CSS 3

This is a quick reference cheat sheet for CSS goodness, listing selector syntax, properties, units and other useful bits of information.

# Getting Started
Introduction

CSS is rich in capabilities and is more than simply laying out pages.

External stylesheet

<link href="./path/to/stylesheet/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

Internal stylesheet

<style>
body {
background-color: linen;
}
</style>
Inline styles

<h2 style="text-align: center;">Centered text</h2>

<p style="color: blue; font-size: 18px;">Blue, 18-point text</p>

 Add class

<div class="classname"></div>
<div class="class1 ... classn"></div>

Support multiple classes on one element.

!important

.post-title {
color: blue !important;
}

Overrides all previous styling rules.

Selector

h1 { }
#job-title { }
div.hero { }
div > p { }

See: Selectors

Text color

color: #2a2aff;
color: green;
color: rgb(34, 12, 64, 0.6);
color: hsla(30 100% 50% / 0.6);

See: Colors

Background
 background-color: blue;
background-image: url("nyan-cat.gif");
background-image: url("../image.png");

See: Backgrounds

Font

.page-title {
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 30px;
font-family: "Courier New";
}

See: Fonts

Position

.box {
position: relative;
top: 20px;
left: 20px;
}

See also: Position

Animation

animation: 300ms linear 0s infinite;

 animation: bounce 300ms linear infinite;

See: Animation

Comment

/* This is a single line comment */

/* This is a
multi-line comment */

Flex layout

div {
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
}
div {
display: flex;
justify-content: flex-start;
}

See: Flexbox | Flex Tricks

Grid layout

#container {
display: grid;
grid: repeat(2, 60px) / auto-flow 80px;
}
 #container > div {
background-color: #8ca0ff;
width: 50px;
height: 50px;
}
See: Grid Layout

Variable & Counter

counter-set: subsection;
counter-increment: subsection;
counter-reset: subsection 0;

:root {
--bg-color: brown;
}
element {
background-color: var(--bg-color);
}

See: Dynamic content

# CSS Selectors
Examples

Groups Selector
 h1, h2 {
color: red;
}

Chaining Selector

h3.section-heading {
color: blue;
}

Attribute Selector

div[attribute="SomeValue"] {
background-color: red;
}

First Child Selector

p:first-child {
font-weight: bold;
}

No Children Selector

.box:empty {
background: lime;

Basic

* All elements

div All div tags

.classname All elements with class

#idname Element with ID

div,p All divs and paragraphs

#idname * All elements inside #idname

See also: Type / Class / ID / Universal selectors

Combinators

div.classname Div with certain classname

div#idname Div with certain ID

div p Paragraphs inside divs

div > p All p tags

one level deep in div

div + p P tags immediately after div

div ~ p P tags preceded by div

See also: Adjacent / Sibling / Child selectors

Attribute selectors

a[target] With a target attribute

a[target="_blank"] Open in new tab

a[href^="/index"] Starts with /index

[class|="chair"] Starts with chair

[class*="chair"] containing chair

[title~="chair"] Contains the word chair

a[href$=".doc"] Ends with .doc

[type="button"] Specified type

S l A ib l
User action pseudo classes

a:link Link in normal state

a:active Link in clicked state

a:hover Link with mouse over it

a:visited Visited link

Pseudo classes

p::after Add content after p

p::before Add content before p

p::first-letter First letter in p

p::first-line First line in p

::selection Selected by user

::placeholder Placeholder attribute

:root Documents root element

:target Highlight active anchor

div:empty Element with no children

p:lang(en) P with en language attribute

:not(span) Element that's not a span

Input pseudo classes

input:checked Checked inputs

input:disabled Disabled inputs

input:enabled Enabled inputs

input:focus Input has focus

input:in-range Value in range

input:out-of-range Input value out of range

input:valid Input with valid value

input:invalid Input with invalid value

input:optional No required attribute

input:required Input with required attribute

input:read-only With readonly attribute

input:read-write No readonly attribute

input:indeterminate With indeterminate state

 Structural pseudo classes

p:first-child First child

p:last-child Last child

p:first-of-type First of some type

p:last-of-type Last of some type

p:nth-child(2) Second child of its parent

p:nth-child(3n42) Nth-child (an + b) formula

p:nth-last-child(2) Second child from behind

p:nth-of-type(2) Second p of its parent

p:nth-last-of-type(2) ...from behind

p:only-of-type Unique of its parent

p:only-child Only child of its parent

# CSS Fonts
 Properties
font-family: <font>

font-size: <size>

letter-spacing: <size>

line-height: <number>

font-weight: <number> / bold / normal

font-style: italic / normal

text-decoration: underline / none

text-align: left / right

center / justify

text-transform: capitalize / uppercase / lowercase

See also: Font

Shorthand

font: italic 400 14px / 1.5 sans-serif

style weight size (required) line-height family (required)

Example

font-family: Arial, sans-serif;

font-size: 12pt;
letter-spacing: 0.02em;

Case
 /* Hello */
text-transform: capitalize;

/* HELLO */
text-transform: uppercase;

/* hello */
text-transform: lowercase;

@font-face

@font-face {
font-family: 'Glegoo';
src: url('../Glegoo.woff');
}

# CSS Colors
Named color

color: red;
color: orange;
color: tan;
color: rebeccapurple;

Hexadecimal color
color: #090;
color: #009900;
color: #090a;
color: #009900aa;

rgb() Colors

color: rgb(34, 12, 64, 0.6);

color: rgba(34, 12, 64, 0.6);
color: rgb(34 12 64 / 0.6);
color: rgba(34 12 64 / 0.3);
color: rgb(34.0 12 64 / 60%);
color: rgba(34.6 12 64 / 30%);

HSL Colors

color: hsl(30, 100%, 50%, 0.6);

color: hsla(30, 100%, 50%, 0.6);
color: hsl(30 100% 50% / 0.6);
color: hsla(30 100% 50% / 0.6);
color: hsl(30.0 100% 50% / 60%);
color: hsla(30.2 100% 50% / 60%);

Other

color: inherit;
color: initial;
color: unset;
color: transparent;

color: currentcolor; /* keyword */

# CSS Backgrounds
Properties

background: (Shorthand)

background-color: See: Colors

background-image: url(...)

background-position: left/center/right
top/center/bottom

background-size: cover X Y

border-box
background-clip: padding-box
content-box

no-repeat
background-repeat: repeat-x
repeat-y

background-attachment: scroll/fixed/local

Shorthand

background: #ff0 url(a.jpg) left top / 100px auto no-repeat fixed;

background: #abc url(b.png) center center / cover repeat-x local;

color image posX posY size repeat attach..

 Examples

background: url(img_man.jpg) no-repeat center;

background: url(img_flwr.gif) right bottom no-repeat, url(paper.gif) left top repeat;

background: rgb(2,0,36);
background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(2,0,36,1) 0%, rgba(13,232,230,1) 35%, rgba(0,212,255,1) 100%);

# CSS The Box Model

Maximums/Minimums

.column {
max-width: 200px;
width: 500px;
}

See also: max-width / min-width / max-height / min-height

Margin / Padding

.block-one {
margin: 20px;
padding: 10px;
}
 Box-sizing

.container {
box-sizing: border-box;
}

See also: Box-sizing

Visibility

.invisible-elements {
visibility: hidden;
}

See also: Visibility

Auto keyword

div {
margin: auto;
}

See also: Margin

Overflow
 .small-block {
overflow: scroll;
}

See also: Overflow

# CSS Animation
Shorthand

animation: bounce 300ms linear 100ms infinite alternate-reverse both reverse

name duration timing-function delay count direction fill-mode play-state

Properties

animation: (shorthand)

animation-name: <name>

animation-duration: <time>ms

animation-timing-function: ease / linear / ease-in / ease-out / ease-in-out

animation-delay: <time>ms

animation-iteration-count: infinite / <number>

animation-direction: normal / reverse / alternate / alternate-reverse

animation-fill-mode: none / forwards / backwards / both / initial / inherit

animation-play-state: normal / reverse / alternate / alternate-reverse

See also: Animation

Example

/* @keyframes duration | timing-function | delay |

iteration-count | direction | fill-mode | play-state | name */
animation: 3s ease-in 1s 2 reverse both paused slidein;

/* @keyframes duration | timing-function | delay | name */

animation: 3s linear 1s slidein;

/* @keyframes duration | name */

animation: 3s slidein;

animation: 4s linear 0s infinite alternate move_eye;

animation: bounce 300ms linear 0s infinite normal;
animation: bounce 300ms linear infinite;
animation: bounce 300ms linear infinite alternate-reverse;
animation: bounce 300ms linear 2s infinite alternate-reverse forwards normal;

Javascript Event

.one('webkitAnimationEnd oanimationend msAnimationEnd animationend')

# CSS Flexbox
Simple example

.container {
display: flex;
}

.container > div {

flex: 1 1 auto;
}

Container

.container {

display: flex;
display: inline-flex;

flex-direction: row; /* ltr - default */

flex-direction: row-reverse; /* rtl */
flex-direction: column; /* top-bottom */
flex-direction: column-reverse; /* bottom-top */

flex-wrap: nowrap; /* one-line */

flex-wrap: wrap; /* multi-line */
 align-items: flex-start; /* vertical-align to top */
align-items: flex-end; /* vertical-align to bottom */
align-items: center; /* vertical-align to center */
align-items: stretch; /* same height on all (default) */

justify-content: flex-start; /* [xxx ] */

justify-content: center; /* [ xxx ] */
justify-content: flex-end; /* [ xxx] */
justify-content: space-between; /* [x x x] */
justify-content: space-around; /* [ x x x ] */
justify-content: space-evenly; /* [ x x x ] */

Child

.container > div {

/* This: */
flex: 1 0 auto;

/* Is equivalent to this: */
flex-grow: 1;
flex-shrink: 0;
flex-basis: auto;

order: 1;

align-self: flex-start; /* left */

margin-left: auto; /* right */
 }

# CSS Flexbox Tricks

Vertical center

.container {
display: flex;
}

.container > div {

width: 100px;
height: 100px;
margin: auto;
}

Vertical center (2)

.container {
display: flex;

/* vertical */
align-items: center;

/* horizontal */
justify-content: center;
}

Reordering
 .container > .top {
order: 1;
}

.container > .bottom {

order: 2;
}

Mobile layout

.container {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
}

.container > .top {

flex: 0 0 100px;
}

.container > .content {

flex: 1 0 auto;
}

A fixed-height top bar and a dynamic-height content area.

Table-like

.container {
display: flex;
}
 /* the 'px' values here are just suggested percentages */
.container > .checkbox { flex: 1 0 20px; }
.container > .subject { flex: 1 0 400px; }
.container > .date { flex: 1 0 120px; }

This creates columns that have different widths, but size accordingly according to the circumstances.

Vertical

.container {
align-items: center;
}

Vertically-center all items.

Left and right

.menu > .left { align-self: flex-start; }

.menu > .right { align-self: flex-end; }

# CSS Grid Layout

Grid Template Columns

#grid-container {
display: grid;
width: 100px;
 grid-template-columns: 20px 20% 60%;

fr Relative Unit

.grid {
display: grid;
width: 100px;
grid-template-columns: 1fr 60px 1fr;
}

Grid Gap

/*The distance between rows is 20px*/

/*The distance between columns is 10px*/
#grid-container {
display: grid;
grid-gap: 20px 10px;
}

CSS Block Level Grid

#grid-container {
display: block;
}

CSS grid-row

CSS syntax:

grid-row: grid-row-start / grid-row-end;

Example
 .item {
grid-row: 1 / span 2;
}
CSS Inline Level Grid

#grid-container {
display: inline-grid;
}

minmax() Function

.grid {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 100px minmax(100px, 500px) 100px;
}

grid-row-start & grid-row-end

CSS syntax:

grid-row-start: auto|row-line;

grid-row-end: auto|row-line|span n;

Example

grid-row-start: 2;
grid-row-end: span 2;

CSS grid-row-gap
 grid-row-gap: length;

Any legal length value, like px or %. 0 is the default value

CSS grid-area

.item1 {
grid-area: 2 / 1 / span 2 / span 3;
}

Justify Items

#container {
display: grid;
justify-items: center;
grid-template-columns: 1fr;
grid-template-rows: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
grid-gap: 10px;
}

CSS grid-template-areas

.item {
grid-area: nav;
}
.grid-container {
display: grid;
grid-template-areas:
'nav nav . .'
'nav nav . .';
}
 Justify Self

#grid-container {
display: grid;
justify-items: start;
}

.grid-items {
justify-self: end;
}

The grid items are positioned to the right (end) of the row.

Align Items

#container {
display: grid;
align-items: start;
grid-template-columns: 1fr;
grid-template-rows: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
grid-gap: 10px;
}

# CSS Dynamic Content

Variable

Define CSS Variable

 :root {
--first-color: #16f;
--second-color: #ff7;
}

Variable Usage

#firstParagraph {
background-color: var(--first-color);
color: var(--second-color);
}

Counter

/* Set "my-counter" to 0 */
counter-set: my-counter;

/* Increment "my-counter" by 1 */
counter-increment: my-counter;

/* Decrement "my-counter" by 1 */
counter-increment: my-counter -1;

/* Reset "my-counter" to 0 */
counter-reset: my-counter;

See also: Counter set

Using counters
 body { counter-reset: section; }

h3::before {
counter-increment: section;
content: "Section." counter(section);
}

ol {
counter-reset: section;
list-marker-type: none;
}

li::before {
counter-increment: section;
content: counters(section, ".") " ";
}

# Css 3 tricks
Scrollbar smooth

html {
scroll-behavior: smooth;
}

Click me, the page will scroll smoothly to Getting started