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Tablet Dosage

Form
A Compressed Solid Dosage Form Containing Medicaments
Tables Dosage Form :
Tablets: Solid dosage form containing medicaments with or
without excipients .

Tablet is defined as a compressed solid dosage form containing


medicaments with or without excipients. flat or biconvex dishes,
unit dosage form, prepared by compressin a drugs or a mixture of
drugs, with or without diluents. They vary in shape and differ
greatly in size and weight, depending on amount of medicinal
substances and the intended mode of administration.

It is the most popular dosage form and 70% of the total


medicines are dispensed in the form of Tablet
General Properties of Tablets:
1. tablet should have elegant product identity while free of defects like
chips, cracks, discoloration, and contamination.
2. Should have sufficient strength to withstand mechanical shock during its
production packaging, shipping and dispensing.
3. Should have the chemical and physical stability to maintain its physical
attributes over time.
4. The tablet must be able to release the medicinal agents in a predictable
and reproducible manner.
5. Must have a chemical stability over time so as not to follow alteration of
the medicinal agents.
The Advantages Of The Tablet Dosage Form Are:

1. They are unit dosage form and offer the greatest capabilities of all oral
dosage form for the greatest dose precision and the least content variability.
2. Cost is lowest of all oral dosage form.
3. Lighter and compact.
4. Easiest and cheapest topackage and strip.
5 .Easy to swallowing with least tendency for hang‐up.
6. Sustained release product is - possible by enteric coating.
7. Objectionable odor and bitter taste can be masked by coating technique.
8. Suitable for large scale production.
9. Greatest chemical and microbial stability over all oral dosage form.
Disadvantages of Tablet dosage form are:
(A) Tablets ingested orally :
1.Compressed tablet, e.g. Paracetamol tablet
2.Multiple compressed tablet .
3.Repeat action tablet .
4.Delayed release tablet, e.g. Enteric coated
Bisacodyl tablet .
5.Sugar coated tablet, e.g. Multivitamin tablet .
6.Film coated tablet, e.g. Metronidazole tablet .
(B) Tablets used in oral cavity:
1.Buccal tablet, e.g. Vitamin‐c tablet.
2.Sublingual tablet, e.g. Vicks Menthol tablet .
3.Troches or lozenges .
4.Dental cone.

(C)Tablets administered by other route:


1.Vaginal tablet, e.g.Clotrimazole tablet.
2.Implantation tablet
(D) Tablets used to prepare solution:
1.Effervescent tablet, e.g. Dispirin
tablet (Aspirin)

2.Dispensing tablet, e.g. Enzyme


tablet (Digiplex)

3. Hypodermic tablet

4.Tablet triturates e.g. Enzyme


tablet (Digiplex)
Tablet Compression Machine
❖ Tablets are made by compressing a formulation containing a drug or drugs with
excipients on stamping machine called presses.
➢ There are two of multiple compressed tablets:
1. multiple- layered.
2. compression coated.
1. multiple- layered: consist of two or more
separate layers/levels of drugs pressed
together into a single-dosage form.
Aims of multiple- layered : avoid incompatibilities
and deliver drugs at different rates or to different
sites within the gastrointestinal tract.
Compression Coated
Compression-coated Tablet Is a system in which the entire surface of an inner
core is completely surrounded by the coat and these coats prevent drug release
from the core until the polymeric coat is entirely eroded, dissolved or removed.

Aims of compression coated:

Improves the mechanical stability, the aesthetics,


the identity, the storage conditions and the flow
properties as well as the surface structure of the
table.
An Enteric-coated tablet
Tablets that are coated with an enteric coating. Enteric coatings are polymers
that are put on certain tablets to prevent them from dissolving in acid.

Examples of enteric polymers:


1 -Cellulose actetate phthalate.
2- Cellulose acetate butyrate.
3- HPMC succinate.

Sugar coated tablets


Powdered sugar protects a tablet from air and moisture and
makes a bitter pill easier to swallow.
Film coated tablets
A process in which a tablet is covered by a thin layer of film to protect it or
make it easier to swallow.

Examples Of Film-coated Tablet:


Erythromycin, Amitriptyline, Diclofenac potassium

Chewable tablets
are an oral dosage form intended to be chewed and then swallowed by the
patient rather than swallowed whole. Flavoring , sweetening and coloring
agent are important.
Effervescent tablets
A type of tablet that breaks up when you drop it in liquid like water or juice.
The tablet completely dissolves in the liquid.

Effervescent tablets are used to simplify the handling of doses, provide


optimal compatibility, promote superior and rapid absorption, increase a
patient's liquid intake and circumvent the difficulty of swallowing large.

Note : Effervescent tablets Should protected from moisture .


Buccal and sublingual tablets

Sublingual and buccal medication administration are two different ways of


giving medication by mouth. Sublingual administration involves placing a drug
under your tongue to dissolve and absorb into your blood through the tissue there.
Buccal administration involves placing a drug between your gums and cheek,
where it also dissolves and is absorbed into your blood. Both sublingual and buccal
drugs come in tablets.

Why Buccal and sublingual tablets?


1. The Drug Needs To Get Into Your System Quickly
2. You Have Trouble Swallowing Medication
3. The Medication Doesn’t Absorb Very Well In The Stomach
4. The Effects Of The Drug Would Be Decreased By Digestion
Lozenges
Solid dosage forms that are intended to be dissolved or disintegrated
slowly in the mouth. They contain one or more active ingredients and are
flavored and sweetened so as to be pleasant tasting and do not contain a
disintegrant.
• There are three basic types of lozenges:

1.Hard
2.Soft
3.chewable
❖ Pellets (tablets for implantation)

Are small, free flowing, spherical particulates that are produced by an


assembly process that converts fine powders or grains of bulk substances
and excipients into spherical units.
1. sterile tablets
2.prolonged and continuous absorption is desired

❖ Vaginal tablets
1.Have Local effect
2.Ovoid-shaped tablets that are inserted into the vagina
Tablet Ingredients
In addition to active ingredients and contains a number of inert materials
known as additives or excipients. Different excipients are:

➢ Excipients:
1.Diluent
2. Binder and adhesive
3. Disintegrents
4. Lubricants and glidants
5. Colouring agents
6. Flavoring agents
7. Sweetening agents
➢ Excipients Can Be Classified Into:
1. natural.
2. semi-synthetic.
3. fully synthetic compounds.

➢ Excipients should:

1. have stable properties with no physiological activity


2. Have no influence on the content determination of the main drug
3. Have no adverse effect on the dissolution and absorption of the drug
4. Have no bioactivity
Diluent
Diluents are fillers used to make required bulk of the tablet when the drug
dosage itself is inadequate to produce the bulk. A diluent should have following
properties:

1.They must be non toxic


2. They must be commercially available in acceptable grade
3. There cost must be low
4. They must be physiologically inert
5. They must be physically & chemically stable by themselves & in combination
with the drugs.
6. They must be free from all microbial contamination.
Commonly used tablet diluents: Lactose‐anhydrous and spray dried,Calcium
sulphate dihydrate , Mannitol , Sorbitol , Sucrose‐. Dextrose
2. Binders and Adhesives
These materials are added either dry or in wet‐ form to form granules or to form
cohesive compacts for directly compressed tablet.
Example: Acacia, tragacanth‐ Solution for 10‐25% Conc. Cellulose derivatives‐
Methyl cellulose, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, Hydroxy propyl cellulose

3. Disintegrants: Added to a tablet formulation to facilitate its breaking or


disintegration when it contact in water in the GIT.
Example: Starch‐ 5‐20% of tablet weight. Starch derivative – Primogel and
Explotab (1‐8%) Clays‐ Veegum HV, bentonite 10% level in colored tablet
only Cellulose
4. Lubricant and Glidants: Lubricants are intended to prevent adhesion
of the tablet materials to the surface of dies and punches, reduce inter particle
friction and may improve the rate of flow of the tablet granulation.
5. Coloring agent: The use of colors and dyes in a tablet has three purposes:
(1) Masking of off color drugs
(2) Product Identification
(3) Production of more elegant product

6. Flavoring agents: For chewable tablet‐ flavor oil are used.

7. Sweetening agents: For chewable tablets: Sugar, mannitol.


Saccharine (artificial): 500 time’s sweeter than sucrose
Disadvantage: Bitter aftertaste and carcinogenic
Problems in tableting :

1. Capping: occur within the main body of the tablet.


2. Lamination : the tablet during the process of tablet ejection.
3. Chipping 4 Cracking: breaking of tablet edges, while the tablet
leaves the press or during subsequent
5. Sticking / Filming: is adhesion of tablet material to a die wall.
6. Picking: is removal of a tablet’s surface material by a punch
7. Binding: when the tablet sticks hold of the splits during the molding
8. Mottling: an unequal distribution of color on a tablet
‫إعـــداد ‪:‬‬
‫أنس محمد حسين عثمان‬
‫أنيس يحيى أحمد الشاحذي‬
‫أيمن معاذ أحمد الصالحي‬
‫أيمن همدان زيد المدومي‬

‫إشــراف ‪:‬‬
‫د‪.‬عبدالولي الشرجبي‬

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