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JAVA Math-Functions

The Math class contains static methods for common mathematical functions such as square root, logarithms, trigonometric functions, maximum/minimum values, and power/exponential functions. These functions operate on primitive numeric data types like int, long, float, and double. Some methods are overloaded to accept different data type parameters and return the appropriate type.

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Haryadi Indrajaya
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308 views

JAVA Math-Functions

The Math class contains static methods for common mathematical functions such as square root, logarithms, trigonometric functions, maximum/minimum values, and power/exponential functions. These functions operate on primitive numeric data types like int, long, float, and double. Some methods are overloaded to accept different data type parameters and return the appropriate type.

Uploaded by

Haryadi Indrajaya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematical Functions

Operations on numeric data types,


esp. functions in the Math class.

James Brucker
Mathematical Functions
 The Math class contains methods for common math functions.
 They are static methods, meaning you can invoke them using

the "Math" class name (more on "static" later).

// compute the square root of x


double x = 50.0;
double y = Math.sqrt( x );

This means: the sqrt( ) method in the Math class.

// raise x to the 5th power ( = x*x*x*x*x)


double x = 50.0;
double y = Math.pow( x , 5 );
Mathematical Functions
Common Math Functions
abs( x ) absolute value of x
cos( x ), sin( x ), tan( x ) cosine, sine, etc. x is in radians
acos( y ), asin( y ), atan( y ), ... inverse cosine, sine, etc.
toDegrees( radian ) convert radians to degrees
toRadians( degree ) convert degrees to radians
ceil( x ) ceiling: round up to nearest int
floor( x ) floor: round down to nearest int
round( x ) round to the nearest integer
exp( x ) exponential: y = ex
log( y ) natural logarithm of y ( y = ex )
pow(a, b) ab (a to the power b)
max(a, b) max of a and b
min(a, b) min of a and b
Examples of Using Math Functions
Expression Result Type of
Math.sqrt( 25.0 ); result
Math.sqrt( 25 ); 5.0 double
Math.log( 100 ); 5.0 double
Math.log10( 100.0 ); 4.60517018 double
Math.sin( Math.PI/2 ); 2.0 double
Math.cos( Math.PI/4 ); 1.0 double
Math.abs( -2.5 ); 0.70710678 double
Math.abs( 12 ); 2.5 double
Math.max( 8, -14); 12 int
Math.min( 8L, -14L); 8 int
Math.max( 8.0F, 15); -14L long
Math.pow( 2, 10 ); 15F float
Math.toRadians( 90 ); 1024.0 double
Math.E; 1.5707963 double
Math.PI; 2.7182818... double
3.1415926... double
Overloaded Math Functions
 Some methods in Math have multiple implementations
for different parameter types.
abs(x) returns "int" if x is "int"; returns "long" if x is long; returns "float"
if x is float; returns "double" if x is "double".
max(a,b) returns "int" if a and b are "int"; returns "long" if a and b are
"long"; etc.
round(x) returns "float" if x is float; returns "double" if x is "double".
but...
sqrt(x) always promotes x to double and returns a double.
Most math functions are like this (sin, cos, tan, log, log10, ...).

overload: using the same name for functions that have different parameters.
Example: Math.abs( int ) has int parameter and returns an int result.
Math.abs( double ) has double parameter and returns a double
Overloaded Functions Example
Example Returns
Math.max( 2, 10 ) (int) 10
Math.max( -1L, -4L ) (long) -1L
Math.max( 2F, 10.0F ) (float) 10.0F
Math.max( -4.0, 0.5 ) (double) 0.5

What if the arguments are of different date types?


What should be the data type of the returned value?

Example Returns
Math.max( 2, 10.0F ) ?
Math.max(-1, -4L ) ?
Math.max( 3, 1.25 ) ?
Functions and Data Types
Java promotes one of the arguments until it finds a
matching function prototype.
double Example Promotion Then Call
Math.max( 2, 10.0F ) 2 to 2.0F max(2F, 10F)
Math.max(-1, -4L ) -1 to -1L max(-1L, -4L)
float
Math.max( 3, 2.236 ) 3 to 3.0 max(3.0,2.236)

long
Automatic Conversions
int
When necessary, Java automatically "promotes" an
argument to a higher data type according to the diagram.
short,char These widening conversions will never "overflow" the data
type, but may result in lose of precision
byte
Analyzing an Expression
How would you write this in Java syntax?

2
−b+ √ b −4 ac
x=
2a

Hint: use Math.sqrt( desc )


Your answer:
_____________________________________________
Analyzing an Expression
How would you write this in Java syntax?

2
−b+ √ b −4 ac
x=
2a

In what order would Java evaluate this expression:

x = ( -b + Math.sqrt(b*b - 4*a*c) ) / ( 2 * a)
Analyzing an Expression
Converting Strings to Numbers
 Many times we have a String containing a number.
How can we convert it to a number?
 Java has "wrapper classes" for primitive data types.

These classes perform useful services.


Convert
To Method Example
String s = "1234", t = "0.52";
int Integer.parseInt( ) int n = Integer.parseInt(s);
long Long.parseLong( ) long m = Long.parseLong(s);
float Float.parseFloat( ) float x = Float.parseFloat(t);
double Double.parseDouble( ) y = Double.parseDouble(t);

Warning: if you apply these methods to a String that does not contain a valid
number, Java will throw an Exception at run-time.
Converting Numbers to Strings
Java automatically converts numbers to strings when:
 used in print & println: System.out.println( x );
 concatenated to a String: String s = "x = " + x;
To create a String from a numeric value use toString :

Datatype to string form Example


int Integer.toString( ) Integer.toString( 500/12 );
long Long.toString( ) Long.toString( 2L );
float Float.toString( ) Float.toString( 1.0F/7.0F );
double Double.toString( ) Double.toString( Math.PI );

For more control over the appearance, use String.format( )


Efficient Computation
Here are a couple of common ways to improve your
code. You should use them!

Example: find the distance from point (x1, y1) to (x2, y2)

double length = Math.hypot(x1-x2, y1-y2);

You should not use Math.sqrt( ) for this.


Math.sqrt() can overflow or underflow.
Math.hypot does not overflow or underflow.
Efficient Computation
Example: evaluate the polynomial:
2 3
p( x )=a0 +a1 x+a 2 x +a 3 x
where the polynomial coefficients are a0, a1, a2, a3

double p = a0 + x*(a1 + x*(a2 + x*a3));

You should not use Math.pow(x,n) to compute powers


of x.
The above formula is more efficient and more
accurate.
Scientific Notation
1.0E8 means 1.0 x 108
1.0E-9 means 1.0 x 10-9 or 0.000000001
final double AVAGADRO = 6.022E+23;
final double NANO = 1.0E-9;

Don't write Math.pow(10,-6) for this!


(waste of time, harder to read)

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