SKD ACADEMY

SESSION 2023 – 2024

CLASS XII

COMPUTER LAB FILE

Topic- Reflecting telescopes

Submitted to: Submitted By:

Mr.Amit Saxena Siddhesh Srivastava

CONTENTS
1. Certificate
2.
Acknowledgem
ent
3. Introduction
4. Theory
5. Activity
 Aim
 Apparatus
required
 Procedure
 Result
 Precaution
s
 Conclusio
n
6. Bibliography
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction
4. Theory
5. Activity
Aim
Apparatus required
Procedure
Result
Precautions
Conclusion
6. Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank
all the people who have been concerned with
project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my principal
and chemistry teacher , whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof
success. His suggestions and his instructions
have served as the major contributor towards
the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion
of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank
my classmates who have helped me a lo
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank
all the people who have been concerned with
project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my principal
and chemistry teacher , whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof
success. His suggestions and his instructions
have served as the major contributor towards
the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion
of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank
my classmates who have helped me a lo
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank
all the people who have been concerned with
project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my principal
and chemistry teacher , whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof
success. His suggestions and his instructions
have served as the major contributor towards
the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion
of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank
my classmates who have helped me a lo
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank
all the people who have been concerned with
project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my principal
and chemistry teacher , whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof
success. His suggestions and his instructions
have served as the major contributor towards
the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion
of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank
my classmates who have helped me a lo
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank
all the people who have been concerned with
project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my principal
and chemistry teacher , whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof
success. His suggestions and his instructions
have served as the major contributor towards
the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion
of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank
my classmates who have helped me a lo

In the accomplishment of this project

successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank
all the people who have been concerned with
project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my principal
and chemistry teacher , whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof
success. His suggestions and his instructions
have served as the major contributor towards
the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion
of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank
my classmates who have helped me a lo
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank
all the people who have been concerned with
project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my principal
and chemistry teacher , whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof
success. His suggestions and his instructions
have served as the major contributor towards
the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion
of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank
my classmates who have helped me a l
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank
all the people who have been concerned with
project.
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank
all the people who have been concerned with
project.
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank
all the people who have been concerned with
project.

Acknowledgement
In the
accomplishment of
this project
successfully, many
people have best
owned
upon me their
blessings and the heart
pledged
support, this time I
am utilizing to
thank
all the people who
have been concerned
with
project.
In the
accomplishment of
this project
successfully, many
people have best
owned
upon me their
blessings and the heart
pledged
support, this time I
am utilizing to
thank
all the people who
have been concerned
with
project.
In the accomplishment
of this project
successfully, many
people have best
owned
upon me their blessings
and the heart pledged
support, this time I
am utilizing to thank
all the people who have
been concerned with
project.
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people
have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who
have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project
with success. Then I would like to thank my principal and
chemistry teacher Mr. A.B Pandey, whose valuable guidance has been
the ones that helped me patch this project and make it full
proof success. His suggestions and his instructions have served as the
major contributor towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have

helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have
helped me a lot.

Sumit Kumar Sahu (XII)

 INTRODUCTION
Food is one of the basic necessities for sustenance of life. Pure, fresh and
healthy diet is most essential for the health of the people. It is no wonder
to say that community health is national wealth. Adulteration of food-
stuffs was so rampant, widespread and persistent that nothing short of a
somewhat drastic remedy in the form of a comprehensive legislation
became the need of the hour. To check this kind of anti-social evil a
concerted and determined onslaught was launched by the Government
by introduction of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Bill in the
Parliament to herald an era of much needed hope and relief for the
consumers at large.

About the middle of the 19th century chemical and

microscopal knowledge had reached the stage that food
substances could be analyzed, and the subject of food adulteration
began to be studied from the standpoint of the rights and welfare of the
consumer. In 1860 the first food law framed in the interest of the
purchaser was passed. That law, lacking sufficient means of
enforcement, remained largely ineffective until 1872, when
administrative officials were appointed and penalties for violation
provided.

In the United States the federal Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the
result of a long and stormy campaign led by Dr. Harvey
Washington Wiley. This law defined food adulteration and the
misbranding of products; it provided regulations covering the
interstate movement of food and penalties for violations. The 1906 act
was superseded in 1938 by the more rigorous Food, Drug,
and Cosmetic Act administered since 1940 by the Food and
Drug Administration (now within the Dept. of Health and Human
Services).
The FDA is charged with enforcing truthful and informative labeling of
essential commodities, maintaining staff laboratories, and formulating
definitions and standards promoting fair dealing in the interests of the
consumer. The 1938 act broadened the definitions of
adulteration, misbranding, and lack of informative labeling; it provided
for factory inspections; and it increased the penalties for
violations. It was amended in 1958 and 1962 to define and regulate
food additives and food coloring. The federal law controls traffic
from one state to another and is supplemented by local regulations
that require food handlers to be licensed, thereby discouraging the
spread of disease; it provides for the inspection by health officers of
meat and other foods, of restaurants, and of dairies and cold
storage methods. Imported goods that violate the provisions of the act
may be denied admittance to the United States and if not removed within
a given time may be destroyed.
 THEORY
The increasing number of food producers and the
outstanding amount of import foodstuffs enables
the producers to mislead and cheat consumers.
To differentiate those who take advantage of legal
rules from the ones who commit food
adulteration is very difficult. The consciousness
of consumers would be crucial. Ignorance and
unfair market behavior may endanger consumer
health and misleading can lead to poisoning. So
we need simple screening tests for their
detection. In the past few decades, adulteration of
food has become one of the serious problems.
Consumption of adulterated food causes serious
diseases like cancer, diarrhoea, asthma, ulcers, etc.
Majority of fats, oils and butter are paraffin wax,
castor oil and hydrocarbons. Red chilli powder is
mixed with brick powder and pepper is mixed with
dried papaya seeds. These adulterants can be easily
identified by simple chemical tests. Several agencies
have been set up by the Government of India to
remove adulterants from food stuffs.
 EXPERIMENT I

Aim: To detect the presence of adulterants in fat, oil and butter.

Apparatus Required: Test-tube, conc. H2SO4, acetic acid, conc.

HNO3.

Procedure: Common adulterants present in ghee and oil are dyes and
argemone oil. These are detected as follows:

(i) Adulteration of dyes in fat: Heat 1mL of fat with a

mixture of 1mL of conc. Sulphuric Acid and 4mL of
Acetic Acid. Appearance of pink or red color indicates
presence of dye in fat.

(ii) Adulteration of argemone oil in edible oils: To small

amount of oil in a test-tube, add few drops of conc. HNO3
and shake it well. Appearance of red color in the
acid layer indicates presence of argemone oil.
 EXPERIMENT II
Aim: To detect the presence of adulterants in sugar.

Apparatus Required: Test-tubes, dil. HCl.

Procedure: Sugar is usually contaminated with washing soda and other

insoluble substances which are detected as follows:

(i) Adulteration of various insoluble substances in sugar:

Take small amount of sugar in a test-tube and shake it with
little water. Pure sugar dissolves in water but insoluble
impurities do not dissolve.
(ii) Adulteration of chalk powder, washing soda in sugar:
To small amount of sugar in a test-tube, add few drops of
HCl. Brisk effervescence of CO2 shows the presence
of chalk powder or washing soda in the given sample of sugar.
 EXPERIMENT III

Aim: To detect the presence of adulterants in samples of chili

powder, turmeric powder and pepper.

Apparatus Required: Test-tubes, conc. HCl, dil. HNO3, KI solution.

Procedure: Common adulterants present in chili powder, turmeric

powder and pepper are red colored lead salts, yellow lead salts and dried
papaya seeds respectively. They are detected as follows:

(i) Adulteration of red lead salts in chili powder: To a

sample of chili powder, add dil. HNO3. Filter the dil.
solution and add 2 drops of Potassium Iodide solution to
the filtrate. Yellow ppt. indicates the presence of lead salts in
chilli powder.
(ii) Adulteration of yellow lead salts to turmeric
powder: To a sample of turmeric powder add conc. HCl.
Appearance of magenta color shows the presence of yellow
oxides of lead in turmeric powder.
(iii) Adulteration of brick powder in red chili powder:
Add small amount of given red chili powder in
beaker containing water. Brick powder settles at the bottom
while pure chili powder floats over water.
(iv) Adulteration of dried papaya seeds in pepper:
Add small amount of sample of pepper to beaker
containing water and stir with a glass rod. Dried papaya seeds
being lighter float over water while pure pepper settles at the
bottom.
OBSERVATIONS
Result:
The required analysis for adulterants in food stuffs has been made.
 CONCLUSION

Selection of wholesome and non-adulterated food is essential for

daily life to make sure that such foods do not cause any health
hazard. It is not possible to ensure wholesome food only on
visual examination when the toxic contaminants are present in
ppm level. However, visual examination of the food before
purchase makes sure to ensure absence of insects, visual
fungus, foreign matters, etc. Therefore, due care taken by the
consumer at the time of purchase of food after thoroughly
examining can be of great help. Secondly, label declaration on
packed food is very important for knowing the
ingredients and nutritional value. It also helps in checking the
freshness of the food and the period of best before use. The
consumer should avoid taking food from an unhygienic place
and food being prepared under unhygienic conditions. Such
types of food may cause various diseases. Consumption
of cut fruits being sold in unhygienic conditions should be
avoided. It is always better to buy certified food from reputed
shops.
 PRECAUTIONS
By taking a few precautions, we can escape from consuming
adulterated products.
1. Take only packed items of well-known companies.
2. Buy items from reliable retail shops and recognize doutlets.
3. Check the ISI mark or Agmark.
4. Buy products of only air tight popular brands.
5. Avoid craziness for artificially colored sweets and buy only
from reputed shops.
6. Do not buy sweets or snacks kept in open.
7. Avoid buying things from street side vendors.
 Biblography

(i) www.wikipedia.com
(ii) www.google.com
(iii) www.yahoo.com
(iv) NCERT CLASS XII