What Is Routing. Explain With It'S Types

1. WHAT IS ROUTING. EXPLAIN WITH IT’S TYPES.
 A Router works at the network layer in the OSI model and internet layer
in TCP/IP model
 A router is a networking device that forwards the packet based on the
header and forwarding table.
Types of Routing:
Routing can be classified into three categories:
 Static Routing
 Default Routing
 Dynamic Routing
Static Routing:
 Static Routing is also known as Nonadaptive Routing.
 It is a technique in which the administrator manually adds the routes in a
routing table.
Advantages Of Static Routing
 Bandwidth: It has no bandwidth usage between the routers.
 Security: It provides security as the system administrator is allowed only
to have control over the routing to a particular network.
Disadvantages of Static Routing:
 For a large network, it becomes a very difficult task to add each route
manually to the routing table.
 The system administrator should have a good knowledge of a topology
as he has to add each route manually.
Default Routing
 Default Routing is a technique in which a router is configured to send all
the packets to the same hop device, and it doesn't matter whether it
belongs to a particular network or not.
Advantages:
 Default Routing is used when networks deal with the single exit point.
 It is also useful when the bulk of transmission networks have to transmit
the data to the same hop device.
Disadvantage:
 When a specific route is mentioned in the routing table, the router will
choose the specific route rather than the default route.
Dynamic Routing
 It is also known as Adaptive Routing.
 It is a technique in which a router adds a new route in the routing table
for each packet in response to the changes in the condition or topology
of the network.
Advantages of Dynamic Routing:
 It is easier to configure.
 It is more effective in selecting the best route in response to the changes
in the condition or topology.
Disadvantages of Dynamic Routing:
 It is more expensive in terms of CPU and bandwidth usage.
 It is less secure as compared to default and static routing.
2. EXPLAIN TYPES OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS.
Types of Routing Protocols
The following protocols help data packets find their way across the
Internet:
IP:
 The Internet Protocol (IP) specifies the origin and destination for
each data packet. Routers inspect each packet’s IP header to
identify where to send them.
OSPF:
 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is a link-state IGP tailor-
made for IP networks using the Shortest Path First (SPF) method.
RIP:
 RIP is used in both LAN and WAN Networks. It also runs on the
application layer of the OSI model. The full form of RIP is the
Routing Information Protocol. Two versions of RIP are
1. RIPv1
2. RIPv2
EIGRP:
 It is a hybrid routing protocol that provides routing protocols,
distance vector, and link-state routing protocols. It will route the
same protocols that IGRP routes using the same composite
metrics as IGRP, which helps the network select the best path
destination.
ISIS:
 ISIS routing protocol is used on the Internet to send IP routing
information. It consists of a range of components, including end
systems, intermediate systems, areas, and domains.
BGP:
 BGP is a routing protocol of the Internet, which is classified as a
DPVP (distance path vector protocol). The full form of BGP is the
Border Gateway Protocol.
3. WRITE ADVANTAGES OF IP ROUTING.
Advantages of IP Routing
The routing process ensures that appropriate packets are routed
from the source to the destination
Goals of routing include:
 It offers stability
 It provides a robust network
 Offers dynamic routing update of the network paths
 Information is safe while transmitting.
 Routing protocols often include security features, such as
authentication and encryption, to protect the integrity and
confidentiality of transmitted data.
 This helps in safeguarding sensitive information within the
network.
 IP routing is protocol-independent, meaning it can support various
network layer protocols.
 Routing protocols often support the establishment of multiple
paths between source and destination.
 This helps in optimizing network resources and reducing latency.
4. DISCUSS THE RULES FOR ASSIGN HOST ID.
Rules for assigning Host ID:
The Host ID is used to determine the host within any network. The
Host ID is assigned based on the following rules:
 The Host ID must be unique within any network.
 The Host ID in which all the bits are set to 0 cannot be assigned as
it is used to represent the network ID of the IP address.
 The Host ID in which all the bits are set to 1 cannot be assigned as
it is reserved for the multicast address.
5. DISCUSS THE RULES FOR ASSIGN NETWORK ID.
Rules for assigning Network ID:

 If the hosts are located within the same local network, then they
are assigned with the same network ID.
The following are the rules for assigning Network ID:
 The network ID cannot start with 127 as 127 is used by Class A.
 The Network ID in which all the bits are set to 0 cannot be
assigned as it is used to specify a particular host on the local
network.
 The Network ID in which all the bits are set to 1 cannot be
assigned as it is reserved for the multicast address.
6. WRITE SOME LIMITATIONS OF IP ADDRESSES CLASSES.

Limitations of IP Address classes
1. The lack of address space - the number of different devices
connected to the Internet grows exponentially, and the size of the
address space is quickly depleted;
2. Weak protocol extensibility - the insufficient size of the IPv4
header, which does not accommodate the required number of
additional parameters;
3. The problem of security of communications - no means are
provided to limit access to information hosted on the network. IPv4
has never been designed for security.
 Originally designed as an isolated military network
 Then adapted for public education and research network
4. Lack of quality of service support - placement of information about
bandwidth, delays required for smooth operation of some network
applications are not supported;
5. Geographic limitations - since the Internet was created in the USA,
this country is also involved in the distribution of IP addresses.
Almost 50% of all addresses are reserved for the United States.
7. EXPLAIN STATIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS WITH ADVANTAGES AND

DISADVANTAGES.
Static Routing Protocols
Static routing protocols are used when an administrator manually
assigns the path from source to the destination network. It offers
more security to the network.
Advantages
 No overhead on router CPU.
 No unused bandwidth between links.
 Only the administrator is able to add routes
Disadvantages
 The administrator must know how each router is connected.
 Not an ideal option for large networks as it is time intensive.
 Whenever link fails all the network goes down which is not
feasible in small networks.
8. EXPLAIN STATIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS WITH ADVANTAGES AND

DISADVANTAGES.
Dynamic Routing Protocols
Dynamic routing protocols are another important type of routing
protocol. It helps routers to add information to their routing tables
from connected routers automatically. These types of protocols also
send out topology updates whenever the network changes’
topological structure.
Advantage:
 Easier to configure even on larger networks.
 It will be dynamically able to choose a different route in case if a
link goes down.
 It helps you to do load balancing between multiple links.
Disadvantage:
 Updates are shared between routers, so it consumes bandwidth.
 Routing protocols put an additional load on router CPU or RAM.
Examples:
I . Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Ii. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
iii. Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)
iv. Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
9.WHAT IS SOHO LAN’S EXPLAIN.

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1. WHAT IS ROUTING. EXPLAIN WITH IT’S TYPES.

5. DISCUSS THE RULES FOR ASSIGN NETWORK ID.

Rules for assigning Network ID:

6. WRITE SOME LIMITATIONS OF IP ADDRESSES CLASSES.

7. EXPLAIN STATIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS WITH ADVANTAGES AND

8. EXPLAIN STATIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS WITH ADVANTAGES AND

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