3 Short Questions

3 Short Questions:
7.
Rājśekhara, a prominent scholar in the field of Sanskrit language and literature, did a comprehensive
language survey and came up with a classification of styles of dialogue. According to him, there are
four styles of dialogue, which are:
1. Vaidarbhī: This style of dialogue is prevalent in the southern parts of India, particularly
Maharashtra. It is known for its attractive and refined language.
2. Gauḍī: The style of dialogue prevalent in eastern India, particularly Bengal, is called Gauḍī. It is
known for its simple and lucid language.
3. Pāñcālī: The dialect prevalent in the northwestern parts of the country, particularly the regions
around ancient Panchala, is known as Pāñcālī. It is known for its rhythmic and musical aspect,
making it a popular choice for poetry.
4. Lāṭī: The standard dialect prevalent in the central parts of the country, especially Madhya
Pradesh, is known as Lāṭī. It is known for its clarity and simplicity.
Rājśekhara's survey shows the diversity of dialects and languages in ancient India and highlights the
importance of understanding the nuances of language while studying Indic texts.
6.
• Tarka: the logical argument based on evidence and reasoning
• Nirṇaya: the process of arriving at a conclusion based on examining multiple contradictory
possibilities and eliminating them through logical analysis of evidence
• Vaada: the art of presenting a persuasive argument using literary devices to help the listener
comprehend and appreciate the presented content
5.
The Kāntāsammita style of composition is characterized by both the words and their meaning being
used together to create a more intense experience. This style incorporates the use of language that
appears as unwanted or illogical but contributes to the overall sense of the composition. It is one of
the many styles of writing identified in the Indian knowledge system classification system based on
Kāvyamīmāmsā of Rājaśekhara.
4.
Purāṇas are tales and legends of the Vedas retold in figurative speech. On the other hand, Itihāsa
refers to the historical epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, which are taken in a literal sense. While
both Purāṇas and Itihāsa contain stories rich in theological and philosophical lessons, the difference
lies in the presentation. Purāṇas use allegory, metaphor, and symbolism to convey their message,
while Itihāsa relates the past as it has happened through a more historical account. It can be said that
Purāṇas contain more mythical elements, while Itihāsa focuses on portraying events in a historical and
factual sense.
3.
Here are the six modes of classification of Śāstra:
• Vedas (4)
• Vedāṅgas (6)
• Brāhmaṇa (26)
• Āranyaka
• Upaniṣada (18)
• Smṛti (Contingent)
• Itihāsa (2)
• Purāṇa (18)
• Darśana (16)
2.
According to the Upaniṣads, there are two types of knowledge, which are Parā and Aparā. Parā refers
to the higher knowledge, often associated with spiritual or philosophical wisdom, while Aparā refers
to the lower knowledge, which may include more practical or mundane skills. Parā knowledge is said
to help one attain liberation or moksha, while Aparā knowledge is meant to help one fulfill worldly
duties and responsibilities. This dichotomy of higher and lower knowledge is a common theme in
many Indian philosophical traditions and has been influential in shaping Indian educational practices.
1.
The knowledge systems of India investigated language deeply and elaborately because they belonged
to an oral tradition. They had a vast corpus of knowledge of immense importance that needed to be
preserved in the minds of the people. This oral tradition was passed down through generations via
the use of language, so there was a need to keep its integrity and consistency. Furthermore, the
Indian systems of thought believed that language is not merely a means of communication but also
creates the reality. Thus, understanding and investigating language was considered crucial for a
better understanding of the world and its functioning - be it metaphysical, ontological, or virtual.
Finally, it was believed that understanding the language was important for one's self-reflection, self-
discovery, and self-realization.
7. one word/ one sentences

1.
1. Śikṣā (Phonetics)
2. Kalpa (Ritual)
3. Vyākaraṇa (Grammar)
4. Nirukta (Etymology)
5. Chandas (Metrics)
6. Jyotiṣa (Astronomy)
2.
The text that deals with the variations of different branches of Vedas is called Prātiśākhya.
3.
The 18 primary sciences are known as "Aṣṭādaśa Vidyāsthānāni". Here are their names:
1. Śikṣā (Phonetics)
2. Kalpa (Ritual)
3. Vyākaraṇa (Grammar)
4. Nirukta (Etymology)
5. Chandas (Metrics)
6. Jyotiṣa (Astrology)
7. Pūrvamīmāṃsā (Earlier Mimamsa)
8. Uttaramīmāṃsā (Later Mimamsa or Vedanta)
9. Sāṅkhya (Enumeration)
10. Yoga (System of disciplines to attain self-realization)
11. Nyāya (Logic)
12. Vaiśeṣika (Atomism)
13. Saṃkhya-Yoga (Enumeration-System of discipline)
14. Atyayikā (Grammar relating to secondary meanings of words)
15. Dharmaśāstra (Science of law and ethics)
16. Arthaśāstra (Science of economics and politics)
17. Kāmaśāstra (Science of pleasure and the Arts)
18. Mokṣaśāstra (Science of salvation or freedom or self-realization)
4.
One
5.
1. Śruti
2. Smṛti
3. Purāṇas
4. Itihāsas
5. Kāvya
6.
21
7.
2,085
8.
10,000
9.
1. Ayurveda (Science of longevity)
2. Gandharva-veda (Science of Fine Arts)
3. Sthāpatya-veda (Science of Architecture)
4. Dhanur-veda (Science of Archery)
10.
5th veda: Nāṭya
5th upveda: Ānvīkṣakī
7th Vedanga: Jyotiṣa

1. Fill in the blanks
1. Speech
2. Deva
3. enunciation, orality, and speech
4. Ṛṣi
5. 700 BC
6. bhāṣ
7. Manuṣya
8. Maharṣi Ambhṛṇā
9. Darśana
10.

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7. one word/ one sentences

7th Vedanga: Jyotiṣa

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