1 STATISTICS Intro

STATISTICS
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
 Statistics is a branch of Mathematics that deals

with
 C
 O
 P
 A
 I
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
 Statistics is a branch of Mathematics that deals

with
 Collecting
 Organizing
 Presenting
 Analyzing and
 Interpreting data
2 Main Divisions in Statistics
STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
 1. Descriptive Statistics
 Collection, organization, presentation,
computation and interpretation of data in
order to describe the samples under
investigation.
 Aims to summarize and present data in the
form which will make them easier to analyze
and interpret
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
Measures of
Measures of Measures of
Tables/Graphs Central
Position Variability
Tendency
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Inferential
Statistics
Hypothesis
Estimation
Testing
 2. Inferential Statistics
 It is a statistical tool that seeks to give
information, inferences or implications pertaining
to the population by studying its representative
samples.
 Aims to draw and make decision on the
population based on the evidence obtained
from a sample.
Population VS Sample
 Population- totality of the objects ,

individuals or reactions which have
common observable characteristics.
 Population- totality of the objects ,

individuals or reactions which have
common observable characteristics.
 Sample- representative part of the

population.
What is the importance of Statistics?
 Education
 Business and Economics
 Science and Technology
 Psychology
 Government
 Research and Studies
What is the importance of Statistics?
 Education- enrolment, facilities in schools, computing

grades
 Business and Economics- new markets, business trends,
sales, investments
 Science and Technology- scientific experiments
 Psychology- IQ tests, personality traits, behaviors
 Government-policy making, taxes, population
 Research and Studies- Statistical tools and techniques
are used in laboratories, experimental fields to ensure
reliable results
What are variables?
What are variables?
 Observable characteristic or phenomena of

a person or object .
 Examples
What are variables?
 Observable characteristic or phenomena of

a person or object .
 Examples
 Weight, height, sex, year level, IQ, test scores
Discrete vs Continuous Variables
 Discrete Variables
 - variables that can be obtained through counting like
number of deaths, births, marriages at any given time.
 Continuous Variables
 Can never be exact no matter what we do in getting
measurement.
 Examples: age, height, weight, temperature volume, areas,
time
Dependent VS Independent Variables
 Independent Variable
- used as a predictor if the objective is to predict the value of one
variable on the basis of the other.
 Dependent Variable
- The variable whose value is predicted.
Example: If we want to foresee the Students’ Academic achievement

in mathematics, we may analyze the different factors such as gender,
study habits, IQ, interest attitudes, socio-economic status.
Statistics VS Parameter
 Parameter- numerical characteristic of the population

 Example: population mean, population standard
deviation, population variance
 Statistics- numerical characteristic of the samples

 Examples: sample mean, sample variance, sample
standard deviation
Types of Data
 Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Types of Data
 Qualitative Data
-Categorical data – sex, course, year level,
nationality, religion
 Quantitative Data
- Numerical data obtained from measurement
like heights, weight, ages, scores
Qualitative vs Quantitave Variables
Qualitative Variable Quantitative Variable

 Categories are simply used as  Categories can be measured and
labels to distinguish one group ordered according to quantity.
from another
 Numeric
 Non-numeric
 Interval or Ratio Scales
 Nominal or ordinal scales
Examples:
Examples:
No. of children in the family, age
Cause of death, nationality, race,
gender, severity of pain

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STATISTICS

 Statistics is a branch of Mathematics that deals

 Statistics is a branch of Mathematics that deals

 Population- totality of the objects ,

 Population- totality of the objects ,

 Sample- representative part of the

 Education- enrolment, facilities in schools, computing

 Observable characteristic or phenomena of

 Observable characteristic or phenomena of

Example: If we want to foresee the Students’ Academic achievement

 Parameter- numerical characteristic of the population

 Statistics- numerical characteristic of the samples

 Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Qualitative Variable Quantitative Variable

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