, liquid or gas) moving through a system. specific location in a house, whereby the static pressure at
DISCUSSION—The instrument is calibrated to give volume or mass that location is lower than the static pressure in the imme-
rate of flow. diate vicinity outside the house.
fly ash, n—the finely divided particles of ash entrained in flue DISCUSSION—The pressure difference between indoors and outdoors
gases arising from the combustion of fuel. is affected by building tightness (including the distribution of leakage
sites across the building envelope), indoor temperature difference, local
DISCUSSION—The particles of ash may contain incompletely burned winds, and the operation of indoor appliances such as exhaust fans,
fuel. The term has been applied predominantly to the gas-born ash from forced-air system fans, and vented combustion appliances (boilers,
boilers with spreader stoker, underfeed stoker, and pulverized fuel (coal fireplaces, furnaces, or water heaters). The existence and extent of
firing). house depressurization at a specific location, thus, varies over time
depending on outdoor conditions and the operation of indoor appli-
fog, n—a visible aggregate of condensed water vapor or ice ances.
crystals suspended in the atmosphere near the earth’s sur-
face. human resources, n—those elements of support or capability
that are provided by humans using their mental and physical
DISCUSSION—Fog differs from cloud water only that it resides very
capabilities. D 3614
close to the earth’s surface. D 5111
humidity, n—a measure of the amount of water vapor in a gas.
fractional effıciency—See efficiency. Also see absolute humidity and relative humidity.

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 D 1356 – 05
absolute humidity, vapor concentration, vapor density (dv), D 4023
n—the ratio of the mass of water vapor, mv, to the total ice-bulb temperature—See temperature.
volume of the moist air, v: impaction, n—a forcible contact of particles of matter, a term
mv often used synonymously with impingement.
dv5 v impactor, n—a device for collecting airborne or emission
D 4023 particulate matter in which the air or gas being sampled is
relative humidity, n—the ratio of the actual water vapor impacted or impinged against a surface.
pressure to the saturation pressure. cascade impactor, n—a type of impactor which employs
relative humidity with respect to ice (Ui), n—the ratio in several stages of impaction in series to collect successively
percent of the mole fraction of water vapor, xv, in moist air smaller sizes of particles.
to the mole fraction of water vapor, xvi, that the moist air impingement, n—the act of bringing matter forcibly in con-
would have if it were saturated with respect to ice at the tact.
same pressure, p, and temperature, t. DISCUSSION—As used in air sampling, impingement refers to a
Xv process for the collection of particulate matter in which the gas being
Ui5X 3100 sampled is directed forcibly against a surface.
vi

DISCUSSION—If the water vapor and air are assumed to behave as dry impingement, n—the process of impingement carried out
ideal gases, then so that particulate matter carried in the gas stream is retained
e upon the surface against which the stream is directed.
Ui5e 3100
i DISCUSSION—The collecting surface may be treated with a film of
where e is the partial pressure of the water vapor in the moist air and adhesive.
ei is the saturation vapor pressure with respect to ice at the same
temperature, t. D 4023 wet impingement, n—the process of impingement carried
out within a body of liquid, the latter serving to retain the
relative humidity with respect to water (Uw)—the ratio in particulate matter.
percent of mole fraction of water vapor, xv, in moist air to the impinger, n—broadly, a sampling instrument employing im-
mole fraction of water vapor, xvw, that the moist air would pingement of the collection of particulate matter.
have if it were saturated with respect to water at the same
pressure, p, and temperature, t DISCUSSION—Commonly, this term is applied to specific instruments,
the midget and standard Impinger.
Xv
Uw5X 3100 midget impinger, n—a specific instrument employing wet
vw
impingement, using a liquid volume of 10 mL and a gas flow
DISCUSSION—If water vapor and air are assumed to behave as ideal
gases, then
of 2.8 L/min.
e DISCUSSION—See Littlefield, J. R., Feicht, E. L., and Schrenk, H. H.,
Uw5e 3100 “Midget Impinger for Dust Sampling,” Report of Investigations 3360,
w
U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1937.
where standard impinger, n—a specific instrument employing wet
e = partial pressure of the water vapor in the moist air and
ew = saturation vapor pressure with respect to water at the same tem-
impingement, using a liquid volume of 75 mL and a gas flow
perature, t. of 28 L/min.
D 4023 DISCUSSION—See Greenburg, L., and Smith, G. W., “A New Instru-
ment for Sampling Aerial Dust,” Report of Investigations 2392, U.S.
relative humidity with respect to ice—See relative humidity. Bureau of Mines, 1922. See also Hatch, T., Warren, H., and Drinker, P.,
relative humidity with respect to water—See relative humid- Journal Industrial Hygiene, No. 14, 1932, p. 301.
ity.
inspection, n—the process of measuring, examining, testing,
humidity range—See operating humidity range of analyzer
gaging, or otherwise evaluating materials, products, ser-
under analyzer. See also operating humidity range of
vices, systems, or environments. D 3614
sample under sample.
instantaneous sampling—See sampling.
hygrometer, n—an instrument for measuring the humidity of a
interference, n—an undesired output caused by a substance or
gas.
substances other than the one being measured.
dew-/frost-point hygrometer, n—an instrument that measures
the surface temperature at which ambient water vapor DISCUSSION—The effect of interfering substance(s), on the measure-
condenses. D 4023 ment of interest, shall be expressed as: (6) percentage change of
electric hygrometer, n—an instrument that determines the measurement compared with the molar amount of the interferant. If the
interference is nonlinear, an algebraic expression should be developed
water vapor content of an atmosphere by measuring the
(or curve plotted) to show this varying effect. D 3249
change in resistance or capacitance of hygroscopic material.
D 4023 intermittent sampling—See sampling.
mechanical hygrometer, n—an instrument for determining inversion, n—a reversal of the normal atmospheric tempera-
the water vapor content of an atmosphere by measuring the ture gradient, thus an increase of temperature of the air with
dimensional change produced in an hygroscopic material. increasing altitude.

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 D 1356 – 05
isokinetic sampling—See sampling. mv
nv5M
laboratory bias—See bias. v

lag time—See analyzer. ma

na5M
lapse rate, n—the rate of change of the absolute value of any a

meteorological element with increase of height. and where Mv and Ma, = molecular weights of water
DISCUSSION—When used without modifier, it refers to the rate of
vapor and air, respectively. D 4023
decrease of temperature with increase of height. monitor, n—a device that continually measures or intermit-
tently samples and analyzes atmospheres or emissions for
linearity—See analyzer. the concentration of a specific constituent or constituents, or
mass concentration—See concentration. for the level of a physical property (such as temperature) to
mass median size, n—a measurement of particle size for provide either a real-time read-out or an electrical signal.
samples of particulate matter, consisting of that diameter continuous monitor, n—a device for the uninterrupted mea-
such that the mass of all larger particles is equal to the mass surement of atmospheric or emission concentrations or
of all smaller particles. properties in real or near-real time.
mechanical hygrometer—See hygrometer. DISCUSSION—Such monitors are often automated and combine the
method bias—See bias. collection of the sample with immediate or near-instantaneous analysis.
meteorological precipitation—See precipitation.
monitoring path—See point analyzer.
method detection limit, n—the minimum concentration of an monitoring path length—See point analyzer.
analyte that can be reported with a 99 % confidence that the month, n—for reporting analyses of outdoor air on a monthly
valve is above zero, based on a standard deviation of greater rate, results are calculated to a base of thirty days.
than seven replicate measurements of the analyte in the noise—See analyzer.
matrix of concern at a concentration near the low standard. non-hygroscopic material, n—material which neither absorbs
microclimatology, n—the science that deals with the climate nor retains water vapor. E 104
of restricted areas and investigates their phenomena and nonvolatile organic chemical—See organic chemical.
causes. odor, n—that property of a substance which affects the sense of
micrometeorology, n—the study of the meteorological char- smell; any smell; scent; perfume.
acteristics of a local site that is usually small and often is odor threshold, n—the concentration of an odorous com-
confined to a shallow layer of air next to the ground. pound at which the physiological effect elicits a response
midget impinger—See impinger. 50 % of the time.
minimum detection limit—See analyzer. odor threshold—See odor.
mist, n—liquid, usually water in the form of particles sus- odorant, n—odorous substance.
pended in the atmosphere at or near the surface of the earth; off-axis response (U/(Ufcos u)), n—the ratio of the indicated
small water droplets floating or falling, approaching the form wind speed (U) at various angles of attack u to the indicated
of rain, and sometimes distinguished from fog as being more wind speed at zero angle of attack (Uf) multiplied by the
transparent or as having particles perceptibly moving down- cosine of the angle of attack.
ward.
DISCUSSION—This ratio compares the actual off-axis response to a
mixing ratio (r), n—the ratio of the mass of water vapor mv to cosine response. D 5096
the mass of dry air ma, present in the moist air;
mv
olfactory, adj—of, relating to, or connected with the sense of
r5m (1) smell.
a
D 4023 opacity, n—a measure of the degree to which the intensity of
molecular diffusion, n—a process of spontaneous intermixing light is reduced as it passes through a gas, due to absorption
of different substances, attributable to molecular motion and and scattering.
tending to produce uniformity of concentration. DISCUSSION—The degree to which the view of an object against the
mole fraction, n—the ratio of the number of molecules (or background is obscured increases with increasing opacity.
moles) of a compound or element to the total number of
operating humidity range of analyzer—See analyzer.
molecules (or moles) present.
operating humidity range of sample—See sample.
DISCUSSION—If all substances concerned are in the gaseous state, and operating temperature range of analyzer—See analyzer.
if all may be assumed to behave as perfect gases, the mole fraction is operating temperature range of sample—See sample.
identical numerically to the volume concentration. operational period—See analyzer.
mole fraction of water vapor (xv), n—the ratio of the number optical measuring path length, n—the length of the optical
of moles of water vapor, nv, to the total number of moles of beam over which the atmosphere or emission concentration
water and dry air: is measured and averaged.
organic chemical, n—a carbon-based compound in which the
nv element carbon is attached to other carbon atom(s), hydro-
xv5n 1n
v a gen, oxygen, or other elements in a chain, ring, or three-
where: dimensional structure.
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DISCUSSION—Oxides of carbon, such as carbon dioxide and carbon- particle, n—a small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter.
ates, are not classified as organic compounds.
particle concentration, n—concentration expressed in terms
nonvolatile organic chemical, n—an organic compound with of number of particles per unit volume of air or other gas.
a saturation vapor pressure less than 10−8 kPa at 25°C.
DISCUSSION—On expressing particle concentration, the method of
polar organic chemical, n—an organic compound that may determining the concentration should be stated.
exhibit a relatively high electric dipole moment or may be
readily ionized, typically containing heteroatoms, such as particle fall, n—a measurement of air contamination con-
oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorine, and bromine. sisting of the mass rate at which solid particles deposit from
DISCUSSION—A polar organic chemical is usually more water soluble
the atmosphere.
and often more reactive than a nonpolar compound of similar molecular DISCUSSION—A term used in the same sense as the older terms
structure. dustfall and soot fall but without any implication as to nature and
semivolatile organic chemical, n—an organic compound source of the particles.
with a saturation vapor pressure between 10−2 and 10−8 kPa particle size, n—an expression for the size of liquid or solid
at 25°C. particles expressed as the average or equivalent diameter.
total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), n—the summed
concentration of all the individual volatile organic com- particle size distribution, n—the relative percentage by
pounds (VOCs) quantifiable in an air sample by both a mass, surface area, volume, number, or other property of
precisely specified sampling protocol and a precisely defined each of the different size fractions of particulate matter.
analytical method. particle concentration—See particle.
particle fall—See particle.
DISCUSSION—TVOC air concentrations are approximations and are
typically determined by summing the areas of all gas chromatographic particle size—See particle.
peaks derived from test methods such as D 5466 or D 6196. The TVOC particle size distribution—See particle.
air concentration values so derived depend on the type of air sampler; particulate, adj—pertaining to or composed of particles.
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the type of GC detector and how it is calibrated; the collection,

retention, and recovery efficiencies of the sorbent trap, canister, or other personal sample—See sample.
sampling device; the efficiency of transfer to the gas chromatographic pH, n—the negative logarithm to the base ten of the
(GC) column; the type and size of the GC column; the GC temperature conventional hydrogen ion activity. D 5015
program and other chromatographic parameters; how the concentration
permissible exposure limit (PEL), n—an OSHA defined term
is derived from the peak area (for example, whether single or multiple
internal standards are used, as well as the types of reference standards); meaning the limit of OSHA permitted exposure to a specific
and the composition of the air sample (for example, the relative contaminant as required in the applicable regulation. This
abundances of hydrocarbon, halogenated, or oxygenated compounds). limit is an 8-h time weighted average (TWA), determined in
the worker’s breathing zone, and is expressed in a number of
volatile organic chemical, n—an organic compound with a
units of measure — see applicable contaminant regulation.
saturation vapor pressure greater than 10−2 kPa at 25°C.
organizational component, n—a portion of an organization phase distribution, n—the partitioning of a semivolatile
with specific tasks and activities that constitutes a part of the chemical compound between the gaseous (vapor) and the
total effort and accomplishment of the organization. particle-associated phases in the atmosphere.
D 3614 DISCUSSION—Compounds, particularly semivolatile compounds (that
orifice meter, n—a flowmeter, employing as the measure of is, those having saturation vapor pressures between 10−2 and 10−8 kPa
flow rate the difference between the pressures measured on at 25°C), may simultaneously exist in ambient and indoor air distrib-
the upstream and downstream sides of the orifice (that is, the uted between the gaseous and condensed phases, usually being sorbed
pressure differential across the orifice) in the conveying pipe in the latter case onto suspended particulate matter. This distribution
may be substantially perturbed by traditional sampling methods that
or duct.
employ particle filters backed up by vapor traps. Therefore, the original
output—See analyzer. distribution in the air at the time of sampling cannot readily be
overall precision—See precision. determined without the use of denuders or other effective gas-particle
overshoot, n (un)—the amplitude of a deflection of a wind separators. This definition is not intended to apply to the distribution
vane as it oscillates about uB after release from an initial between the gaseous and pure solid or liquid forms of an airborne
displacement. D 5366 compound that may occur at, or near, a source or between the
overshoot ratio, n (V)—the ratio of two successive over- compound in the gaseous or particle-sorbed states, or both, and rain or
fog droplets.
shoots of a wind vane, as expressed by the following
equation: photochemical reaction, n—any chemical reaction that is
u~n11! initiated as a result of absorption of light.
V5 u
n photochemical smog, n—a type of air pollution resulting from
where un and u(n+1)= n and n + 1 overshoots, respectively. photochemical reactions.
point analyzer, n—See also analyzer.
DISCUSSION—In practice, since deflections after the first (to the side
opposite the release point) are normally small, the initial release point monitoring path, n—the actual path over which an atmo-
(that is, n = 0 deflection) and the first deflection after release (n = 1) are spheric or an emission compound concentration is measured
used in determining the overshoot ratio. D 5366 and averaged.

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monitoring path length, n—the length of the monitoring path standardized, but have generally become to mean single-laboratory-
over which the average atmosphere or emission compound operator-material precision and multilaboratory-multi-operator-
concentration is measured and averaged using an open path single-material precision, respectively. Such use is maintained in the
text of this practice.
analyzer.
DISCUSSION—Further classifications of bias which are useful in
ppb(v)—See concentration.
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evaluating performance are: operator bias, apparatus bias, and day bias.
ppm(v)—See concentration.
D 3670
precipitation, n—separation of a new phase from solid, liquid,
or gaseous solutions, usually with changing conditions of pressure, n—the force or load per unit area.
temperature or pressure, or both. gage pressure, n—the difference in pressure between that
electrostatic precipitation, n—a process consisting of the existing within a system and that of the surrounding atmo-
separation of particulate matter from air or other gases under sphere.
the influence of an electrostatic field.
DISCUSSION—Zero gage pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.
meteorological precipitation, n—the precipitation of water
from the atmosphere in the form of hail, mist, rain, sleet, and static pressure, n—the pressure of a fluid at rest, or in
snow. motion, exerted perpendicularly to the direction of flow.
DISCUSSION—Deposits of dew, fog, and frost are excluded. total pressure, n—the pressure representing the sum of static
pressure and velocity pressure at the point of measurement.
thermal precipitation, n—a process consisting of the sepa- velocity pressure, n—that pressure caused by and related to
ration of particulate matter from air and other gases under the velocity of the flow of fluid; a measure of the kinetic
the influence of a relatively large temperature gradient energy of the fluid.
extending over a short distance. primary standard—See standard.
DISCUSSION—In the thermal precipitator (a sampling instrument), the primary flow-rate standard—See standard.
air or gas is drawn slowly through a narrow chamber across which probe, n—a tube used for sampling or for measuring pressures
extends a heated wire, particulate matter being deposited upon the at a distance from the actual collection or measuring
adjacent collecting surface. apparatus.
ultrasonic precipitation, n—a process consisting of the DISCUSSION—It is commonly used for reaching inside stacks and
separation of particulate matter from air and other gases ducts.
following agglomeration induced by an ultrasonic field.
psychrometer, n—a variety of hygrometer comprising a dry
precipitator, n—a device or apparatus for the separation of
bulb thermometer and a wet bulb thermometer, which, when
particulate matter from air or other gases.
suitably aspirated, indicates the thermodynamic wet- and dry
DISCUSSION—The apparatus may be utilized either for sampling bulb temperature of the gas.
particulate matter or for removing particulate matter from ambient, aspirated psychrometer, n—an hygrometer comprising wet-
indoor or workplace atmospheres, or from emission sources.
and dry-bulb thermometers that are mounted in a housing to
electrostatic precipitator, n—apparatus employing electro- which is attached a motor-driven fan or blower that draws air
static precipitation for the separation of particles from a gas over the thermometer bulbs at a rate which produces the
stream. minimum wet-bulb reading. D 4023
sling (whirling) psychrometer, n—an hygrometer comprising
DISCUSSION—The apparatus may be designed either for sampling or
wet- and dry-bulb thermometers that are mounted on a frame
for cleaning large volumes of gas.
that can be rotated or whirled. D 4023
thermal precipitator—See precipitation. quality, n—the totality of features and characteristics of a
precision, n—the degree of agreement of repeated measure- product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy a given
ments of the same property, expressed in terms of dispersion need. D 3614
of test results about the mean result obtained by repetitive quality assurance, n—a system of activities whose purpose
testing of a homogenous sample under specified conditions. is to provide assurance that the overall quality control job is
in fact being done effectively.
DISCUSSION—The precision of a method is expressed quantitatively as
the standard deviation computed from the results of a series of DISCUSSION—The system involves a continuing evaluation of the
controlled determinations. adequacy and effectiveness of the overall quality control program (see
quality control) with a view to having corrective measures initiated
overall precision, n—a value including components of where necessary. For a specific product or service, this involves
within-laboratory and between-user variability. D 3670 verifications, audits, and the evaluation of the quality factors that affect
single-operator precision, n—a measure of the replication of the specification, production, inspection, and use of the product or
repeated measurements obtained by a single operator on a service. D 3614
given sample.
quality control, n—the overall system of activities whose
DISCUSSION—Other classifications of precision which are useful in purpose is to provide a quality of product or service that
evaluating a method, a measurement, or performance within a single
meets the needs of users; also, the use of such a system.
laboratory are: multioperator precision, single or multi-apparatus pre-
cision, and single or multi-day precision. DISCUSSION—The aim of quality control is to provide quality that is
DISCUSSION—The terms repeatability and reproducibility are not satisfactory, adequate, dependable, and economic. The overall system

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involves integrating the quality aspects of several related steps includ- concentration during the period of sampling.
ing: (1) the proper specification of what is wanted; (2) production to
meet the full intent of the specification; (3) inspection to determine operating humidity range of sample, n—the range of ambi-
whether the resulting product or service is in accord with the specifi- ent relative humidity of air which passes through the
cations; and (4) review of usage to provide for revision of specification. analyzer’s sensing system, over which the monitor will meet
D 3614 all performance specifications. D 3249
quality assurance—See quality. operating temperature range of sample, n—the range of
quality control—See quality. ambient temperatures of air, which passes through the
radiosonde, n—a miniature radio transmitter with instruments analyzer’s sensing system, over which the analyzer will meet
that is carried aloft (as by an unmanned balloon) for all performance specifications. D 3249
broadcasting by means of precise tone signals or other personal sample, n—a sample representative of air-borne
suitable method the humidity, temperature, pressure, or other dust that is likely to enter the test subject’s respiratory
parameter every few seconds. system and which is therefore taken by a collection appara-
range—See analyzer. tus (membrane filter) positioned near the nose and mouth of
readout instrumentation—See analyzer. the subject or in the breathing zone. D 4240
relative humidity with respect to ice—See humidity. running sample, n—withdrawal of a portion of the atmo-
relative humidity with respect to water—See humidity. sphere over a period of time with continuous analysis or with
relative retention time (RRT)—See retention time. separation of the desired material continuously and in a
retention time (RT), n—time to elute a specific chemical from “linear” form.
a gas chromatographic column, for a specific carrier gas flow DISCUSSION—Examples are continuous withdrawal of the atmosphere
rate, measured from the time the chemical is injected into the accompanied by absorption of a component in a flowing stream of
gas stream to when it appears in the detector. absorbent or by filtration in a moving strip of paper. Such a sample may
D 3687 be obtained with a considerable concentration of the contaminant but it
relative retention time (RRT), n—a ratio of RTs for two still indicates fluctuations in concentration which occur during the
chemicals for the same chromatographic column and carrier period of sampling.
gas flow rate, where the denominator represents a reference sample system—See analyzer.
chemical. D 3687 sampler, n—a device in which or through which atmospheric
repeatability, n—a measure of the precision of the analyzer to or emission samples are collected for analysis.
repeat its results on independent introductions of the same
constant flow high-volume sampler, n—a sampler that is
sample at different time intervals.
equipped with a constant flow device. D 4096
DISCUSSION—This is that difference between two such single instru- Hi-Vol (high-volume air sampler), n—a device for sampling
ment results, obtained during a stated time interval, that would be large volumes of an atmosphere; collecting the contained
exceeded in the long run in only one case in twenty when the analyzer
particulate matter by filtration; and consisting of a high-
is operating normally. D 3249 capacity vacuum pump, a filter to collect suspended par-
reproducibility, n—a measure of the precision of different ticles, and means for measuring or controlling the flow rate,
analyzers to repeat results on the same sample. D 3249 or both. D 4096
response time—See analyzer. sampling, n—a process consisting of the withdrawal or isola-
rise time—See analyzer. tion of a fractional part of the whole.
rotameter, n—a device, based on the principle of Stoke’s law, DISCUSSION—In analysis of atmospheres or emissions, the separation
for measuring rate of fluid flow, consisting of a tapered of a portion of the analyte with or without the simultaneous isolation of
vertical tube having a circular cross section, and containing selected compounds.
a float that is free to move in a vertical path to a height
dependent upon the rate of fluid flow upward through the active sampling, n—a means of collecting an airborne or
tube. emission substance that employs a mechanical device such
ruggedness test, n—a factorial test designed to explore the as a pump or vacuum-assisted critical orifice to draw air or
sensitivity of the method to variations in the procedure (See emissions into or through the sampling device.
Youden and Steiner, 1975). D 3670 collocated sampling, n—the simultaneous collection of two
running sample—See sample. or more air or emission samples by samplers placed side-
sample, n—a portion of a population intended to be represen- by-side (often mistakenly termed co-located sampling),
tative of the whole. placed close enough to each other to ensure that comparable
cumulative sample, n—a sample obtained over a period of samples are collected, but separated sufficiently to prevent
time with (1) the collected atmosphere being retained in a cross-interference.
single vessel, or (2) with a separated component accumulat- condensation sampling, n—a process consisting of the
ing into a single whole. collection of one or several components of a gaseous mixture
by simple cooling of the gas stream in a device which retains
DISCUSSION—Examples are dust sampling in which all the dust
separated from the air is accumulated in one mass of fluid; the the condensate.
absorption of acid gas in an alkaline solution; and collection of air in a continuous sampling, n—sampling without interruptions
plastic bag or gasometer. Such a sample does not reflect variations in throughout an operation or for a predetermined time.
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cryogenic sampling, n—the collection of an air or emission DISCUSSION—The saturation mixing ratio is designated by rw when
substance by condensation in a trap cooled to a temperature saturation is with respect to the plane surface of liquid water, and by ri
sufficient to condense or freeze the substance being col- when saturation is with respect to the plane surface of ice.
lected, usually used in near real-time or sequential monitor- D 4023
ing. Also called freeze-trapping. saturation vapor pressure, n—the vapor pressure of a
event sampling, n—a special form of intermittent sampling system at a given temperature, wherein the vapor of the
where the duration of a sampling period is defined as a substance is in equilibrium with a plane surface of that
single, discrete occurrence of precipitation, dew, fog, or substance’s pure liquid or solid phase.
frost.
DISCUSSION—The saturation vapor pressure is an intrinsic property of
grab sampling, n—the collection of an atmospheric or
that substance and is a function of temperature alone.
emission substance without regard to variations, whether
temporal or spatial. saturation vapor pressure of water, n—the pressure of water
instantaneous sampling, n—obtaining a sample of an atmo- vapor in equilibrium with plane surface of a condensed
sphere in a very short period of time such that this sampling phase.
time is insignificant in comparison with the duration of the DISCUSSION—When the condensed phase is liquid, the saturation
operation or the period being studied. vapor pressure is designated by ew, and when the condensed phase is
intermittent sampling, n—sampling successively for limited solid, the saturation vapor pressure is designated by ei. The saturation
periods of time throughout an operation or for a predeter- vapor pressure is a function of temperature. D 4023
mined period of time.
saturation mixing ratio—See saturation.
DISCUSSION—The duration of sampling periods and of the intervals saturation vapor pressure of water—See saturation.
between are not necessarily regular and are not specified. scrubber, n—a type of apparatus used in sampling and in gas
isokinetic sampling, n—sampling in which the linear veloc- cleaning in which the gas is passed through a space
ity and direction of the fluid entering the sampling nozzle is containing wetted packing or spray.
equal to the undisturbed fluid stream at the sample point. secondary standard—See standard.
reactive sampling, n—the collection of an air or emission secondary flow-rate standard—See standard.
substance by reacting it with a chemical reagent (for semivolatile organic chemical—See organic chemical.
example, derivatization). sensor, n—a device designed to respond to a physical stimulus
sampling period(s), n—the record length or interval over (as temperature, illumination, and motion) and transmit a
which data collection occurs. D 5527 resulting signal for interpretation or measurement, or for
sampling rate (Hz), n—the rate at which data collection operating a control.
occurs, usually presented in samples per second (Hertz). sequential sampling—See running sample under sample.
D 5527 series collection, n—an operation involving the use of two or
sampling train, n—the assemblage of equipment necessary more collectors joined in series.
to sample atmospheres. settling velocity, n—the terminal rate of fall of a particle
sequential sampling—See sample, running. through a fluid as induced by gravity or other external force;
source sampling, n—withdrawal, with or without simulta- the rate at which frictional drag balances the accelerating
neous isolation of specific components, of a portion of the force (or the external force).
offgasses from a source of pollutants. short-term exposure limit (STEL), n—the airborne concen-
tration of a substance in a continuous 15-minute time period
DISCUSSION—Sometimes referred to as stack sampling when with- which should not be exceeded at any time during a workday.
drawal is from a chimney, duct, or stack.
DISCUSSION—See Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances
sampling period—See sampling. and Physical Agents, American Conference of Governmental Industrial
sampling rate—See sampling. Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH 45240 and The Occupational
sampling train—See sampling. Environment—Its Evaluation and Control, American Industrial Hy-
whole air sampling, n—the collection of an air sample into a giene Assoc., Fairfax, VA 22031.
sealable container such as a canister, bottle, or bag for single-operator precision—See precision.
subsequent analysis of its contents. sling psychrometer—See psychrometer.
DISCUSSION—Whole air sampling can be instantaneous, integrative, smog, n—a term derived from smoke and fog, applied to
or sequential. extensive atmospheric contamination by aerosols, these
aerosols arising partly through natural processes and partly
sorbent sampling, n—the collection of chemicals from an air or from the activities of human subjects.
emission sample by allowing the air or emissions to contact
DISCUSSION—Now sometimes used loosely for any contamination of
a sorbent.
the air.
saturation, n—the condition existing when a vapor is in
equilibrium with the plane surface of a condensed phase of smoke, n—small gas-borne particles resulting from incomplete
the same substance (liquid or solid). D 4023 combustion, consisting predominantly of carbon and other
saturation mixing ratio, n—the ratio of the mass of water combustible material, and present in sufficient quantity to be
vapor, mv, to the mass of dry air, ma, present in saturated air. observable independently of the presence of other solids.
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snow, n—a solid form of wet deposition composed of white or or withdrawn from the bell by the displacement (rise or fall)
translucent ice crystals chiefly in complex hexagonal form of the bell. D 4096
and often agglomerated into snowflakes. D 5111 standard, n—an accepted reference sample or device used for
sonic anemometer/thermometer, n—an instrument consisting establishing measurement of a physical quantity. D 5011
of a transducer array containing paired sets of acoustic primary flow-rate standard, n—a device or means of mea-
transmitters and receivers, a system clock, and microproces- suring flow rate based on direct primary observations, such
sor circuitry to measure intervals of time between transmis- as time and physical dimensions. D 4096
sion and reception of sound pulses. primary standard, n—a standard directly defined and estab-
DISCUSSION—The fundamental measurement unit is transit time. With
lished by some authority, against which all secondary
transit time and a known acoustic pathlength, velocity or speed of standards are compared. D 5011
sound, or both, can be calculated. Instrument output is a series of secondary flow-rate standard, n—a flow-rate-measuring
quasi-instantaneous velocity component readings along each axis or device, such as an orifice meter, that has been calibrated
speed of sound, or both. The speed of sound and velocity components against a primary standard. D 4096
may be used to compute sonic temperature (Ts), to describe the mean secondary standard, n—a standard used as a means of
wind field, or to compute fluxes, variances, and turbulence intensities. comparison, but checked against a primary standard.
D 5527 D 5011
sonic temperature—See temperature. transfer standard, n—a type of secondary standard.
soot, n—agglomerations of particles of carbon impregnated DISCUSSION—It is a transportable device or apparatus which, together
with tar, formed in the incomplete combustion of carbon- with operational procedures, is capable of reproducing pollutant con-
aceous material. centration or producing acceptable assays of pollutant concentrations.
soot fall—See particle fall. D 5011
sorbent, n—a solid or liquid medium in or upon which
materials are collected by absorption, adsorption, or chemi- working flow-rate standard, n—a flow rate measuring de-
sorption. vice, such as an orifice meter, that has been calibrated
sorption, n—a process by which one material (the sorbent) against a secondary flow-rate standard.
takes up and retains another material (the sorbate) by the DISCUSSION—The working flow-rate standard is used to calibrate a
processes of absorption, adsorption, or chemisorption. flow measuring or flow rate indicating instrument. D 4096
DISCUSSION—Chemical reactions may accompany or follow sorption. working standard, n—a standard used in the laboratory or
Soxhlet apparatus, n—an apparatus for use in extracting field for periodic standardization of a measurement instru-
organic or inorganic material with a suitable solvent in ment. D 4298
which the solvent is recirculated by evaporation and subse- standard air—See air at normal conditions.
quent condensation. standard gravity, n—as adopted by the International Commit-
source sampling—See sampling. tee on Weights and Measures, an acceleration of 9.80665
span drift—See analyzer. m/s2. D 3631
specific gravity, n—the ratio of the density of the substance in standard impinger—See impinger.
question to the density of a reference substance at specified starting threshold (U0, m/s), n—the lowest wind speed at
conditions of temperature and pressure. which a rotating anemometer starts and continues to turn and
specific humidity (q), n—the ratio of the mass of water vapor, produce a measurable signal when mounted in its normal
mv, to the total mass, mv+ ma, of the moist air: position.
mv DISCUSSION—The normal position for cup anemometers is with the
q5m 1m axis of rotation vertical, and the normal position for propeller anemom-
v a
D 4023 eters is with the axis of rotation aligned with the direction of flow. Note
spectrometry, n—an analytical technique for the quantitative that if the anemometer axis is not aligned with the direction of flow, the
calculated wind speed component parallel to the anemometer axis is
or qualitative characterization of a sample, based on a
comparison of the sample’s spectrum with the spectrum of a used to determine starting threshold. D 5096
known compound or with a standard(s) of known composi- static pressure—See pressure.
tion. stoichiometric, adj—characterized by or being a proportion of
DISCUSSION—Examples of spectra used for analysis may include substances or energy in a specific chemical reaction in which
electromagnetic (X ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, or microwave) there is no excess of any reactant or product.
absorption or transmittance, emission, fluorescence, phosphorescence, surface dust—See dust.
and mass spectra. synthetic atmosphere—See atmosphere.
temperature—
spectrophotometry, n—a method for identification of sub-
absolute temperature, n—(1) temperature measured on the
stances and determination of their concentration by measur-
thermodynamic scale, designated as Kelvin (K). (2) tem-
ing light transmittance in different parts of the spectrum.
perature measured from absolute zero (−273.15°C or
spirometer, n—a displacement gasometer consisting of an
459.67°F).
inverted bell resting upon or sealed by liquid (or other
means) and capable of showing the amount of gas added to DISCUSSION—The numerical values are the same for both the Kelvin

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D 1356 – 05
scale and the ideal gas scale. DISCUSSION—The virtual temperature is nearly equivalent to the sonic
temperature, Ts:
dry-bulb temperature (t), n—the temperature of the ambient
Ts5T~110.32 e/p!
air, for example, the temperature that is measured by the
dry-bulb thermometer of a psychrometer. D 4023 Tv5T~110.38 e/p!
ice-bulb temperature (ti), n—the temperature that a ther- where:
mometer indicates when its bulb is surrounded by a thin film e = vapor temperature.
of ice (or a frozen moistened covering), and allowed to cool
by sublimation of the ice into the surrounding air. D 4023 The virtual temperature increment (Tv − T) defines the contribution
of the water vapor to the static stability of the atmosphere. Thus, for
sonic temperature (Ts) (K), n—an equivalent temperature
two air parcels having the same absolute temperature, the one with the
that accounts for the effects of temperature and moisture on greater water vapor content will be less dense and then will tend to rise
acoustic wavefront propagation through the atmosphere. above the other parcel. Virtual temperature is also an important
DISCUSSION—Sonic temperature is related to the velocity of sound, c, consideration for wave propagation through the atmosphere and for any
absolute temperature, T, vapor pressure of water, e, and absolute process where atmospheric moisture content is relevant.
pressure, P. wet-bulb temperature (tw), n—the temperature indicated by
2
c 5403 T~110.32 e/P!5403 Ts (2) the wet-bulb thermometer of a psychrometer. D 4023
D 5527 testing, n—the determination by technical means of properties;
performance; or elements of materials, products, services,
thermodynamic dew-point temperature (Td), n—the tem- systems, or environments which involve application of
perature at which moist air with mixing ratio, rw, and total established scientific principles and procedures. D 3614
pressure, p, when saturated with respect to water at the same the atmosphere—See atmosphere.
pressure, p, will have a saturation mixing ratio, rw, equal to thermal precipitation—See precipitation.
the given mixing ratio, r. D 4023 thermodynamic dew-point temperature—See temperature.
thermodynamic frost-point temperature (Tf), n—the tem- thermodynamic frost-point temperature—See temperature.
perature at which moist air with mixing ratio, r, and total thermodynamic frost-point temperature—See temperature.
pressure, p, when saturated with respect to ice at the same thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature—See temperature.
pressure, p, will have a saturation mixing ratio, ri, equal to total pressure—See pressure.
the given mixing ratio, r. D 4023 transfer standard—See standard.
thermodynamic ice-bulb temperature (Ti), n—the tempera- threshold limit value (TLV), 4n—threshold limit value-time
ture that moist air at pressure, p, temperature, t, and mixing weighted average (TLV-TWA) — the time-weighted average
ratio, r, will attain when brought adiabatically to saturation at concentration for a conventional 8-h workday and 40-h
pressure, p, by sublimation of pure ice into the moist air. workweek, to which it is believed that nearly all workers
DISCUSSION—The ice-bulb temperature, ti, is approximately, but not may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse
identically, equal to the thermodynamic ice-bulb temperature, Ti. effect.
D 4023 DISCUSSION—See 1999 TLVs and BEIs (American Conference of
thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature (Tw), n—the tempera- Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 1999) p 4.
ture that moist air at pressure, p, temperature, t, and mixing transducer shadow correction, n—the ratio of the true
ratio, r, will attain when brought adiabatically to saturation at along-axis velocity, as measured in a wind tunnel or by
pressure, p, by the evaporation of pure liquid water into the another accepted method, to the instrument along-axis wind
moist air. measurement.
DISCUSSION—The wet-bulb temperature, tv is approximately, but not DISCUSSION—This ratio is used to compensate for effects of along-
identically, equal to the thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature Tw. axis flow shadowing by the transducers and their supporting structure.
D 4023 D 5527
virtual temperature, n—the temperature, Tv, which dry air transfer function (Uf= a + bR, m/s)—the linear relationship
must have at the given barometric pressure, p, in order to between wind tunnel speed and the rate of rotation of the
have the same density as moist air at the same pressure, P, anemometer throughout the specified working range.
given temperature, T, and mixing ratio, r, provided that the DISCUSSION—Uf is the wind tunnel speed in m/s, a is a constant,
dry and moist air behave in accordance with the perfect gas commonly called zero offset, in m/s, b is a constant representing the
equation of state. wind passage in m/r for each revolution of the particular anemometer
~11r/e! cup wheel or propeller, and R is the rate of rotation in r/s. It should be
Tv5T noted that zero offset is not the same as starting threshold. In some very
~11r!
sensitive anemometers the constant a, zero offset, may not be signifi-
where: cantly greater than zero. The constants a and b must be determined by
r = mixing ratio (mass of water vapor per mass of dry air, wind tunnel measurement for each type of anemometer. D 5096
and
e = ratio of the molecular weight of water vapor to that of 4
TLV is a registered tradename of the American Conference of Governmental
dry air.
Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH.

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 D 1356 – 05
transit time (t, (s)), n—the time required for an acoustic volume concentration—See concentration.
wavefront to travel from the transducer of origin to the volume density—See concentration.
receiving transducer. D 5527 week, n—(1) The week for workplace use is considered to be
ultrasonic precipitation—See precipitation. five workdays of approximately 8 h, within a period of seven
vapor, n—the gaseous phase of matter that normally exists in consecutive days. (2) For reporting analysis of outdoor air on
a liquid or solid state. a weekly rate, results are calculated to a base of seven
vapor concentration—See concentration. consecutive 24-h days.
vapor pressure of moist air (e), n—the product of the mole wet-bulb depression (t − tw), n—the difference between the
fraction of water vapor xv and the total pressure p at dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature.
temperature t: D 4023
e5p xv wet-bulb temperature—See temperature.
DISCUSSION—If the moist air is assumed to behave in accordance with wet deposition—See deposition.
the ideal gas laws, then the vapor pressure e is identically equal to the wet impingement—See impingement.
partial pressure of the water vapor in the moist air. D 4023 whirling psychrometer—See psychrometer, sling.
velocity pressure—See pressure. working flow-rate standard—See standard.
virtual temperature—See temperature. working standard—See standard.
volatile organic chemical—See organic chemical. zero drift—See analyzer.

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