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Prayer Before Study

by St. Thomas Aquinas
Lord, true source of light and wisdom, give me a
keen sense of understanding, a retentive memory
and the capacity to grasp things correctly. Grant me
the grace to be accurate in my expositions and the
skill to express myself with thoroughness and clarity.
Be with me at the start of my work, guide its
progress and bring it to completion. Grant this
through Christ our Lord, Amen.

St. Vincent Ferrer , Pray for us.

St. Thomas Aquinas, Intercede for us.
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AND COMPUTING SCIENCES

Module 6 :
JAVA METHODS

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Objectives
After studying this module , students
should be able to:
➢Learn about Java Methods
➢Learn how to create a method
➢Learn how to use methods in Java programs

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Java Method
➢ a group of statements that
performs a specific task when
called in a program

➢ you can pass data(parameters)

into a method

➢ it can return a value

➢ it allows us to reuse a code

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Types of Java Methods

A. Standard Library Methods

- built-in methods in Java that are ready to use
Examples:
1. print(“…”) – a method that prints the string inside the
quotation marks. It is under the Java.io.PrintStream class
2. sqrt(x) – a method that returns the square root of x. It is
under the Math class

B. User-defined Methods
- methods created by the user

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Standard Library Methods

➢The Java Development Kit comes with many libraries which

contain classes and methods.
➢These classes and methods are written to solve common tasks

Examples:
• Math library (java.lang.Math)
• String library (java.lang.String)
• Graphics library (java.awt.* and javax.swing.*)
• Networking library (java.net)

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The Math Library

It contains math constants and functions like square root,
cube root, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions.
To access the Math Library:
Format : Math.x or Math.m(parameters)
where: x - name of the constant
m - name of the method
Examples:
double x = Math.abs(-10);
double y= Math.pow(x,3);
double z = Math.sin(Math.PI);

For other Math Methods visit:

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html

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The Java Math Class

The Java Math class provides more advanced mathematical
calculations than what the basic Java math operators
provide. The Math class contains methods for finding the
maximum or minimum of two values, rounding values,
logarithmic functions, square root, and trigonometric functions
(sin, cos, tan etc.).
The Math is located in the java.lang package, and not in
the java.math package. Thus, the fully qualified class name
of the Math class is java.lang.Math .

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Basic
Math
Methods

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Math.abs()
The Math.abs() function returns the absolute value of the
parameter passed to it. The absolute value is the positive
value of the parameter. If the parameter value is negative,
the negative sign is removed and the positive value
corresponding to the negative value without sign is returned.
Examples:
int abs1 = Math.abs(10); // abs1 = 10

int abs2 = Math.abs(-20); // abs2 = 20

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Math.ceil()

The Math.ceil() function rounds a floating point value up

to the nearest integer value. The rounded value is returned as
a double.

Example:
double ceil = Math.ceil(7.343);//ceil=8.0

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Math.floor()
The Math.floor() function rounds a floating point
value down to the nearest integer value. The rounded
value is returned as a double.

example:
Double floor=Math.floor(7.343)//floor=7.0

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Math.min()
The Math.min() method returns the smallest of two
values passed to it as parameter.
example:
int min = Math.min(10, 20);

Math.max()
The Math.max() method returns the largest of two
values passed to it as parameter.

example:
int max = Math.max(10, 20);

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Math.round()
The Math.round() method rounds
a float or double to the nearest integer using normal
math round rules (either up or down).
example:
double roundedDown = Math.round(23.445);
double roundedUp = Math.round(23.545);

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Math.random()
The Math.random() method returns a
random floating point number between 0 and
1. Of course the number is not fully random,
but the result of some calculation which is
supposed to make it as unpredictable as
possible.
example:
double random = Math.random();

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To get a random value between 0 and e.g. 100,

multiply the value returned
by Math.random() with the maximum number
(e.g. 100). Here is an example of how that might
look:
double random = Math.random() * 100D;
If you need an integer value, use
the round(), floor() or ceil() method.

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Exponential and Logarithmic

Math Functions

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Math.exp()
The Math.exp() function returns e (Euler's number)
raised to the power of the value provided as parameter.
example:
double exp1 = Math.exp(1);
System.out.println("exp1 = " + exp1);

double exp2 = Math.exp(2);

System.out.println("exp2 = " + exp2);

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Math.log()
The Math.log() method provides the logarithm of the
given parameter. The base for the logarithm is i(Euler's
number). Thus, Math.log() provides the reverse
function of Math.exp().
example:
double log1 = Math.log(1);
System.out.println("log1 = " + log1);

double log10 = Math.log(10);

System.out.println("log10 = " + log10);

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Math.log10()

The Math.log10method works like

the Math.log()method except is uses 10 as is base for
calculating the logarithm instead of e (Euler's Number).
Example:
double log10_1 = Math.log10(1);
System.out.println("log10_1 = " + log10_1);

double log10_100 = Math.log10(100);

System.out.println("log10_100 = " + log10_100);

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Math.pow()
The Math.pow() function takes two parameters. The
method returns the value of the first parameter raised
to the power of the second parameter.
Example:
double pow2 = Math.pow(2,2);
System.out.println("pow2 = " + pow2);

double pow8 = Math.pow(2,8);

System.out.println("pow8 = " + pow8);

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Math.sqrt()
The Math.sqrt() method calculates the square root
of the parameter given to it.

examples:
double sqrt4 = Math.sqrt(4);
System.out.println("sqrt4 = " + sqrt4);

double sqrt9 = Math.sqrt(9);

System.out.println("sqrt9 = " + sqrt9);

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Trigonometric Math Functions

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Math.PI
The Math.PI constant is
a double with a value that is very
close to the value of PI - the
mathematical definition of PI. You will
often need the Math.PI field when
making trigonometric calculations.

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Math.sin()
The Math.sin() method calculates the sine value of
some angle value in radians.
Example:
double sin = Math.sin(Math.PI);
System.out.println("sin = " + sin);

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Math.cos()
The Math.cos() method calculates the cosine
value of some angle value in radians.

Example:
double cos = Math.cos(Math.PI);
System.out.println("cos = " + cos);

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Math.tan()
The Math.tan() method calculates the tangent
value of some angle value in radians.

example:
double tan = Math.tan(Math.PI);
System.out.println("tan = " + tan);

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Math.asin()
The Math.asin() method calculates the arc
sine value of a value between 1 and -1.
example
double asin = Math.asin(1.0);
System.out.println("asin = "+ asin);

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Math.acos()
The Math.acos() method calculates the arc
cosine value of a value between 1 and -1.
example:
double acos = Math.acos(1.0);
System.out.println("acos = " + acos);

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Math.atan()
The Math.atan() method calculates the arc
tangens value of a value between 1 and -1.

example:
double atan = Math.atan(1.0);
System.out.println("atan = " + atan);

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Math.atan2()
"Returns the angle theta from the conversion of
rectangular coordinates (x, y) to polar coordinates
(r, theta)".
If you need this method, please read the JavaDoc.
But now you know at least that it exists.

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Math.sinh()

The Math.sinh() method calculates the

hyperbolic sine value of a value between 1 and -1.
example:
double sinh = Math.sinh(1.0);
System.out.println("sinh = " + sinh);

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Math.cosh()

The Math.cosh() method calculates the hyperbolic

cosine value of a value between 1 and -1.
example:
double cosh = Math.cosh(1.0);
System.out.println("cosh = " + cosh);

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Math.tanh()
The Math.tanh() method calculates the hyperbolic
tangens value of a value between 1 and -1.

example:
double tanh = Math.tanh(1.0);
System.out.println("tanh = " + tanh);

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Math.toDegrees()

The Math.toDegrees() method converts an angle in

radians to degrees.
example:
double degrees = Math.toDegrees(Math.PI);
System.out.println("degrees = "+ degrees);

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Math.toRadians()

The Math.toRadians() method converts an angle in

degrees to radians.

example:
double radians = Math.toRadians(180);
System.out.println("radians = "+ radians;

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User-Defined Methods

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Creating your own method

➢When creating your own method, you have to determine the

following:
a. the name of the method
b. the number of inputs or parameters
c. the data type of each parameter
d. the parameter name
e. the return type of the method; if it does not
return a value, the return type is void

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User-Defined Methods
Value-returning methods
Used in expressions
Calculate and return a value
Can save value for later calculation or print value

modifiers: public, private, protected, static,

abstract, final
returnType: type of the value that the method
calculates and returns (using return statement)
methodName: Java identifier; name of method

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Creating your own method

➢It must be declared within a class. It is defined with the name of the
method, followed by parentheses ().
Example:
public class ClassName{
static void methodName(){
//block of code
}
}
methodName – the name of the method
static - means that the method belongs to the ClassName class and not an object
of the ClassName class

void – means method does not return a value

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Syntax: Value-Returning Method

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Method Definition
Syntax:
modifier returnType
nameOfMethod(parameter list)
{
//body of method
}
➢ modifier − defines the access type of the method and this is optional
➢ returnType − return type of the method
➢ nameOfMethod −name of the method
➢ Parameter List − the type, order, and number of parameters of the
method. Some method does not have a parameter.
➢ method body − block of statements that performs the task

Example of method definition:

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Syntax
Syntax: Formal Parameter List
-The syntax of the formal parameter list is:

Method Call
-The syntax to call a value-returning method is:

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Syntax (continued)

Syntax: Actual Parameter List

-The syntax of the actual parameter list is:

• Syntax: return Statement

-The return statement has the following syntax:
return expr;

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Equivalent Method Definitions

public static double larger(double x, double y)
{
double max;

if (x >= y)
max = x;
else
max = y;

return max;
}

public static double larger(double x, double y)

{
if (x >= y)
return x;
else
return y;
}

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Sample Program:

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Method Parameters and Return Value

➢a method can have parameters and may return a value
➢the program below is an example of a method that have parameters but
does not return a value. The method will compute the sum of 2 numbers
passed to it then displays the result.

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Method Parameters and Return Value

➢changing the Sum Program so that the method sum will return the sum of the 2
integers

“What changes were made in the program?”

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The Circle Program

➢This program will compute the area and
circumference of a circle given its radius. Three
methods were created; getRadius method - will
get the radius of the circle and return it to main();
area method - will compute and return the area to
main(), and circumference method will compute
and return the circumference to main()

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The Circle Program

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Void Methods
▪ Similar in structure to value-returning methods

▪ Call to method is always stand-alone statement

▪ Can use return statement to exit method early

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Void Methods: Syntax

• Method Definition
-The general form (syntax) of a void
method without parameters is as follows:
modifier(s) void methodName()
{
statements
}

Method Call (Within the Class)

-The method call has the following
Syntax:
methodName();

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Void Methods with Parameters: Syntax

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Void Methods with Parameters: Syntax

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Primitive Data Type Variables as

Parameters
▪ A formal parameter receives a copy of its corresponding
actual parameter
▪ If a formal parameter is a variable of a primitive data
type:
▪ Value of actual parameter is directly stored
▪ Cannot pass information outside the method
▪ Provides only a one-way link between actual parameters
and formal parameters

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Scope of an Identifier Within a Class

▪ Local identifier: Identifier declared within a method
or block, which is visible only within that method or
block
▪ Java does not allow the nesting of methods; you
cannot include the definition of one method in the
body of another method
▪ Within a method or a block, an identifier must be
declared before it can be used; a block is a set of
statements enclosed within braces

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Scope of an Identifier Within a Class

(continued)

▪ A method’s definition can contain several

blocks
▪ The body of a loop or an if statement also
form a block
▪ Within a class, outside of every method
definition, (and every block), an identifier can
be declared anywhere
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Scope of an Identifier Within a Class

(continued) public static void
illegalIdentifierDeclaration
▪ Within a method, an ()
{
identifier used to name a int x;
variable in the outer block of
//block
the method cannot be used {
to name any other variable double x;
in an inner block of the //illegal declaration,
//x is
method already declared
...
}
▪ For example, in the method }
definition on the example,
the second declaration of the
variable x is illegal

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Scope Rules
▪ Scope rules of an identifier declared within a class and accessed
within a method (block) of the class
▪ An identifier, say X, declared within a method (block) is accessible:
▪ Only within the block from the point at which it is declared until the
end of the block
▪ By those blocks that are nested within that block
▪ Suppose X is an identifier declared within a class and outside of
every method’s definition (block)
▪ If X is declared without the reserved word static (such as a
named constant or a method name), then it cannot be accessed in
a static method
▪ If X is declared with the reserved word static (such as a named
constant or a method name), then it can be accessed within a
method (block), provided the method (block) does not have any
other identifier named X

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Scope Rules (continued)

Example
public class ScopeRules
{
static final double rate = 10.50;
static int z;
static double t;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int num;
double x, z;
char ch;
//...
}
public static void one(int x, char y)
{
//...
}

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Scope Rules (continued)

public static int w;

public static void two(int one, int z)
{
char ch;
int a;
//block three
{
int x = 12;
//...
} //end block three
//...
}
}

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Method Overloading: An Introduction

▪ Method overloading: more than one method can have
the same name

▪ Two methods are said to have different formal

parameter lists if both methods have:

✓ A different number of formal parameters, or

✓ If the number of formal parameters is the same, then

the data type of the formal parameters, in the order
you list, must differ in at least one position

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Method Overloading
public void methodOne(int x)
public void methodTwo(int x, double y)
public void methodThree(double y, int x)
public int methodFour(char ch, int x,
double y)
public int methodFive(char ch, int x,
String name)

These methods all have different formal parameter lists

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Method Overloading (continued)

public void methodSix(int x, double y, char ch)
public void methodSeven(int one, double u,char firstCh)

The methods methodSix and methodSeven both have

three formal parameters and the data type of the
corresponding parameters is the same
These methods all have the same formal parameter lists

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Method Overloading (continued)

Method overloading: creating several methods,
within a class, with the same name
The signature of a method consists of the method
name and its formal parameter list
Two methods have different signatures if they have
either different names or different formal
parameter lists
Note that the signature of a method does not
include the return type of the method

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Method Overloading (continued)

The following method headings correctly overload the method
methodXYZ:
public void methodXYZ()
public void methodXYZ(int x, double y)
public void methodXYZ(double one, int y)
public void methodXYZ(int x, double y, char ch)

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Method Overloading (continued)

public void methodABC(int x, double y)
public int methodABC(int x, double y)

Both these method headings have the same name and same
formal parameter list

These method headings to overload the method methodABC are

incorrect

In this case, the compiler will generate a syntax error

Notice that the return types of these method headings are
different

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Programming Exercises
1. Write a Java program that will ask the user to enter the side(s) of a
regular polygon, the number of sides(n) and its apothem(r) . The
program will then compute and display the perimeter(P) and area(A)
𝒓𝑷
of the polygon. Use the following formulas: A = P = sn
𝟐
Include the following methods in your program:
a. perimeter() – compute and return the perimeter to main()
b. area() – compute and return the area to main()
c. display() – display perimeter and area

“take note of the specific task of the methods”

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Programming Exercises
2. Write a Java program that accepts the lengths of 2 sides of a right
triangle, a and b, respectively. The program then computes and displays
the hypotenuse and area of the triangle. The program should have the
following methods:
a. hypotenuse() – compute and return the hypotenuse to main() (use
Math.sqrt() )
b. area() – compute and return area to main()
c. display() – display hypotenuse and area

“take note of the specific task of the methods”

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Need Further Clarification?

Create a thread to BB Discussion Board in the
ICS2602 Course Site

IMPORTANT: The Blackboard Discussion Board is a learning space. Let us use the BB
Discussion Board for learning purposes for the benefit of the entire class. Use decent
words when you create a thread. Also, sending personal message to your classmate is
prohibited.

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Any Concerns?
Send an email to:
DOMAIN EMAIL ADDRESS
UST Domain xxxxx@ust.edu.ph

IICS Domain xxxx@ust-ics.mygbiz.com

Get in touch with the IICS Office

through

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