Rizl111 Midterm

RIZL111: Exam Week
12
BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023
Bachelor of Science in Nursing 4Y1
Professor: Percival M. Manuel
Midterm Topics: - Rizal‟s enemies kept doing everything to persecute him.
• The First Homecoming & Second Travel Abroad They accused the novel to have subversive ideas against
• Studies in London Paris Exposition Life in Brussels, the church and the Spanish government.
Belgium - The kind Governor assigned a bodyguard for Rizal, to
• Rizal's Sad Experiences protect him from danger. His bodyguard was a young
• Founding of La Liga Filipina, Dapitan Exile Spanish Lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade. The two
• The 1896 Revolution, End of Dapitan Exile, Trial and became true friends in no time at all because they have
Martydom common interests.
- The powerful friars put the novel under strict scrutiny
THE FIRST HOMECOMING headed by Manila Archbishop Messenger. Pedro Payo. He
• August 1886: Rizal decided to return to the Philippines. He sent a copy to the UST Father. Rector Gregorio Echevarria
left Rome by train for Marseilles, boarded the Djemnah for examination. The latter found the novel heretical,
bound to Saigon. impious, and scandalous.
• July 30, 1886: Rizal arrived in Saigon, where he transferred Noli Me Tangere Got Banned
to the steamer Haifong. - The Governor sent the novel for further assessment to the
Permanent Commission on Censorship composed of
• August 6, 1886: Rizal arrived in Manila. He noticed that
priests and laymen headed by Fr. Salvador Font, Tondo
Manila has not changed that much.
parish priest. The body found the novel with subversive
• August 7, 1886: He reached Calamba, where there was a
ideas against the Church and the Spanish government.
dramatic meeting. After a few days, Rizal turned the ground
- The Commission recommended that the book be banned
floor of their house into a medical clinic. His first patient
and have its circulation in the islands be totally stopped.
was his mother who could hardly see. He successfully
The move boomeranged because it only made the Filipinos
restored the eyesight of his mother which had double
more curious in reading the novel. Thus, the novel’s price
cataracts.
was exorbitantly priced. No arrests were made, thanks to
• The good news spread like wildfire as many sick people
the liberal-minded governor.
flock to seek medical help. His professional fee was very
simple: If the patient is poor, a simple “thank you” is
Rizal’s Enemies from the Church
enough. Some patients gave him vegetables, fruits,
- Among Rizal‟s enemies was Manila Archbishop Messenger:
chickens, etc. If the patient is rich, he would charge in the
Pedro Payo, UST Rector Father. Gregorio Echevarria, Father.
European way. The people called him Dr. Uleman having
Salvador Font - head of the Permanent Commission on
arrived from Germany.
Censorship.
• Rizal shared his blessings to his town mates. He built a
- Father. Jose Rodriguez published an anti-Noli pamphlet
gymnasium for the youth to discourage them from
entitled “Caiingat Cayo.” The pamphlet stated that
engaging in different forms of gambling. He wanted them to
“whoever reads the novel commits a mortal sin.”
spend time on productive activities.
- Another attacker of the Noli was Vicente Barrantes, a
• Unfortunately, Rizal failed to see Leonor in his six months‟ Spanish writer who openly criticized the novel in the
vacation due to the conflicts of his parents and Leonor‟s. Spanish newspaper La Esperanza Moderna.
Noli Me Tangere Controversy Allies of Dr. Jose Rizal
- Rizal received an invitation, a summons, a writ - Meanwhile, Rizal also had allies like Marcelo H. Del Pilar-
commanding the sheriff, or other authorized officer, to using the pen name Dolores Manapat, who published a
notify a party to appear in court to answer a complaint pamphlet entitled “Caiigat Cayo” that refuted and ridiculed
made against him and in the said writ specified, on a day Father. Rodriguez‟ “Caiingat Cayo.”
therein mentioned from Governor-General Emilio Terrero - The other one was Father. Francisco Sanchez, Rizal‟s
regarding the novel which has become a hot issue. He went beloved Ateneo teacher.
to Malacañang to answer any question surrounding his
novel. He denied that he was a spy from Germany. He Calamba Agrarian Problem
explained that he was only expressing the truth of what is - September 6, 1890: general Weyler began enforcing the
going on in the society in his novel. The Governor was will of the Dominicans by sending artillery and military
satisfied with his answer and asked for a copy of the novel, forces to Calamba which started to demolish the house of
since he had not read the novel himself. Rizal‟s parents. Rizal‟s brother, brothers in law were
arrested and exiled to different places of the archipelago.
On the first day 60 families were thrown out of their houses
J.A.K.E 1 of 25
THE LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL: BSN 4TH YEAR 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERM 2023
and the sugar mills and all other buildings they had erected hacienda owned by the Jesuits consisted of only a small
were destroyed. The Dominicans forbade the rest of the part of land and included only a part of the town, but the
townspeople to give the unfortunates lodging and Dominicans had claimed a much more extensive area, no
hospitality. By the end of September 400 tenants had been less than the whole town and its surrounding fields. The
evicted. Dominicans were paying the government only the income
- The liberal governor-general Terrerro was at that time tax due on the original smaller hacienda.
replaced by the conservative general Valeriano Weyler in - Ownership of the Calamba hacienda passed on to the
1888. He was completely on the side of the Dominicans. Dominicans after the Jesuits, who originally owned it, were
One of his first acts was to enforce the court ruling for the expelled in 1768. The Dominicans owned practically all the
eviction of the tenants. The first to be evicted was the Rizal lands around Calamba. The tenants suffered since many
family. years due to the unjustified taxes they had to pay. Even if
- The Dominicans put pressure on Malacañang to eliminate there was an economic crisis or the harvest was bad, the
Rizal. Governor-general Terrero advised Rizal to leave the rent and taxes still went up. The tenants suffered under the
Philippines for his own good. friars.
- The friars were furious because they were attacked on their
most sensitive point: money! The report never reached the Rizal’s Second Travel Abroad
desk of the governor-general. The Dominicans responded - Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to leave
by filing an action for eviction against the Calamba tenants. his country for the second time in 1888. He was 27 years
However, when the justice of the Peace of Calamba ruled old, a practicing physician, and a recognized man of letters.
in favor of the tenants, the Dominicans immediately Rizal in Hong Kong and Macau
brought the case to the Supreme Court in Manila, which - Amoy, in Hong Kong was the first stop over of the ship.
immediately decided in the Dominican‟s favor. The tenants After six months of staying in the Philippines Rizal left via
and the Rizal family had no recourse but to appeal their the steamer Zafiro bound for Hong Kong.
case to the Supreme Court in Madrid. - Rizal did not get off the ship for the following reasons:
- Rizal advised his family to stop paying the rent. The rest of a) He was not feeling well.
the Calamba tenants followed suit and with Rizal‟s b) It was raining hard.
encouragement, petitioned the government to intervene by c) He heard that the city is dirty.
authorizing and supervising the drawing up of a new - Hong Kong is a British colony by that time. Rizal stayed in
contract between the people of Calamba and the the Victoria Hotel. There he met Jose Maria Basa, Balbino
Dominican landowners. Mauricio, and Manuel Yriarte (son of the alcalde mayor in
- Dominican Corruption and Financial Deceit on a Massive Calamba).
Scale. - Jose Sainz de Varanda, a Spaniard and former secretary of
- The original hacienda owned by the Jesuits consisted of Governor-General Terrero shadowed Rizal’s movement in
only a small part of land and included only a part of the Hong Kong. It is believed that he was commissioned by the
town, but the Dominicans had claimed a much more Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal.
extensive area, no less than the whole town and its - According to Rizal in his letter to Blumentritt, Hong Kong is
surrounding fields. The Dominicans were paying the a small, but very clean city. Many Portuguese, Hindus,
government only the income tax due on the original smaller English, Chinese and Jews live here. There are some
hacienda. Filipinos exiled in Marianas Islands since 1872. They were
- Rizal wrote down his findings, which were signed by the former financiers and rich but now are poor, gentle and
tenants in January 1888, and he submitted the report to the timid.
government. - Rizal also Visited Macau, a Portuguese colony near Hong
- The friars wanted to withhold the tenants to tell the truth. Kong. Rizal together with Basa boarded a ferry named Kiu-
The Rizal family as well as the other Calamba tenants Kiang going to Macau. Curiously, Jose Sainz de Varanda is
wanted to tell the truth. The tenants asked Rizal to draft a among the passengers. Rizal and Basa visited Don Juan
report for the town council. Rizal asked his town mates to Francisco Lecaros, a Filipino gentleman who is married to
supply him with all the relevant facts about the estate from a Portuguese lady. Rizal and Basa stayed in his house for
the very beginning. Rizal had not anticipated but he soon two days while they were in Macau.
became the center of the tenant‟s struggle against the - During Rizal’s two week vacation in Hong Kong, he studied
Dominicans. Chinese life, language, drama and customs and found out
- It started innocently. On 30th December 1887, when the the following which he wrote in his diary:
government, wondering why the revenue paid by the • The celebration of the Chinese New Year was quite very
Dominicans Order had remained constant despite the noisy due to the continuous explosion of firecrackers on
ever-increasing size of cultivated lands, formally asked the the streets.
Calamba town council to determine whether there had • The Lauriat party, wherein the guests were served a
been any increase in the products and the size of the variety of dishes, shows lavishness and hospitality
Dominican estate over the past three years. among the Chinese.
- What came out was a horror story of Dominican corruption
and financial deceit on a massive scale. The original
J.A.K.E 2 of 25
• The Dominican Order, the richest religious order in Yuriko, who married a son of a Japanese senator. Seiko-
Hong Kong, had millions of dollars deposited in various Usui died in 1947 at age 80 and was buried beside her
banks earning very high interests. husband.
• The graveyards for Catholics, Protestants and Muslims Rizal in the United States
were well maintained. - Rizal in steamer Belgic met a semi-Filipino family, Mr.
Rizal in Japan; the Land of the Cherry Blossoms Reinaldo Turner and his wife Emma Jackson, their children
- Rizal left Hong Kong on board of the Oceanic, an American and maid from Pangasinan. He also met Tetcho Suehiro, a
steamer on his way to Japan. He arrived in Yokohama, fighting Japanese journalist, novelist, champion of human
Japan and stayed for one day in the Grand Hotel. rights, who was forced by the government to leave Japan.
- After spending a day in Yokohama, Rizal went to Tokyo and - Tetcho Suehiro became a member of the Japanese
stayed in Tokyo Hotel for five days. Juan Perez Caballero – Imperial Diet (Parliament). He wrote to novels: Nankai-no-
secretary of the Spanish legation visited him in the hotel Daiharan (Storm over the South Sea) in 1891 resembling
inviting him to stay in the Spanish legation. Knowing that it Noli Me Tangere and O-unabara (The Big Ocean) in 1894,
is a plot to monitor him, Rizal accepted the offer for the resembling El Filibusterismo. He died in 1896 at age 49 due
following reasons: to heart attack.
• He could economize his living expenses - Via the steamer Belgic, Rizal arrived in San Francisco, USA
• He had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the on April 28, 1888.
Spanish authorities. - According to the Americans, Cholera was an epidemic
• He and Caballero became good friends. raging in the Far East. Thus, all passengers are quarantined
- In Japan, Rizal was embarrassed because he did not know for safety. But, Rizal was surprised because there is no
how to speak Nihonggo (Japanese Language) He was outbreak of the disease in the Far East, thus he joined
mistakenly considered as a Europeanized Japanese other passengers in protest. In actuality, there were 643
because he looks like a Japanese and yet speaks in Chinese coolies who boarded the ship from China who
different tongues. came as illegal migrants wanting to displace the White
- Rizal’s Impression of Japan: laborers in railroad construction camp. But Rizal was
• The scenic beauty of the countryThe cleanliness, questioning how come 700 bolts of silk were unloaded
politeness and industry of the Japanese people. without fumigation.
• The picturesque dress and simple charm of the - After a week Rizal together with other first class
Japanese women. passengers were permitted to land. But the Japanese and
the Chinese and passengers belonging to the second and
• There were few thieves in Japan.
thirds class remained aboard.
• Beggars are rarely seen in the city streets.
- Rizal stayed in the Palace Hotel (then a first class hotel) in
• Rickshaw, a popular mode of transportation which he
San Francisco. He stayed there for two days. Grover
did not like in Japan.
Cleveland was the president when Rizal visited the United
- Rizal and O-Sei-San:
States. There he met Leland Stanford, the founder and
• Seiko Usui, or more fondly called O-Sei-San, is a former
benefactor of the Stanford University who was then a
samurai‟s daughter of 23 years old who had never
senator representing California.
experienced true love. She is a woman of beauty, charm,
- Rizal Toured the United States:
modesty and intelligence. She speaks French and
• Oakland, California was the first stop via ferryboat.
English fluently.
• Via train Sacramento, where he ate his supper 75cents
• When Rizal first introduced himself to her, he took off
and slept at his couch.
his hat as a sign of respect (A German custom).
• Reno, Nevada, where he had his breakfast
• O-Sei-San was more than Rizal‟s girlfriend, for she was
• Utah, where he saw Mormons, thickly populated
his guide, interpreter and tutor. She improved his
knowledge of the Japanese language. She eases the • Colorado, a lot of snow and pine trees
pain left by Leonor Rivera. • Nebraska, Omaha City, as big as San Francisco
• Rizal fell greatly in-love with O-Sei-San that he was • Missouri River, twice as big as Pasig River
tempted to leave the Philippines and settle down in • Chicago, a lot of Indians in cigar stores
Japan. He was offered a job in the Spanish Legation but • Albany, where he saw the Hudson River
his brother Paciano wrote to him reminding him of his • New York, which he considers a big city, where he
duty and why he left the Philippines in the first place. stayed for three days.
• Rizal left Japan via the ship Belgic, an English steamer in • He left the United States for Liverpool, London on board
Yokohama bound for United States. It ended 45 days of the City of Rome, and the second largest ship in the
his unforgettable stay in Japan and his relationship with world. Great Eastern was the largest ship in the world
O-Sei-San. during his time.
- O-Sei-San after Rizal’s Departure: Alfred Charlton - Rizal’s Impression of America:
became the husband of O-Sei-San in 1897, one year after • Material progress of the country as shown in its cities,
Rizal was executed. He was a British teacher of chemistry farms, and industries
in Peers‟ School in Tokyo. They had a daughter named • The drive and energy of the Americans
J.A.K.E 3 of 25
• The natural beauty of the land • The relationship became so intimate that Rizal believed
• The high standard of living that it was the best affair he had so far.
• The opportunities for better life offered to poor • Rizal was tempted to settle down in Japan and stay with
immigrants. O-Sei-San but his love for his country was more
• America for Rizal was the land par excellence of important than self.
freedom but only for the Whites. • O-Sei-San understood the feeling of Rizal, and so he let
• Non-existence of true civil liberty, as Negro cannot him leave her.
marry an American and vice versa. • O-Sei-San could have probably waited for Rizal,
• The existence of racial prejudice as shown in their because since his departure in 1888, she only decided
hatred of the Chinese, Japanese and Negroes. to marry in 1897 after she learned that Rizal had been
• The valuing of money over human life executed in 1896.
• Excerpts of Rizal’s Diary:
A Glance of East Asia “…O-Sei-San, Sayonara, Sayonara! I have spent a
- February 3, 1888, for the second time, Rizal sailed to Hong lovely golden month; I do not know if I can have
Kong as a frustrated being who wanted the utmost reform another one like that in all my life.
in his native land. “…Love, money, friendship, appreciation, honor…
- He left on board the steamship Zafiro. these have not been wanting.
- He registered at the Victoria Hotel. “…Your image lives in my memory; and that I am
A Hong Kong Visit always thinking of you… your name lives in the sighs of
- In Hong Kong, he was accompanied by Jose Maria Basa to my lips, your image accompanies and animates all my
Macau. thoughts…”
- They had a short trip to Macau, a former Portuguese colony - A Tomodachi
on board the ferry Kiu-Kiang. • Tomodachi (友達; ともだち; or トモダチ) is a Japanese
- The two visited Don Juan Francisco Lecaros, former Filipino word meaning "friend(s)".
delegate to the Spanish Cortes. • Rizal boarded the ship Belgic going to the United States.
- Terrero‟s former secretary, Jose Sainz de Varanda, spied on • He met a Japanese journalist who was sent to exile for
Rizal in the said colonies. his anti-government articles.
- Impressions about Hong Kong:
• His name was Tetcho Suehiro.
• Noisy celebration of New Year.
• They became friends, having many things in common.
• Noisy audience in a theatre and boisterous music.
• Suehiro wrote a book entitled “The Deaf Traveler”
• Marathon lauriat meal. wherein he mentioned his travel with Rizal.
• Dominican friars are the richest investors and estate • His novel “Storm over the Southern Seas” had a similar
owners. plot like the Noli.
• Catholics owned the most extravagant cemeteries. A Cross the United States
Unforgettable Japan
- After almost three weeks, on board the American steamer,
Oceanic, he left Hong Kong and sailed to Japan where he
was invited by Secretary Juan Perez Caballero to live at the
Spanish Legation.
- His instinct told him that it was a bait – a way for the
Spanish officials to keep track of his activities.
- And since it was economical to stay at the legation and he
believed that he had nothing to hide, he accepted it.
- Filipino Entertainers in Japan:
• While strolling around at a park in Tokyo, Rizal went to
listen to a group of performers playing the Western
Strauss music, a rare occasion in this Oriental country.
• To his surprise, the musicians started to talk in Tagalog.
- April 28, 1888: the Belgic docked at San Francisco,
• They were Filipinos and Rizal introduced himself.
California
- An Affair to Remember:
- The passengers were not allowed to disembark.
• Rizal was impressed by the scenic Japan and had
- They were put under quarantine.
keenly observed the life, customs and culture of the
- They learned later that there were 600 potential illegal
people.
Chinese immigrants to the United States.
• He had fallen in love not only with the view but more to
- Rizal registered himself at the Palace Hotel where he met
its women, particularly with the 23-year old O-Sei-San
the founder of the Stanford University, Mr. Leland Stanford.
(a.k.a. Seiko Usui).
• The friendship bloomed to become a romance.
J.A.K.E 4 of 25
Historical Accounts
• Antonio Pigafetta: Chronicler of Ferdinand Magellan‟s
Expedition.
• Gaspar De San Agustin: Served during Governor Miguel
Lopez de Legaspi‟s Administration
• Their writings described the early life and industry of the
Filipinos that proved the following points:
- That the early Filipinos were engaged in trade with other
Asian neighbors.
- That the dominant religion in Manila, the Visayas and
Mindanao was Islam; and
- That there was already an organized political
government in the country called barangay headed by a
Impressions of America rajah or a datu.
- The United States have maintained its natural beauty in - Rizal also noted that a Chinese chronicle of the 12th
spite of the industrial and technological advancements. century mentioned that the people of Luzon were
- The energy and diligence of the people. honest and hardworking.
- America is truly a land of great opportunities. Annotation of Morga’s “Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas” and
- Racial discrimination between the Whites and the Blacks. others
Studies in London - Rizal wanted to write a history to disprove the allegation of
- May 24, 1888: Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England from a the friars that our ancestors were savage and uncivilized
tiring trip across the Atlantic Ocean people.
- He moved to London the next day - He knew that such statements were a product of bigot
- He stayed in the house of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, an 1872 views of a race that are proud of their heritage.
exile and lawyer in London - He also wrote many articles for the La Solidaridad to
- He boarded at the home of the Beckett‟s at Primrose Hill. counter the attacks of Fr. Rodriguez on the Noli, generally
entitled “Cuestiones de Sumo Interes.”
A Letter from Home - Wrote a pamphlet entitled “La Vision del Fray Rodriguez,”
Bad News using the penname “Dimasalang.”
- Persecution of Filipino farmers who signed the Anti-Friar - Also wrote “To the Women of Malolos” in which he
Petition of 1888 led by Doroteo Cortez. encouraged the women to pursue their education and not
- The Calamba tenants being persecuted by the Dominican merely blind followers of the friars.
management, including the Rizal family. - He contributed articles to the Trubners Record, related to
- Manuel Hidalgo (Saturnina‟s husband) was exiled to Bohol. Asian Studies such as the “Two Eastern Fables,” and
- Laureano Viado, a UST medical student and friend of Rizal “Specimens of Tagala Folklore.”
was jailed for having a copy of the Noli. An Unsolicited Attention
Good News - Gettie Beckett came to fall in love with Rizal.
- Rev. Vicente Garcia, an authority of Theology from the - Rizal decided to leave London to avoid her, having no
Manila Cathedral came to the defense of the Noli Me feeling for her.
Tangere against the attacks of the friars. - He left for Paris to finally forget her.
The Paris Universal Exposition of 1889
Sucososdelas Islas Filipinas - Paris was bursting with excitement in preparation for the
- Knowledge of the country‟s history was an essential tool Universal Exposition of 1889.
needed by Rizal to effectively campaign for people‟s honor - Tourists from all parts of the world moved to the city.
and pride. - Rizal arrived here via train together with other passengers
- He engaged in extensive research about the Philippines at speaking various languages.
the British Museum - Inns, hotels and boarding houses were all filled and fully
- He copied and annotated the 1609 edition of Antonio de booked for the event.
Morga’s “Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.” - Their rates grew sky high.
Antonio Demorga - In Paris, he continued his research at the Biblioteque
- Antonio de Morga was a 17th century Spanish official and Nationale to check on Morga‟s book.
historian in the Philippines. - He also spent time with his friends; and visited the
- His historical accounts were considered as one of the most Boustead family at Rue de Bassins.
objective during the Spanish period. The Kidlat Club
- His book contained accounts of two of the earliest writings - Rizal organized a social group with his fellow Filipinos in
of pre-colonial Philippines. Paris by the end of March 1889, called the Kidlat Club.
- It was a temporary society to simply unite the Filipinos here
in Paris during the International Exposition.
J.A.K.E 5 of 25
Indios Bravos - Laureano Viado, a medical student at UST and a friend of

- Rizal and his Kidlat Club members were inspired by the Rizal, was imprisoned because of owning a copy of Noli Me
Buffalo Bills troupe, a group of tall, dignified, proud and Tangere.
powerful Indians. Good News from Home
- They decided to change their group‟s name to “Indios - Rev. Vicente Garcia defended the Noli Me Tangere against
Bravos” since they also don‟t have anything to be ashamed the attack of the friars. He heard this news from Mariano
of about their race. Ponce. On January 7, 1891, Rizal wrote to Father Garcia
White Christmas in Paris expressing his personal gratitude.
- December 25, 1889 was a cold winter in Paris. Short Visit to Paris and Spain
- Rizal and Jose Albert planned to have a delightful Yuletide - Early in September 1888, Rizal visited Paris for a week in
dinner. order to search for more historical materials in the
- They had fried chicken, rice, and vegetables. Bibliotheque Nationale. On December 11, 1888, Rizal went
- Shortly after New Year, Rizal went to London, then back to to Madrid and Barcelona in Spain to meet with Marcelo H.
Paris again. Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce.
- On January 28, he went to Brussels, Belgium. Christmas in London
- Rizal returned to London on December 24, 1888 and spent
STUDIES IN LONDON PARIS EXPOSITION LIFE IN Christmas and New Year‟s Eve with the Becketts. He was
BRUSSELS, BELGIUM extremely delighted to experience the holiday season. He
Studies in London reflected on the meaning of the holiday as it reminded him
Trip across the Atlantic of memorable days not just from his childhood but also
- After visiting the United States, Rizal boarded the S.S. City from history. “How it shocks me to see some people
of Rome en route to London. While on board, he misuse His name to commit many crimes.”
entertained the American and European passengers with - Rizal sent to Blumentritt as a Christmas gift a bust of
his skill of the yoyo. Emperor Augustus which he had made. As another present,
- He was to stay in London from May 1888 to March 1889. he sent to Dr. Carlos Czepelak a bust of Julius Caesar. Mrs.
- Why did he choose to stay in London? Beckett, knowing of his interest in magic, gave Rizal a book
• To improve his knowledge of the English language entitled “The Life and Adventures of Valentine Vox, the
• To study and annotate Antonio de Morga‟s Sucesos de Ventriloquist.”
Las Islas Filipinas Annotating Morga’s Book
• London was a safe place for him to carry out his fight - Annotating and studying the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
against Spanish tyranny (1609) was the main goal of Rizal in the English capital.
- He reached Queenstown in Ireland on May 24, 1888. From Antonio De Morga. Annotate means to supply with critical
there, he embarked on a ferry boat going to Liverpool, or explanatory notes; comment upon in notes.
England and stayed at Adelphi Hotel. • Antonio Pigafetta Chronicler of the Magellan expedition
- By train he arrived at London on May 25, 1888. Upon his • Gaspar De San Agustin Conquista de Las islas Filipinas
arrival, he stopped at Grand Hotel Midland. • Other Historical Accounts. All three mentioned about
- He stayed, as a guest, at the home of Dr. Antonio Ma. early Filipino Life and Industry
Regidor an 1872 exile and a practicing lawyer. He • Early Filipinos already engaged in trade with other Asian
transferred to a private home in No. 37 Chalcot Crescent, nations
Primrose Hill. This is owned by the Beckett Family. • The dominant religion of Manila and Visayan town was
- Mr. Beckett, an organist of St. Paul‟s Church and Mrs. Islam.
Beckett had 4 daughters (Gertrude, Blanche, Flory and • There was already a government
Grace) and 2 sons. Aims of La Solidaridad
- Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost through a letter from 1) To establish reform for our country
Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt. He was the Librarian of the 2) To show the unfortunate conditions in the Philippines
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Dr. Rost was an Authority on committed by the Spaniards
Malayan language and customs. He called Rizal “a pearl of 3) To promote free and progressive ideas
a man” as he was impressed by his learning and character. 4) To implement the patriotic vision of the Filipinos
Bad News from Home - Rizal published his work Los Agricultores Filipinos (The
- After Rizal left the country, the persecution of the Filipino Filipino Farmers) on March 25, 1889, 6 days after he left
patriots who signed the Anti-Friar Petition 1888 escalated. London for Paris. This was his first article in La
The Calamba Agrarian Conflict of 1888 in which the Solidaridad.
tenants, including Rizal‟s family, were being persecuted by - Rizal received news on Fray Rodriguez‟s attack on his
the Dominicans. novel Noli Me Tangere. He wrote a pamphlet entitled La
- Manuel T. Hidalgo (husband of Saturnina) was exiled to Vision del Fray Rodriguez which was published in
Bohol while Mariano Herbosa (husband of Lucia) was Barcelona under his pen name Dimas-Alang.
denied of Christian burial because of the malicious rumor
that he had not confessed since marriage.
J.A.K.E 6 of 25
Letter to the Young Women of Malolos American Indians became the inspiration of Rizal in naming
- In this article, Rizal addressed Filipino women to work for his one societal club as Indios Bravos.
their education and not to merely be influenced by the - Another group known only as R.D.L.M. which stands for
friars. Redencion de Los Malayos was also formed. Its purposes
- Dr. Rost, editor of Trubners‟ Record, a journal devoted to were: (a) to propagate useful knowledge, in any forms, in
Asian studies, requested Rizal to contribute some articles. the Philippines; and (2) to promote the redemption of
Rizal submitted (1) Specimen of Tagala Folklore and (2) Malayan race. This group‟s members don‟t know each
Two Eastern Fables. other, and Rizal doesn‟t know them as well. It‟s still a
- By unanimous vote of all the members, Rizal was chosen to mystery. * Mentioned in the letters of Rizal to Jose Maria
be the president of society called Asociacion La Basa on Sept. 21, 1889, and to Marcelo H. del Pilar on
Solidaridad. November 4, 1889.
Goodbye, London Annotated Edition of Morga’s book
- Rizal was forced to leave London because Gertrude‟s love - Although this was an outstanding achievement of Rizal,
for him has become serious. He could not take advantage there were still some errors:
of her affection and she would not be happy because Rizal • Commits the error in appraising the history of the past
was still in love with Leonor Rivera. He decided to move to in the light of the present standard
Paris so she would forget about her. • Rizal‟s attacks of the church were unfair and unjustified
- Before leaving London, Rizal finished four sculptural works: because the abuses should not be construed to mean
• Prometheus Bond the Catholic is bad.
• The Triumph of Death over Life Plan to Establish Filipino College in Hong Kong
• A composite carving of the heads of the Beckett sisters - Rizal planned to establish a Filipino College in Hong Kong.
(gave as farewell gift to the Beckett sisters) The purpose was to educate men of good family and
• The Triumph of Science over Death financial means.
- On March 19, 1889, Rizal departed for Paris. He was sad as - Mariano Cunanan promised to raise P40, 000 as initial
he crossed the English Channel for he had many beautiful payment for this college.
memories of London. - Its curriculum consists of: Ethics, Study of Religion,
Natural Law, Civil law, Deportment, Hygiene, Mathematics,
The Paris Universal Exposition Physics and Chemistry, Natural History, Geography,
- The Exposition Universale Held in Paris, France from May 6 Political Economy, Universal History, Philippine History,
to October 31, 1889. The fair attracted exhibits from Logic, Rhetoric, Poetics Spanish, English, French, German,
Europe, South America, United States, and French Chinese, Tagalog Gymnastics, Equitation, Fencing,
colonies, yet it really was a celebration of French Swimming, Music, Drawing and Dancing.
achievements on the centennial of French Revolution. - Rizal had been coming back and forth from Paris to London,
Because of the thousands of tourists, almost all hotel then Paris at last, with his aim to check up or compare on
accommodations were taken. his annotation of Morga‟s book to its original copy found in
- But he finally lived together with other Filipinos, Justo British museum. (January 1890).
Trinidad and Jose Albert. In the exposition, there was this
International Art Competition where Felix Hidalgo won the Life in Brussels, Belgium
3rd prize, Pardo de Tavera and Juan Luna won the 2nd prize, - On January 28, 1890, Rizal left Paris for Brussels, Belgium.
and, unfortunately, Rizal got nothing. Two reasons why Rizal left Paris:
- He spent his time in Bibliotheque Nationale, reading and • The cost of living in Paris was very high because of the
checking with his historical annotations of Morga‟s book. Universal Exposition.
He visited his friends like the Boustead‟s, Luna‟s, Tavera‟s, • The gay social life of the city hampered his literary
etc. He also organized societies with his fellow Filipinos. works, especially the writing of his second novel El
Kidlat Club Filibusterismo.
- The Kidlat Club was founded on March 19, 1889. The - While in Brussels, he lived in Rue Philippe run by 2 Jacoby
purpose was to enjoy their journey in the exposition. sisters (Suzanne and Marie). He was busy writing El Fili and
- It was called Kidlat because this was only a temporary articles for the La Solidaridad. Despite of his European
group. The members include Antonio and Juan Luna, education and his knowledge of foreign languages, Rizal
Gregorio Aguilera, Fernando Canon, Lauro Dimayuga, Julio loved his own native language. He was the 1st to advocate
Llorente, Guillermo Puatu, and Baldomero Roxas. Later, to the Filipinization of our letters c and o and use instead K
the group‟s name was changed to Indios Bravos which and w.
purpose was to stand and not be ashamed of being called - Rizal received news from Juan Luna and Valentin Ventura,
Indios. that there are some Filipinos who were destroying the
- William Frederick Cody a.k.a. Buffalo Bill, founder and reputation of Filipinos by gambling too much. Thus, he
performer of Wild West shows Buffalo Bill‟s Wild West wrote a letter address to Del Pilar, to remind the Filipinos in
show in 1890 which presented the skills and life of Madrid that they did not come to Europe to gamble, but to
work for their Fatherland‟s freedom. The gambling Filipinos
J.A.K.E 7 of 25
were angry when they learned or Rizal‟s moralizing. They learned that there was already an ejectment order against
called him “PAPA” instead of Pepe. Rizal's family and the other Calamba tenants. He further
- Rizal received bad news from home as follows: learned that their parents were forcibly ejected from their
• Paciano and his brother-in-law were deported to homes and were then living in the house of Narcisa. He
Mindoro even sought the help of liberal Spanish statesmen but he
• M. Hidalgo were vanished for the 2nd time to Bohol was again disappointed. They just gave him honeyed words
- In his moment of despair Rizal had bad dreams. And of sympathy and nothing else.
although he was not superstitious, he feared that he would - Blumentritt urged him to talk with Queen Regent Maria
not live long. But he wanted to finish his 2nd novel El Fili Cristina (the ruler of Spain). But he could not because he
before he went to his grave. had neither powerful friends to bring him to the queen nor
- In his letter to MH Del Pilar he said: In my childhood I had a gold to grease the palms of influential courtiers. Another
strange belief that I would not reach 30 years of age In the disappointment happened when his friend Jose Ma.
face of sufferings, Rizal planned to go home. All his friends Panganiban died in Barcelona after lingering illness.
objected to his plan and warned him of the danger that - Towards the end of August, Rizal attended a social reunion.
awaited him at home. Something happened that changed At that time Antonio Luna was bitter because of his
his decision and he informed MH Del Pilar that he was frustrated romance with Nellie Boustead. He was blaming
going to Madrid to supervise the handling of the case of his Rizal for his failure to win her. In a fit of jealousy, caused by
family in Calamba. his alcohol be-fogged mind, he uttered unsavoury remarks
- While in Brussels, he wrote a poem entitled “A Mi Musa” about Nellie.
(to My Muse) a pathetic poem, lack of exquisiteness. While - Rizal overheard him and due to his high regards to women.
he was preparing for his trip to Madrid, two things brought Angrily he challenged Luna to a duel. The Filipinos was
some measure of cheers. The summertime festival of shocked and tried to pacify Rizal and Luna pointing that it
Belgium, which was celebrated in carnival style, with could damage their cause in Spain. Luna when he became
colourful costumes, fantastic floats. sober realized that he made afoul of himself and
- His romance with Petite Jacoby, the pretty niece of his apologized to Rizal.
landladies Rizal was so charming and dignified gentleman - On another occasion, he challenged another man to a duel
that Suzanne was attracted to him. He was lonely in a -Wenceslao Retaña, his bitter enemy of the pen. He wrote
strange country and Leonor Rivera was so far away. He in his article that the friends of Rizal had not paid their
found certain bliss in the company of a pretty Belgian girl. rents so that they were ejected from their lands in Calamba.
- Like all the other girls in Rizal's life, Suzanne fell in love with Such insult stirred Rizal to action, he challenged Retaña to
Rizal. And she cried when he left for Madrid. a duel and he said that Retaña's blood or his apology could
- Articles Published in La Solidaridad: vindicate the good blame of Rizal's family and friends.
1) La Defensa - Retaña to save his own skin, he published a retraction and
2) La Verdad Para Todos an apology in the newspaper after being warned of Rizal's
3) Vicente Barrantes superior skills in both pistol and sword.
4) Profanacion End of 11-Year Engagement
5) Verdades - Amidst Rizal‟s frustrations in Madrid, he received a letter
6) Nuevas from Leonor Rivera, his girlfriend for 11 years informing him
7) Crueldad that she was getting married. It pained his heart greatly. He
8) Diferencias still loved Leonor despite having courted girls before. He
9) Inconsequencias grew pale and sickly having been jilted by Leonor.
10) Llanto y Risas - In his letter to Blumentritt, he accused Leonor of infidelity.
11) Ingratitudes His love turned to hatred.
- Galicano Apacible, a UST friend, consoled him by saying
RIZAL'S SAD EXPERIENCES IN EUROPE, HONG KONG there are many girls in the world. He informed Rizal that the
MEDICAL PRACTICE, BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT, daughter of Pi y Margall, was deeply in love with him, ready
2ND HOMECOMING to marry him.
Sad Experience in Europe - On Leonor‟s side, she was mad at Rizal having been very
Misfortunes in Madrid quiet. She said that she still loved Rizal, that her decision
- August, 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid. He immediately to marry was not because she no longer loved him. She did
secured the help of the Filipino colony and the association it because she thought Rizal no longer loved her. 11 years
of the Hispano-Filipino and the liberal Spanish newspaper. of waiting was too long. Leonor wasn‟t getting younger and
In securing justice for the oppressed Calamba tenants lamented the fact that Rizal didn‟t bother to see her. Rizal
including his family. Together with MH Del Pilar (acted as could have misunderstood her. Leonor married Henry
his lawyer) and Dr. Dominador Gomez (secretary of the Kipping, an Englishman in Manila.
association) called on the Minister of Colonies to protest The Leader of All Filipinos (Responsible)
the injustices committed against the Calamba tenants. - In a banquet at Calle de Atocha some Filipinos proposed
- Nothing came out of Rizal's interview. More terrible news for the creation of a movement to bind the colony together.
reached Rizal as he was waging a futile war for justice. He A leader called “Responsible” would be the official
J.A.K.E 8 of 25
representative of all Filipinos abroad. Rizal felt he would be Hong Kong. He was with the company of many friars
the rightful person. including Fr. Volunteri, less like Fr. Damaso.
- Others thought otherwise. They endorsed MH del Pilar‟s
candidacy. In the 1st meeting, Eduardo de Lete presided. Dr. Jose Rizal Medical Practice in Hong Kong
Rizal was in favor of the creation of a new movement. Del Rizal and the German Ladies
Pilar objected because to him they already have the La - Rizal was alone, having dinner; he overheard the German
Solidaridad and the AHP to take care of the said objectives. ladies which were gossiping loudly about him, being lonely.
His argument lost was overruled. A committee was formed The door in the dining room was blown open when the
to draw the statutes. steamer encountered a heavy squall (a gust of wind). One
- Rizal and Del Pilar became the two candidates. They both of the ladies said “if this man in front of us were a
wanted to withdraw. The rule of the election: the winner gentleman, he would close the door”. Rizal heard this, and,
must garner 2/3 majority vote. without saying a word, closed the door. This incident made
- 1st Balloting- Rizal was ahead but not enough. 2nd and 3rd the ladies embarrassed and treated Rizal with respect and
Balloting gave the same results. The meeting adjourned admiration.
- The next day, del Pilar was absent. The results didn‟t Arrival in Hong Kong
change. Rizal grew impatient. He announced his - On Nov. 20, 1891, Dr. Jose Rizal was welcomed by old
withdrawal from the race. He bade farewell. But Ponce friends, especially Jose Ma. Basa. He established his
quickly asked Lete, Sandiko, Luna and others to shift their residence in No.5 D‟ Aguilar St., No.2 Rednaxela Terrace
votes to Rizal. Dominador Gomez spoke in behalf of the where he also opened his medical clinic.
Pilaristas saying they changed their votes for the sake of - On Dec. 1, 1891, Rizal wrote to his parents to ask their
unity. Thus, Rizal was voted unanimously. permission for him to come home.
- Rizal gave his admonitions to the group in his acceptance - His brother-in-law (Manuel T. Hidalgo) wrote him a letter
speech. Rizal blamed Eduardo de Lete for the election regarding: “deportation of 25 persons from Calamba
fiasco. Expressed disappointment with del Pilar He said it including his father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the
would have been a disappointing news to the nationalist rest of us.” He also stated in his letter that he‟s preparing a
movement in Manila to know that Rizal was defeated letter to the Queen Regent of Spain explaining the Calamba
because he was the acknowledged leader back home. situation in order to secure justice. “If the Queen will not
A Biarritz Interlude listen, we will write to Queen Victoria of England to appeal
- Rizal went to see Nelly in Biarritz. He finally decided to for protection in the name of humanity.”
marry Nelly Boustead. Conditions made by Nelly‟s father: Family Reunion in Hong Kong
• Abort all travels abroad and stay with Nelly - Before Christmas of 1891, Rizal‟s father, brother and
• Practice medicine and stay away from politics Silvestre Ubaldo (brother-in-law) arrived in Hong Kong. Not
• Become a Protestant before marriage long afterwards his mother (who was then 65 years old and
- Rizal, however, decided to back down from his proposal almost blind) and sisters, Lucia, Josefa and Trinidad arrived.
thinking he wasn‟t ready yet to answer the given conditions - The Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong was one of the
set by Nelly‟s father. happiest Yuletide celebrations in Rizal‟s life. He even wrote
Printing of the El Filibusterismo to Blumentritt on Jan. 31, 1892 about the pleasant life
- End of May 1891, the novel was ready for printing. He they‟re living in Hong Kong.
brought the novel to Ghent because printing was cheaper Ophthalmic Surgeon in Hong Kong
there. There was no financial aid sent by the Centro de - Rizal practiced medicine in order to earn a living for his
Propaganda. He had spent all his money for the printing family. Dr. Lorenzo P. Marques, his friend and admirer,
cost. turned over to him many of his patients with eye diseases;
- He only received P100 from his countrymen as part of his truly, he helped Rizal to build a wide clientele
allowance. He was abandoned by the society after just a (customers/clients).
month. He was consoled by the financial help given by - Rizal successfully operated on his mother‟s left eye so that
Valentin Ventura. she was able to read and write again. Some of his friends
- The novel was printed at F. Meyer van Loo Press. Rizal gave gave him moral and substantial aid in his medical practice,
the original manuscripts to Ventura. from Biarritz, Mr. Boustead, Nellie‟s father, wrote to him in
Rizal Resigns March 21, 1892, praising him for practising his medical
- Before leaving for Manila, He sent a letter of resignation as profession.
a contributor of the La Solidaridad. He also sent a message - Dr. Ariston Baustista Lin, from Paris, sent him a
to his compatriots his decision to give up his political congratulatory letter and a book, on Diagnostic Pathology
leadership and fight in his own. This news saddened many by Dr. H. Virchow and another book, Traite Diagnostique by
Propaganda members. Mesnichock. Don Antonio Vergel de Dios, also from Paris,
- He quickly visited Nelly to bid goodbye. He will go back to offered his services for the purchase of medical books and
the Philippines to take care of his family‟s problems. He instruments which he might need in his profession.
boarded the SS Melbourne, a ship from Marseilles bound to Borneo Colonization Project
- Rizal conceived the establishment of a Filipino colony in
North Borneo (Sabah. He planned to move the landless
J.A.K.E 9 of 25
Filipino families to that rich British-owned island. He also Last Hong Kong Letters
planned to carve out of its virgin wildness a “New - Relatives and friends of Rizal opposed his decision to
Calamba”• March 7, 1892. He went to Sandakan on board return home because it was like bearding the lions in their
the ship Menon to negotiate with the British authorities for den.
the establishment of a Filipino colony - On June 19, 1892, he spent his birthday in Hong Kong.
- On May 26, 1892, Lopez-Jaena wrote to Rizal expressing his Evidently, he had a premonition of his death, for the
support and great desire in the project along with their following day, June 20, he wrote two letters which he
other friends: Juan and Antonio Luna, Blumentritt, Dr. sealed, inscribed on each envelop “to be opened after my
Bautista Lin, etc. death” and gave them to his friend Dr. Marquez for
- Manuel Hidalgo, the brave Batangueño, one of Rizal‟s safekeeping. His first letter addressed To My Parents,
brothers-in-law, objected to his project Brethren and Friends. The second letter addressed to The
Letter to Governor Eulogio Despujol Filipinos.
- In hope of the Governor-General‟s sincerity in his promises - On June 21, 1892, Rizal penned another letter in Hong Kong
of a better government, Rizal wrote to him offering him his for General Despujol. He informed the governor-general of
cooperation. But governor-general did not acknowledge his coming to Manila and placed himself under the
Rizal‟s letter, violating the simple rule of Spanish courtesy. protection of the Spanish government.
- On March 21, 1892, after waiting for 3 months for a reply - On June 21, 1892, Rizal and his sister Lucia, widow of
for his first letter, Rizal wrote another letter which asked for Herbosa, left Hong Kong for Manila. They carried a special
permission for the landless Filipinos to establish passport or “safe-conduct” issued by the Spanish consul-
themselves in Borneo. general in Hong Kong.
Borneo Colonization Project Rizal Fell into Spanish Trap
- Instead of performing the simple “courtesy of a reply”, - Immediately after Rizal‟s departure from Hong Kong: the
Despujol notified the Spanish consul general in Hong Kong. Spanish consul-general, who issued the government
He did not approve the Filipino immigration to Borneo, guarantee of safety, sent a cablegram to Gov. Despujol that
alleging that: “the Philippines lacked laborers” and “it was the victim “is in the trap” On the same day, a secret case
not very patriotic to go off and cultivate foreign soil.” was filed in Manila against Rizal and his followers “for anti-
Writings in Hong Kong religious and anti-patriotic agitation”
1) Ang Mga Karapatan Nang Tao. The translation of “The Arrival in Manila with Sister
Rights of Man” which was proclaimed in the French - On June 26, 1892, Sunday at 12:00 noon, Rizal and his
Revolution 1789. widowed sister Lucia arrived in Manila. At 4:00PM, he went
2) A la Nacion Española (To the Spanish Nation) An appeal to Malacañang Palace to seek audience with the Spanish
to Spain to right the wrongs done to the Calamba governor-general. On June 27, 1892, at 6:00pm, Rizal
tenants. boarded a train in Tutuban Station and visited his friends in
3) Sa Mga Kababayan was written on December 1891, Malolos, San Fernando, Tarlac, and Bacolor.
explaining the Calamba agrarian situation.
- In The Hong Kong Telegraph Rizal contributed articles to Frustrations in Europe
this British daily newspaper. The editor was Mr. Frazier Anti-gambling Pope
Smith, who was his friend. - He received news from Juan Luna and Valentin Ventura
- On March 2, 1892 Rizal wrote “Una Visita a la Victoria Gaol” that some Filipinos in Spain are engaged in too much
A Visit to Victoria Gaol, an account of his visit to the gambling
colonial prison of Hong Kong. - He advised them not to waste their money but continue
- To elucidate his pet Borneo colonization project he wrote: supporting the Propaganda instead, which was the main
• “Colonisation du British North Borneo, par de Familles reason for coming to Madrid.
de Iles Philippines” - The gambling Filipinos were angered upon learning about
• “Proyecto de Colonization del Vritish North Borneo por Rizal‟s comments and ridiculed him for acting like a “Pope.”
los Filipinos - Rizal countered, in his letter to Del Pilar, that his fellow
• June 1892, He wrote “La Mano Roja” (The Red Hand) Filipinos came to Madrid to work for the Fatherland‟s
Decision to Return to Manila freedom.
- In May 1892, Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila. The Sequel: “El Filibusterismo”
This decision was spurred by the following: - It is Rizal‟s novel on a nation that is on the brink of a
• To confer with Governor Despujol regarding his Borneo revolution.
colonization project - It is presented as an alternative course to the reform efforts
• To establish the Liga Filipina in Manila of Filipinos.
• To prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking - It also presented the dangers of taking an alternative based
him in Madrid on hate and vengeance.
- “…is a morality, a profound description of the mentality
and climate of revolt… to Spain it was a last and terrible
warning.” – Austin Coates
J.A.K.E 10 of 25
The Calamba Deportation (1890) - Luna finally realized his mistake and asked forgiveness
- From the time Rizal left Calamba, the agrarian problem had from Rizal, who accepted the apology.
turned from bad to worse. Almost another duel for his family honor
- The Dominicans increased the land rent without reason - Wenceslao Retaña, a pro-friar journalist, made
- Rizal advised his family and other tenants to refuse paying disrespectful remarks against the Rizal family and the
- This move only enraged the administrators. Calamba tenants in the anti-Filipino newspaper La Epoca.
- The Dominicans filed a suit against the Calamba tenants - He wrote that the family and the tenants deserve what
- Through the order of Gov. Valeriano Weyler, the tenants happened to them for failing to pay the Dominicans their
were persecuted and ejected from their lands and homes land rents.
in Calamba - Upon reading the offensive article, Rizal sent a message to
- 25 members of the Mercado family were affected Retaña challenging him to a duel in whatever weapon he
- Paciano and brothers-in-law Antonio Lopez and Silvestre would choose, anywhere and anytime.
Ubaldo were exiled to Mindoro. - Retaña immediately made a public retraction and an
- Manuel Hidalgo was earlier exiled to Bohol apology to Rizal and his family.
- Rizal felt guilty about these sufferings of his family and End of 11 years Engagement
town mates. - Amidst Rizal‟s frustrations in Madrid, he received a letter
- Spain‟s hate on him had turned to his loved ones. from Leonor Rivera, his girlfriend for 11 years informing him
- Rizal decided to return home no matter what the dangers that she was getting married.
are. - It pained his heart greatly
- He confided to MH del Pilar his death wish. - He still loved Leonor despite having courted girls before.
- He expressed his readiness to die if it would do good to his - He grew pale and sickly having been jilted by Leonor.
family and country. - In his letter to Blumentritt, he accused Leonor of infidelity
- He called himself “Laong-Laan” which means “Ever Ready” - His love turned to hatred.
- Galicano Apacible, a UST friend, consoled him by saying
Frustration in Madrid there are many girls in the world.
- Rizal went to Madrid to bring his protest against the - He informed Rizal that the daughter of Pi y Margall, was
injustices done by Gov. Weyler and the Dominicans to the deeply in love with him, ready to marry him.
Calamba farmers at the Ministry of Colonies headed by Leonor Rivera Finally Got Married
Minister Fabie. - On Leonor‟s side, she was mad at Rizal having been very
- The meeting was fruitless; no compromise was reached. quiet.
- He even asked his comrades in the Asociacion Hispano- - She said that she still loved Rizal, that her decision to
Filipina to assist him marry was not because she no longer loved him.
- Asked the Spanish media: La Justicia, El Dia, El Globo-- to - She did it because she thought Rizal no longer loved her.
publish article about the issue to exert pressure on the - 11 years of waiting was too long.
government. - Leonor wasn’t getting younger and lamented the fact that
- Del Pilar and Dominador Gomez helped him, too. Rizal didn’t bother to see her.
Panganiban Dies (1863-1890) - Rizal could have misunderstood her.
- Called “Avenger of Filipino Honor” - Leonor married Henry Kipping, an Englishman in Manila.
- Born in Mambulao, Camarines Norte, on February 1, 1863. The Leader of All Filipinos
- A good friend and co-worker of Rizal. - In a banquet at Calle de Atocha some Filipinos proposed
- He was Bicolandia's greatest contribution to the historic for the creation of a movement to bind the colony together
campaign for reforms more popularly called the - A leader called “Responsible” would be the official
Propaganda Movement. representative of all Filipinos abroad.
- He wrote articles for La Solidaridad, under the pen names - Rizal felt he would be the rightful person.
Jomapa and J.M.P. - Others thought otherwise.
- Died in Barcelona, Spain, on August 19, 1890. - They endorsed MH del Pilar‟s candidacy.
- Rizal wrote the “Eulogy to Panganiban,” whom he admired - In the 1st meeting, Eduardo de Lete presided.
as an energetic patriot who had pure love for the country. - Rizal was in favor of the creation of a new movement.
Duel for Nelly’s Honor - Del Pilar objected because to him they already have the La
- August 1890 – Rizal had a heated argument with Antonio Solidaridad and the AHP to take care of the said objectives.
Luna - His argument lost was overruled.
- Reason: Luna made tactless remarks about Nelly, the girl - A committee was formed to draw the statutes.
he had courted but chose Rizal - Rizal and Del Pilar became the two candidates.
- Rizal was offended by Luna‟s remarks and attempted to - They both wanted to withdraw.
attack the latter - The rule of the election: the winner must garner 2/3
- The two exchanged words. majority vote
- Rizal challenged Luna to a duel. He offered Luna to choose - 1st Balloting- Rizal was ahead but not enough
between a pistol or saber. - 2nd and 3rd Balloting- the same results
- Luna chose the saber. - The meeting adjourned
J.A.K.E 11 of 25
- The next day, del Pilar was absent Rizal in Hong Kong
- The results didn‟t change - November 20, 1891– Rizal arrived in Hongkong
- Rizal grew impatient. - His friends welcomed him including Jose Ma. Basa
- He announced his withdrawal from the race - He established his residence at D‟Aguilar St. Rednaxella
- He bade farewell. But Ponce quickly asked Lete, Sandiko, Terrace on top of the seaman‟s bar
Luna and others to shift their votes to Rizal. - He put up a medical clinic there
- Dominador Gomez spoke in behalf of the Pilaristas saying - A few days before Christmas, his father, brother and
they changed their votes for the sake of unity. Silvestre Ubaldo arrived
- Thus, Rizal was voted unanimously. - Later, his mother and sisters Lucia, Josefa and Trinidad
- Rizal gave his admonitions to the group in his acceptance also arrived
speech. - He noticed that his mother at 65 years old was almost
- Rizal blamed Lete for the election fiasco blind
- Expressed disappointment with del Pilar - On Christmas day, he celebrated it with his family, after
- He said it would have been disappointing news to the four years.
nationalist movement in Manila to know that Rizal was Medical Practice
defeated because he was the acknowledged leader back - He put up a clinic in order to earn some money
home. - He met some doctors including Dr. Lorenzo Marques who
A Biarritz Interlude recommended him to his ophthalmologic clients
- Rizal went to see Nelly in Biarritz. - His successful medical practice made him popular to
- He finally decided to marry Nelly Boustead. Asians and Europeans alike
- Conditions made by Nelly‟s father: - His friends sent him books and equipment in support of his
- Abort all travels abroad and stay with Nelly great job
- Practice medicine and stay away from politics - He also successfully restored his mother‟s eyesight again.
- Become a Protestant before marriage Writings in Hong Kong
- Rizal, however, decided to back down from his proposal - Rizal translated the “The Rights of Man” in Tagalog (about
thinking he wasn‟t ready yet to answer the given conditions the French Revolution in 1789)
set by Nelly‟s father. - Wrote “A La Nacion Española” which was an appeal to
Printing of the El Filibusterismo Spain to rectify the wrongs committed by the Spaniards
- February 1891 – Rizal went back to Brussels to edit and against the Calamba tenants.
revise the novel. - Also wrote “Sa Mga Kababayan”
- End of May 1891 – it was ready for printing - He also contributed articles to the Hongkong Telegraph, a
- Brought the novel to Ghent because printing was cheaper British newspaper, through Frazier Smith, one of its editors.
there. - When the Spanish censors discovered it, they immediately
- No financial aid was sent by the Centro de Propaganda banned the Hongkong newspaper.
- He had spent all his money for the printing cost Victoria Gaol Prisons
- He only received P100 from his countrymen as part of his - March 1892 – Rizal wrote about his visit to Victoria Gaol,
allowance the colonial prison in Hongkong.
- He was abandoned by the society after just a month. - He wrote that the British prison was more humane and
- He was consoled by the financial help given by Valentin more modern than the cruel Spanish prison system in the
Ventura Philippines.
- The novel was printed at F. Meyer van Loo Press
- Gave the original manuscripts to Ventura The Borneo Colonozation Project
Rizal Resigns - To save his townmates from the oppressive regime of Gov.
- Before leaving for Manila: Weyler, Rizal dreamed of setting up a Filipino colony in
• He sent a letter of resignation as a contributor of the La North Borneo (Sabah).
Solidaridad - He planned to move the landless Filipino families to
• He also sent a message to his compatriots his decision Borneo which he will call “New Calamba.”
to give up his political leadership and fight in his own - March 7, 1892- Rizal traveled to Sandakan, Sabah to
• This news saddened many Propaganda members negotiate with the British government re: a possible
- He quickly visited Nelly to bid goodbye establishment of a Filipino colony there.
- He will go back to the Philippines to take care of his - He boarded the steamer Menon
family‟s problems - He was offered the lands over the Bengkoka River near the
- He boarded the SS Melbourne, a ship from Marseilles Maradu Bay
bound to Hong Kong. - The British North Borneo Company agreed to give about
- He was with the company of many friars including Fr. 100,000 acres of land free of charge if Rizal would be able
Volunteri, less like Fr. Damaso to bring in 50 families who will migrate to the area.
- Rizal thought this was enough to compensate the lands
they lost in Calamba.
J.A.K.E 12 of 25
- He called this the British North Borneo Colonization • to keep in strictest secrecy the decisions of the Liga
Project.” authorities
- May 1892- Rizal returned to the country with the ff. • to have symbolic name which he cannot change until he
reasons: becomes president of his council
- To confer with Gov. Despujol re: the Borneo Colonization • to report to the fiscal anything that he may hear which
Project: affect the Liga
• To establish the La Liga Filipina; • To behave well as befits a good Filipino
• To request the lifting of the exile order against his • To help fellow members in all ways
family; and Rizal Arrested and Jailed in Fort Santiago
• To prove to the propagandists that he had not - On July 6, 1892, Wednesday, Rizal went to Malacañang
abandoned the country Palace to resume his series of interviews with the governor-
general. He was asked about the Pobres Frailes (Poor
The Second Homecoming Friars) incriminatory leaflets which allegedly found in
- June 26, 1892- Rizal and his sister Lucia arrived in Manila Lucia‟s pillow cases. it is under the authorship of Fr.
- They were met by carabineers and their luggage were Jacinto and printed by the Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais,
inspected. Manila.
- They checked in at the Hotel de Oriente - Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort
- In the afternoon, Rizal went to Malacañang to seek Santiago by Ramon Despujol, nephew and aide of Governor
audience with the governor. General Despujol
- The Governor granted pardon to his father except to his - On July 7, 1892, the Gaceta de Manila published the story
brother and brothers in law of Rizal‟s arrest which produced indignant commotion
- He was told to return on the 29th of the month, Wednesday. among the Filipino people, particularly the members of the
Trip to Luzon newly organized Liga Filipina. The same issue of the Gaceta
- June 27, 1892 – Rizal boarded a train bound to the (july 7, 1892) contained Governor General Despujol‟s
provinces. decree deporting Rizal to “one of the islands in the South.”
- He visited his friends from Malolos, San Fernando, Tarlac - On July 14, 1892, shortly after midnight (that is 12:30AM of
and Bacolor, Pampanga July 15, 1892), Rizal was brought under heavy guard to the
- Unknowingly, he was followed and watched carefully by steamer Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. This steamer
spies sent by the government. under Captain Delgras departed at 1:00AM, July 15, sailing
- The Guardia Civil raided the houses he visited and seized south, passing Mindoro and Panay and reaching Dapitan
copies of the Noli and Fili found in their possession. on Sunday, the 17th of July at 7:00PM. Captain Delgras
handed Rizal to Captain Ricardo Carnicero, Spanish
FOUNDING OF THE LA LIGA FILIPINA, DAPITAN EXILE commandant of Dapitan. So, July 17, 1892, Rizal began his
Founding of the La Liga Filipina exile in lonely Dapitan, until July 31, 2896, for a period of
- On July 3, 1892, on the evening of Sunday, following his four years.
morning interview with Governor General Despujol, Rizal Jose Rizal’s Prosecution and Exile in Dapitan
attended a meeting with patriots at the home of the - Jose Rizal's arrival in Manila on June 26, 1892 had become
Chinese-Filipino mestizo, Doroteo Ongjunco, on Ylaya very sensational among the Filipinos. His popularity feared
Street, Tondo, Manila. the Spaniards, and as such, paid careful attention to his
- Rizal explained the objectives of the Liga Filipina, a civic every move – all houses where he had been searched and
league of Filipinos, which he desired to establish and its the Filipinos seen in his company were suspected. As he
role in the socio-economic life of the people. had planned, on July 3, 1892 he founded the La Liga
- The officers of the new league were elected, as follows: Filipina in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco in Tondo, Manila.
• Ambrosio Salvador (President) - Four days after the civic organization's foundation, Jose
• Deodato Arellano (Secretary) Rizal was arrested by the Spanish authorities on four
• Bonifacio Arevalo (Treasurer) grounds:
• Agustin de la Rosa (Fiscal) • For publishing anti-Catholic and anti-friar books and
- The motto of the Liga Filipina: Onus Instar Omnium (One articles;
Like All) • For having in possession a bundle of handbills, the
- The governing body of the league was the Supreme Council Pobres Frailes, in which advocacies were in violation of
which had jurisdiction over the whole country. It was the Spanish orders;
composed of a president, a secretary, a treasurer, and a • For dedicating his novel, El Filibusterismo to the three
fiscal. There was a Provincial Council in every province and “traitors” (Gomez, Burgos and Zamora) and for
a Popular Council in every town. emphasizing on the novel's title page that “the only
- The duties of the Liga members are as follows: salvation for the Philippines was separation from the
• Obey the orders of the Supreme Council mother country (referring to Spain)”; and
• to help in recruiting new members • For simply criticizing the religion and aiming for its
exclusion from the Filipino culture.
J.A.K.E 13 of 25
- Aboard the steamer Cebu and under heavy guard, Rizal left classroom nowadays. Classes were conducted from 2 pm
Manila, sailing to Mindoro and Panay, until he reached to 4 p.m. with the teacher sitting on a hammock while the
Dapitan at seven o'clock in the evening of July 17. students sat on a long bamboo bench.
- From that day until July 31, 1896, Dapitan became the bear As an Agriculturist
witness to one of the most fruitful periods in Rizal's life. His - Rizal devoted time in planting important crops and fruit-
stay in the province was more than “he” living in exile – it bearing trees in his 16-hectare land (later, reaching as large
was the period when Rizal had been more focused on as 70 hectares). He planted cacao, coffee, sugarcane, and
serving the people and the society through his civic works, coconuts, among many others. He even invested part of his
medical practices, land development and promotion of earnings from being a medical practitioner and his 6000-
education. peso winnings from a lottery on lands. From the United
- In Dapitan, Rizal had a scholarly debate with Father Pablo States, he imported agricultural machinery and introduced
Pastells regarding religion. This exchange of heated to the native farmers of Dapitan the modern agricultural
arguments revealed the anti-Christian Rizal – his bitterness methods. Rizal also visualized of having an agricultural
on the abuses performed by friars, doing such under the colony in Sitio Ponot, within the Sindañgan Bay. He
name of the sacred religion. Father Pastells tried his best believed that the area was suitable for cattle-raising and
to win Rizal back to the faith but fortunately or for cash-crops as the area had abundant water.
unfortunately, in vain. These series of debate ended Unfortunately, this plan did not materialize.
inconclusively in which neither of them convinced the As a Businessman
other of his judgments/arguments. - The adventurous Rizal, with his partner, Ramon Carreon,
- Rizal had maximized his stay in Dapitan by devoting much tried his luck in the fishing, hemp and copra industries. In a
of his time in improving his artistic and literary skills; doing letter to his brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, he pointed
agricultural and civic projects; engaging in business out the potential of the fishing industry in the province (as
activities, and writing letters to his friends in Europe, the area was abundant with fish and good beach). He also
particularly to Ferdinand Blumentritt and Reinhold Rost. requested that two good Calamba fishermen be sent to
His careers and achievements in different fields were as Dapitan to teach the fisher folks of the new fishing
follows: methods, using a big net called pukutan. But the industry in
As a Physician which Rizal became more successful was in hemp,
- Rizal provided free medicine to his patients, most of them shipping the said product to a foreign firm in Manila.
were underprivileged. However, he also had wealthy As An Inventor
patients who paid him well enough for his excellent - Little was known of Rizal as an inventor. In 1887, during his
surgical skill. Among them were Don Ignacio Tumarong medical practice in Calamba, he invented a special type of
who gave Rizal 3000 pesos for restoring his sight, an lighter called sulpukan which h he sent to Blumentritt as a
Englishman who gave him 500 pesos, and Aklanon gift. According to Rizal, the wooden lighter's mechanism
haciendero, Don Francisco Azcarraga, who paid him a was based on the principle of compressed air. Another of
cargo of sugar. His skill was put into test in August 1893 his inventions was the wooden brick-maker can
when his mother, Doña Teodora Alonzo, was placed under manufacture about 6,000 bricks a day.
ophthalmic surgery for the third time. The operation was a As An Artist
success, however, Alonzo, ignored her son's instructions - Rizal had contributed his talent in the Sisters of Charity
and removed the bandages in her eyes which lead to who were preparing for the arrival of the image of the Holy
irritation and infection. Virgin. Rizal was actually the person who modeled the
As an Engineer image's right foot and other details. He also
- Rizal applied his knowledge through the waterworks conceptualized its curtain, which was oil-painted by a
system he constructed in Dapitan. Going back to his Sister under his instruction. He also made sketches of
academic life, Rizal obtained the title of expert surveyor anything which attracted him in Dapitan. Among his
(perito agrimensor) from the Ateneo Municipal. From his collections were the three rare fauna species that he
practical knowledge as agrimensor, he widened his discovered (dragon/lizard, frog and beetle) and the fishes
knowledge by reading engineering-related books. As a he caught. He also sculptured the statuette called “The
result, despite the inadequacy of tools at hand, he Mother's Revenge” which represented his dog, Syria,
successfully provided a good water system in the province. avenging her puppy to a crocodile which killed it.
As an Educator As A Linguist
- Rizal established a school in Dapitan which was attended - Rizal was interested in the languages used in Dapitan, thus,
by 16 young boys from prominent families. Instead of studied and made comparisons of the Bisayan and
charging them for the matriculation, he made the students Malayan languages existing in the region. In fact, Rizal had
do community projects for him like maintaining his garden knowledge in 22 languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, Bisayan,
and field. He taught them reading, writing in English and Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French, German,
Spanish, geography, history, mathematics, industrial work, Arabic, Malayan, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian,
nature study, morals and gymnastics. He encouraged his Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish and Russian.
students to engage in sports activities to strengthen their
bodies as well. There was no formal room, like the typical
J.A.K.E 14 of 25
As A Scientist companion, Raymundo Mata. At night, Rizal and

- Rizal shared his interest with nature to his students. With Valenzuela had a talk in the former's garden. There,
his boys, they explored the jungles and searched for Valenzuela told him of the Katipunan's plan. Regarding this,
specimens which he sent to museums in Europe, Rizal outspokenly objected Bonifacio's “premature” idea
particularly in Dressed Museum. In return, scientific books for two reasons:
and surgical instruments were delivered to him from the • The Filipinos were still unready for such bloody
European scientists. He also made a bulk of other revolution; and
researches and studies in the fields of ethnography, • The Katipunan lacked machinery – before plotting a
archaeology, geology, anthropology and geography. revolution, there must be sufficient arms and funds
However, Rizal's most significant contribution in the collected.
scientific world was his discovery of three species: - Valenzuela also told Rizal of their plan to rescue him in
• Draco rizali – flying dragon Dapitan. Again, the exiled hero disagreed because he had
• Apogonia rizali – small beetle no plan of breaking his word of honor to the Spanish
• Rhacophorus rizali – rare frog authorities.
- Rizal also partakes in civic works in Dapitan. Upon arriving - During the peak of the Cuban revolution, Rizal offered his
in the province, he noticed its poor condition. He drained services as a military doctor to compromise with the
the marshes of Dapitan to get rid of malaria-carrying shortage of physicians in the said country. It was his friend
mosquitoes. He also provided lighting system – coconut oil Ferdinand Blumentritt who informed him of the situation in
lamps posted in dark streets – in the province out of what Cuba and suggested that he volunteer himself as army
he earned from being a physician. He beautified Dapitan by doctor. On December 17, 1895, Rizal sent a letter to
remodeling the town plaza, with the aid of his Jesuit Governor General Ramon Blanco rendering his service for
teacher, Fr. Francisco Sanchez, and created a relief map of Cuba. But for months Rizal waited in vain for the governor's
Mindanao (footnote: using stones, soil and grass) right in reply, and loss hope that his request will be granted. It was
front the church. only on July 30, 1896 when Rizal received a letter from
- Rizal had always been missing his family and their happy Governor Blanco, dated July 2, 1896, accepting his offer.
moments together in Calamba and his despair doubled The letter also stated that Rizal will be given a pass so that
upon the announcement of Leonor Rivera's death. Not he can go to Manila, then to Spain where its Minister of War
soon, to his surprise, an Irish girl enlightened his rather will assign him to the Army of Operations in Cuba.
gloomy heart. This girl was the 18-year old Josephine - At midnight of July 31, 1896, Jose Rizal left Dapitan on
Bracken who, to Wenceslao Retaña‟s words, was “slender, board the steamer España, together with Narcisa,
a chestnut blond, with blue eyes, dressed with elegant Josephine, Angelica (Narcisa's daughter), three nephews
simplicity, with an atmosphere of light (gaiety).” and six of his students. Many were saddened as the
- From Hong Kong, she arrived in Dapitan in February, 1895 adopted son of Dapitan left.
with his blind foster father, George Taufer, and a Filipina - In Cebu, on their way to Manila, Rizal successfully
named Manuela Orlac. Rizal's fame as an ophthalmic performed an ophthalmic operation to a merchant who
surgeon reached overseas, and one of Rizal's friends, Julio paid him fifty silver pesos. After almost a week, on August 6,
Llorente referred the group to Rizal. Rizal and Bracken 1896, España arrived in Manila. Rizal was supposedly to
instantly fell in love with each and in just one month, they board the Isla de Luzon for Spain, but unfortunately, left
agreed to marry which appalled and disturbed Taufer. ahead of time. Instead, he was transferred to the Spanish
However, the parish priest of Dapitan, Father Pedro Obach, cruiser Castilla to stay and wait for the next sail boat that
refused to do so unless they be permitted by the Bishop of would sail for Spain next month. He was prohibited from
Cebu. leaving the vicinity but was allowed to accept visitors so
- On the other hand, Taufer returned to Hong Kong uncured. long as they were his immediate family. Of course, all
Because no priest was willing to marry the two, the couple these delays were part of the drama – Rizal has now fallen
exchanged their vows before God in their own way, which to the critical/deadly Spanish trap.
scandalized Fr. Obach. In 1896, their love bears its fruit –
Josephine was pregnant. Unfortunately, Bracken gave birth Founding of Liga Filipina
to a one-month premature baby boy who lived only for - July 3, 1892- after his interview with Gov. Despujol, Rizal
three hours. The child was buried in Dapitan, bearing the together with some patriots had a meeting at the home of
name Francisco, after Rizal's father. Doroteo Ongjungco, a Chinese-Filipino mestizo, on Ilaya
- Prior to the outbreak of the revolution, the Katipunan St., Tondo, Manila.
leader, Andres Bonifacio, seek the advice of Jose Rizal. In a - Here, Rizal introduced the Liga Filipina, a civic league of
secret meeting on May 2, 1896 at Bitukang Manok near Filipinos.
Pasig River, the group agreed to send Dr. Pio Valenzuela as - In attendance were:
a representative to Dapitan who will inform Rizal of their • Pedro Serrano Laktaw (Panday Pira), a mason and a
plan to launch a revolution against the Spaniards. On school teacher
board the steamer Venus, Valenzuala left Manila on June • Domingo Franco (Felipe Real), a mason and a
15, 1892 and in 6 days, arrived at Dapitan with a blind shopkeeper
J.A.K.E 15 of 25
• Jose A. Ramos (Socorro), an engraver, printer and owner Rizal’s Arrest and Banishment
of Bazar Gran Bretana - July 6, 1892- when Rizal went to Malacañang to resume his
• Ambrosio Salvador, gobernadorcillo of Quiapo, a interviews with the Gov. Despujol, the latter showed him
mason several printed leaflets allegedly discovered under the
• Bonifacio Arevalo (Harem), a dentist and mason pillow of his sister Lucia.
• Deodato Arellano, brother in law of MH Del Pilar and a - These were entitled “Pobres Frailes” which bore the name
civilian employee of the army of the author P. Jacinto.
• Ambrosio Flores (Musa), a retired lieutenant of infantry - A satire exposing the fabulous wealth of the friars contrary
• Agustin de la Rosa, bookkeeper and mason to the vows of poverty.
• Luis Villareal, a tailor and mason - Rizal denied knowledge of the leaflets.
- However, he was still detained at Fort Santiago.
• Faustino Villaruel (Ilaw), a pharmacist and mason
- Later, he learned that he would be brought to Bataan, but
• Mariano Crisostomo, a landlord
instead he was banished in Dapitan, a distant military
• Numeriano Adriano (Ipil), a notary public and mason
district in Mindanao.
• Estanislao Legaspi, an artisan and mason
Reasons for Rizal’s Deportation
• Teodoro Plata, a court clerk and mason - Rizal published books and articles abroad which showed
• Andres Bonifacio, a warehouse employee disloyalty to Spain which were anti-Catholic and anti-friar
• Apolinario Mabini (Katabay), a lawyer and mason - Found bundles of incriminatory leaflets which satirized the
• Juan Zulueta, a playwright, poet, and government friars
employee - Published and dedicated his novel El Filibusterismo to the
- The Elected Officer: three martyred “traitors”
• President: Ambrosio Salvador - Between July 14 and 15, 1892- under heavy guard, Rizal
• Secretary: Deodato Arellano was brought to the steamer CEBU to be brought to Dapitan.
• Treasurer: Bonifacio Arevalo - The Captain of the ship was Capt. Delgras, who upon
• Fiscal: Agustin dela Rosa arrival in Dapitan on July 17, turned him over to Captain
- Aims of the Liga Filipina: Ricardo Carnicero, the Dapitan Commandant.
• To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, - Rizal would stay here until July 31, 1896, a period of four
vigorous, and homogenous body; years.
• Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
• Defense against all violence and injustice; The Dapitan Exile (1892-96)
• Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and - Rizal lived as exile in Dapitan, Zamboanga Del Norte, under
commerce; and the aegis of the Jesuits.
• Study and application of reforms. - He was abundantly fruitful with varied achievements:
- Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All) • Practiced medicine
- Governing Body of the La Liga Filipina: • Pursued scientific studies
• The Supreme Council: the governing body which has • Kept his literary works
control over the whole country – It is composed of the • Enhanced linguistic acumen
president, secretary, treasurer and fiscal - Dapitan Achievements:
• Provincial Council: formed in every province – The • Established a school for boys
Provincial Council shall have command of the Popular • Promoted community development projects
Chiefs. • Invented a brick-making machine
• Popular Council: formed in every town – The Popular • Engaged in farming and commerce
Council only shall have command of the members. - Conditions for him to stay at the Parish Convent:
- Duties of the Liga Members: - Publicly retract errors committed vs. the Church and the
• Pay monthly dues of ten centavos. government
• Obey blindly and promptly every order emanating from - Perform church rites and make general confessions
the Council or the Chief. - Conduct himself as a model Christian and man
• Inform the Council of whatever they note or hear that Friendship with Captain Carnicero
has reference to the Liga Filipina. - Rizal refused to abide with the conditions set by the Jesuit
• Preserve the most absolute secrecy in regard to the Society.
decisions of the Council. - He preferred to stay at the Casa Real, the official residence
• Help another member in the case of need or danger of the commandant, Capt. Carnicero, his warden.
• Each member shall adopt a new name of his own - A new friendship developed between them.
choice - The relations between Carnicero (the warden) and Rizal
• Help recruit new members (the prisoner) were warm and friendly.
- Carnicero realized that Rizal was not a common felon, nor
• Treat everyone with respect.
a filibuster.
- He gave good reports on his prisoner to Gov. Despujol.
J.A.K.E 16 of 25
- He gave him complete freedom to go anywhere, reporting - Rizal confronted Lardet and challenged him to a duel.
only once a week at his office. - The Frenchman asked for an apology.
- Rizal on his part admired the kind, and generous Spanish Jesuit Mission: “Win Rizal Back”
Captain. - Fr. Pastells instructed two Jesuit fathers to proceed to
- He wrote a poem, entitled “A Don Ricardo Carnicero,” on Mindanao on a mission “Win Rizal Back to the Catholic fold”
August 26, 1892 on the occasion of the captain's birthday. - Fr. Obach, Dapitan parish priest
- They even shared in buying a Lottery Ticket No. 9736 that - Fr. Jose Vilaclara, Dipolog parish priest
won second prize worth P20, 000 which was divided - Fr. Francisco Sanchez was also assigned to proceed to
between the 3 of them: Capt. Carnicero, Jose Rizal and Dapitan.
Francisco Equilor. - Fr. Sanchez was chosen by the Jesuit superiors being a
- They divided the prize and got P6, 200 each. Rizal gave well-liked professor of Rizal
P2,000 to Jose Ma. Basa in Hongkong, the rest was used to - He wasn‟t able to persuade Rizal
buy farm lands in Talisay, Dapitan. - He respected whatever Rizal believed in
Birth of the Katipunan - Rizal gave Fr. Sanchez a manuscript “Estudios Sobre la
- Right after Rizal was deported to Dapitan, the Liga Lengua Tagala” on the latter‟s birthday.
members had a meeting to discuss the future of the Dapitan Medical Practice
organization - Dr. Jose Rizal treated both the rich and the poor patients
- The group of patriots was divided into two factions: coming from everywhere.
- The Los Compromisarios -those who are conservative - He treated the poor free of charge while the rich are asked
members of the La Liga Filipina and still willing to demand payments for consultation and medicine.
reforms and compromise with the Spanish government. - His name became famous here and abroad.
- The Separatists -patriots who wanted to launch an armed Rizal’s Community Project
rebellion to achieve independence from the colonizers. - Developed the Dapitan Municipal Park
- On July 7, 1891, the Katipunan was founded on Azcarraga - Clean and green
St. (C.M. Recto) in the house of Deodato Arellano. - Beautification
- Founders of KKK were: Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, - A Relief Map
Ladislao Diwa - Equipped the town with a lighting system using coconut oil
Rizal-Patells Religious Debates - Constructed the first water system using bamboo pipelines
- Fr. Pablo Pastells sent Rizal a book Sarda advising the The Educator and Scientist
latter to refrain from being proud and too judgmental. - Rizal believed in the power of education in the human
- Rizal‟s letters revealed his anti-Catholic ideas caused by transformation.
the abuses committed against his family and people. - In 1893, he established a school for boys for free.
- He criticized the friars for using their religious authority to - He also engaged in scientific researches: collecting various
oppress and abuse other people species of plant and animal life which he sent to his friends
- He said that individual judgment is a gift from God and abroad.
everyone should use it to light his way; that self-esteem if • The Draco rizali, a small lizard popularly known as a
used moderately, saves man from unworthy acts. flying dragon;
- He further argued that pursuit of truth has different paths, • Apogonia rizali, a rare kind of beetle; and
thus, religions may vary, but they all lead to the light. • The Rhacophorus rizali, a peculiar frog species.
- Fr. Pastells tried to win back Rizal to the fold of The Inventor and Sculptor
Catholicism. - As an inventor, Rizal made a lighter that ignites through
- He admonished Rizal that divine faith supersedes stones; and a brick maker machine.
everything: reason, self-esteem and individual judgment. - As an artist, he carved a number of sculptures:
- No matter how intelligent a man is, his intelligence is • “The Mother‟s Revenge” a tribute to his dog Syria,
limited; he still needs God‟s guidance. whose child was killed by a crocodile
- He failed to convince Rizal. • “The Dapitan Girl”
An Aborted Duel • Josephine‟s Image
- Juan Lardet, a French businessman who was a personal • Busts of Fr. Guerrico and St. Paul
acquaintance of Rizal had a quarrel that almost ended up The Agriculturist and Entrepreneur
in a duel. - Rizal purchased about 70 hectares of land in Talisay,
- Reason: Dapitan.
• Lardet bought logs from Rizal - He diligently farmed these lands with the help of his
• Found some of the logs to be of poor quality helpers.
• Accused Rizal as a cheater - The plants include coconuts, abaca, cacao, corn, and
- Lardet wrote a letter to Antonio Miranda, a Dapitan sugarcane and fruit trees.
merchant expressing disgust over the business deal he had - He also bought a fishpond
with Rizal. - His business partner was Ramon Carreon
- Miranda sent the letter to Rizal.
J.A.K.E 17 of 25
Rizal’s Inventions and Discoveries • The KKK members do not have enough skills and
- A lighter called "sulpakan" which he gave to a friend as a training to fight a professional army tested in war
birthday gift • The KKK hierarchy lacks credibility which would result
- Rhacophorus rizali to confusion in the chain of command
• The enemy has allies which necessitates that the
Period of Pain: revolutionaries must have foreign aid to ensure
Unhappy days in Dapitan sufficient funds
- He missed his family; until his mother, three sisters and • Naval ships are needed, especially in an archipelago
nephews arrived and stayed with him like the Philippines for communication purposes
- He was sad because of the plight of his family, the country - Rizal believed that it was not yet time for a revolution. It
and the people must not be held solely on the basis of sentiment and
- He had no opportunity to see Leonor when she died in burning passion. It must be launched on the context of the
August 1893 ability to succeed in the end. If the revolution is the last
A Beautiful Stranger resort, it must be prepared for another five to ten years to
- In his darkest moments in Dapitan, an 18-year old Irish girl ensure victory.
arrived in Dapitan - He advised Valenzuela to seek the leadership of Antonio
- She‟s Josephine Bracken, whose mother died in childbirth. Luna, a man of military expertise. The KKK must also seek
- She is adopted by Mr. George Taufer, who later became the financial support of the Japanese
blind. End of Rizal Exile
- The two came to the Philippines to have Mr. Taufer‟s eyes - Rizal applied as a volunteer war physician to the Cuban
be cured revolution hoping to end his Dapitan exile. His letter was
Dapitan Writtings finally approved after months of waiting.
- “Himno a Talisay” (Hymn to the Talisay Tree) – a - On July 31, 1896, he left Dapitan together with Josephine,
hymn/poem written in tribute to a tree to which a town was Narcisa, three nephews and a niece on board the steamer
named after; where Rizal often stayed. España. This ended his Dapitan exile.
- Rizal and his students have always used the talisay tree as - The Arrival of España in Manila was delayed. The Isla de
a meeting place Luzon had left. Rizal was told to wait for the Isla de Panay
- In gratitude, the students would always sing the hymn. which will arrive in 28 days. Rizal was transferred to the
- “Mi Retiro” (My Retreat) –depicts Rizal‟s life as an exile in Castilla, manned by Enrique Santalo, where he would wait
Dapitan for another 26 days.
- “Canto del Viajero” (Song of the Traveler) – a poem - Aboard a launch Caridad, some KKK members sneaked in
celebrating his renewed opportunity to travel abroad and and made a last ditch attempt to rescue Rizal. Jacinto
end of his exile in Dapitan introduced himself and told Rizal he would be rescued.
Rizal politely refused the offer saying he knew what he was
THE 1896 REVOLUTION, END OF DAPITAN EXILE, TRIAL doing.
AND MARTYDOM - Inside the Castilla, while waiting for the arrival of the Isla de
The 1896 Revolution Panay, the Katipunan was discovered.
- In 1895, the Cubans revolted against the Spaniards.In 1896, - On the 26 of August, Bonifacio and the rest of the KKK
the Filipinos also staged their revolt against Spain. The raised the “Cry of Pugadlawin,” which marked the start of
Filipinos thought that it would be advantageous for them the Philippine Revolution.
because Spain would have divided attention and strength. - Rizal expected this to happen.
- NOTE: Prior to the execution of Jose P. Rizal on Dec. 30, - On August 30, 1896, Rizal finally received the letter of Gov.
1896, there was the so-called "First Cry of Philippine Blanco, expressing his congratulations and
Independence" on April 10, 1895, in Montalban, Rizal. The recommendation.
more famous Cry of Balintawak was on Aug. 26, 1896. The - On September 3, aboard the Isla de Panay, he left for Spain.
Filipino rebels fired the first shots of the revolution on the The ship proceeded to Singapore. His co-passengers Pedro
same day. and Periquin Roxas escaped and he was encouraged to do
- May 2, 1896 – Dr. Pio Valenzuela was sent by the KKK the same. Rizal refused because he didn‟t want to become
Supreme Council to convince Rizal in Dapitan to join and a fugitive.
lead the Katipunan, he being the recognized leader and - The discovery of the KKK led to the uncovering of its secrets.
savior of the Filipinos. Bulks of documents were uncovered. Many of these
- Rizal did not adhere to the idea of the KKK. He believed the documents implicated Rizal to the KKK. Pictures, copies of
KKK would fail to defeat the powerful Spanish army the Noli and Fili were also found. Documents declaring
because of several reasons… Rizal as the KKK honorary president were likewise
- Reasons why Filipinos would fail according to Dr. Jose discovered.
Rizal: - Spanish authorities learned that Rizal was used as a rally
• The KKK does not have enough weapons to fight cry of the members. He was regarded as their true leader
against the fully equipped Spaniards and hero. These documents, together with many letters
J.A.K.E 18 of 25
and testimonies from those arrested led to the conclusion • Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer is
that Rizal was part of the revolutionary group. allowed to defend Rizal
Dr. Jose Rizal Ordered to be arrested - Rizal chose Lt. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, 1st Lt. of the
- As per instruction of Gov. Blanco and the prodding of Spanish Artillery to be his defense lawyer. Rizal discovered
Manila Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda, Rizal was ordered that the said lieutenant was the brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de
to be arrested and detained inside the ship Andrade who worked as Rizal's personal body guard in
- On September 30, 1896, Capt. A. Alemany followed the Calamba in 1887.
order and kept Rizal in his cabin during the remainder of - On the 11th of December 1896, in the presence of his
the trip Spanish counsel, charges against Rizal were read:
- On October 6, the ship reached Barcelona. Rizal was • Rebellion – punishable by death
imprisoned at the Montjuich detention cell. Eulogio • Sedition – also punishable with death
Despujol, the former Philippine governor who banished him • Illegal Association – punishable with reclusion perpetua
to Dapitan visited later that day. or lower
- On October 7, Rizal was transferred to a new ship the SS - He was accused of being the principal organizer and the
Colon bound for Manila. Rizal kept records of the living soul of Filipino insurrection. The founder of societies,
Philippines since he left for Barcelona periodicals and books dedicated to fomenting and
- He was implicated by the Madrid newspapers to the bloody propagating ideas of rebellion.
revolution. He thought of coming home to confront his - When asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on the
accusers and vindicate his name. charges, Rizal replied that:
- Few friends from Europe and Singapore tried to help Rizal • He does not question the jurisdiction of the court
escape his present predicament. Ma. Regidor and Lopez • He has nothing to amend except that during his exile in
sent a telegram to Atty. Hugh Fort asking him to file a writ Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in political matters;
of habeas corpus in Rizal‟s behalf. Chief Justice Lionel Cox, • He has nothing to admit on the charges against him
however, denied the writ for lack of jurisdiction by the
• He had nothing to admit on the declarations of the
Singaporean government.
witnesses; he had not met nor knew, against him.
- On November 20, 1896, the preliminary investigation
• Two days after, Rizal's case was endorsed to Blanco's
(arraignment) on Rizal began. During the five-day
successor, Governor Camilo de Polavieja, who had the
investigation, Rizal was informed of the charges against
authority to command that the case be court martialed.
him before Judge Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive. He
• On December 15, inside his cell at Fort Santiago, Rizal
was put under interrogation without the benefit of knowing
wrote a controversial letter, The Manifesto addressed to
who testified against him. Presented before him were two
his countrymen. The Manifesto was a letter denouncing
kinds of evidences – documentary and testimonial.
bloody struggle, and promoting education and industry
- There were a total of fifteen exhibits for the documentary
as the best means to acquire independence.
evidence. Testimonial evidences, on the other hand, were
• Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Peña requested
comprised of oral proofs provided by:
to Gov. Polavieja that the publication of the manifesto
• Martin Constantino
be prohibited.
• Aguedo del Rosario
The Trial of Dr. Jose Rizal
• Jose Reyes - The Spanish colonial government accused Rizal of three
• Moises Salvador crimes:
• Jose Dizon • The founding of La Liga Filipina, an “illegal organization,”
• Domingo Franco whose single aim was to “Perpetrate the crime of
• Deodato Arellano rebellion”.
• Pio Valenzuela • Rebellion which he promoted through his previous
• Antonio Salazar activities.
• Francisco Quison • Illegal association. The penalty for those accusations is
• Timoteo Paez life imprisonment to death.
- These evidences were endorsed by Colonel Olive to - The prosecution drew information from the dossier on Rizal
Governor Ramon Blanco. Blanco designated Capt. Rafael which detailed his “subversive activities” some of which
Dominguez as the Judge Advocate assigned with the task of are the following:
deciding what corresponding action should be done. • The writing and publication of “Noli me Tangere”, the
Dominguez, after a brief review, transmitted the records to Annotations to Morga‟s History of the Philippines, “El
Don Nicolas de la Peña, the Judge Advocate General. Judge Filibusterismo”, and the various articles which
Advocate General Peña's recommendations were as criticized the friars and suggested their expulsion in
follows: order to win independence. The El Filibusterismo was
• Rizal must be immediately sent to trial dedicated to the three martyr priests who were
• He must be held in prison under necessary security executed as traitors to the Fatherland in 1872 because
• His properties must be issued with order of attachment, they were the moving spirit of the uprising of that year.
and as indemnity, Rizal had to pay one million pesos
J.A.K.E 19 of 25
• The establishment of masonic lodges which became - At 10AM: Fr. Jose Villaclara and Fr. Vicente Balaguer visited
the propaganda and fund raising center to support Rizal then discussed with him his retraction letter. Santiago
subversive activities and the establishment of centers Mataix, a Spanish journalist, followed for the newspaper, El
in Madrid, Hong Kong and Manila to propagate his ideas. Heraldo de Madrid.
- After finishing as much evidence as possible on November - From 11AM- 3PM: Rizal stayed in his cell. He was busy
20, 1896 the preliminary on Rizal began. During the five-day writing poems and letters. He hid his farewell poem in an
investigation, Rizal was informed of the charges against alcohol cooking stove. He also wrote his last letter to
him before Judge advocate Colonel Francisco Olive. Professor Blumentritt.
- Two kinds of evidences were endorsed by Colonel Olive to - At 4PM: Teodora Alonzo visited him. They had a very
Governor Ramon Blanco: emotional encounter. Rizal gave the alcohol cooking stove
• Documentary evidences-fifteen exhibits to Trinidad which contains his farewell poem. Several
• Testimonial evidences-provided by Martin Constantino, priests have visited him afterwards.
Aguedo del Rosario, Jose Reyes, Moises Salvador, Jose - At 6PM: Don Silvino Tuňon, the Dean of the Manila
Dizon, Domingo Franco, Deodato Arellano, Pio Cathedral visited Rizal.
Valenzuela, Antonio Salazar, Francisco Quison, and - At 8PM: Rizal had his last supper. He told Captain
Timoteo Paez. Dominguez that he forgave his enemies including the
- The Judge Advocate Rafael Dominguez was assigned with military judges.
the task of deciding what corresponding action should be - At 9:30PM: Rizal was visited by Don Gaspar Cestaňo, fiscal
done. After a brief review, he transmitted the records to of the Royal Audience de Manila.
Don Nicolas de la Pena. - At 10PM: The draft of the retraction letter sent by the anti-
- Pena‟s recommendations were as follows: Filipino Archbishop Bernardo Nozaleda was given by Fr.
• Rizal must be immediately sent to trial Balaguer to Rizal for his signature. He had rejected It.
• He must be held in prison under necessary security - Upon Rizal‟s death, his supposedly Retraction Letter
• His properties must be issued with order of attachment became of one of the most controversial documents in our
• And as indemnity, Rizal had to pay one million pesos history. This Retraction Letter allegedly contains his
• Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer is renunciation of the Masonry and his „anti-Catholic
allowed to defend Rizal. Religious Ideas‟ Depending on whose side you are on,
The Execution of Dr. Jose Rizal some Rizalists claim that it is fake while some believe it to
- Despite all valid pleadings, the military court, vindictive as be genuine. There had been some evidences but so far
it was, unanimously voted for the sentence of death. these had only heated up the debate between two factions.
Governor Polavieja affirmed the decision of the court - On December 30, 1896, 3AM: Rizal heard Mass, confessed
martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00 in the morning his sins and took Holy Communion.
of December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan field. - By 5:30 AM: He took his last breakfast. After which he
- A Jesuit priest now came running and asked Rizal to kiss wrote his last letters for his family and his brother, Paciano.
the crucifix that he held. Rizal turned his back on the - Rizal said, “Now I am about to die, and it is to you I
crucifix and thus, against the firing squad. He was ready for dedicate my last lines, to tell you how sad I am to leave you
the execution. alone in life, burdened with the weight of the family and our
Dr. Jose Rizal Last Hours old parents.”
- Rizal spent his 24 hours in his death cell where he received - At 5:30 AM: Josephine Bracken arrived together with Rizal‟s
members of his family and writes his letter, the first one to sisters, Josefa, with tears in her eyes, bade him farewell.
his “second brother” Ferdinand Blumentritt. He gave his Rizal embraced her for the last time, and before she left,
sister Trinidad and old petroleum lamp and whispered to Rizal gave her a last gift, a religious book, “Imitation of
her in English that there is something inside the lamp. Thus Christ” by Father Thomas Kempis.
is Rizal‟s famous Farewell poem, “Mi Ultimo Adios”, (“My - By 6AM: As the soldiers were getting ready for the death
Last Farewell”) was found. march to Bagumbayan, Rizal wrote his last letter to his
- On December 29, 1896, 6 AM: Capt. Rafael Rodriguez was beloved parents.
assigned by Gov. Gen. Camilo Polavieja to read Rizal‟s - “My beloved Father, pardon me for the pain with which I
death sentence, - to be shot at Bagumbayan by a firing repay you, for sorrows and sacrifices for my education. I
squad at 7am the next day. did not want it nor did I prefer it. Goodbye, Father,
- At 7AM: Rizal moved to the prison chapel, where he spent goodbye!”
his last moments - At 6:30 AM: a trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago to signal
- At 7:15 AM: Rizal reminded Fr. Luis Viza the statuette of the the death march to Bagumbayan. Rizal walked calmly with
Sacred Heart of Jesus whom he carved as a student in his defense counsel and two Jesuit priest at his sides. He
Ateneo. was dressed elegantly in a black suit, black derby hat,
- By 9AM: Fr. Federico Faura arrived. Rizal reminded him that black shoes, white shirt and black tie. His arms were tied
he said that (Rizal) would someday lose his head for writing behind from elbow to elbow.
the Noli. “Father, you are indeed a prophet.” - There‟s a lot of spectators lining the street from Fort
Santiago to Bagumbayan. As he was going through the
narrow Postigo Gate, Rizal looked at the sky and said to
J.A.K.E 20 of 25
one of the priests: “How beautiful it is today, Father. What - April 1896 -In a Montalban cave, Bonifacio and the
morning could be more serene! How clear is Corregidor Katipunan decided to start the revolution.
and the mountains of Cavite! On mornings like this, I used - May 2, 1896 – Dr. Pio Valenzuela was sent by the KKK
to take a walk with my sweetheart.” Supreme Council to convince Rizal in Dapitan to join and
- While he was passing in front of Ateneo, he saw the college lead the Katipunan, he being the recognized leader and
towers above the walls. He asked: “Is that Ateneo, Father?” savior of the Filipinos.
Yes”, replied the priest. - Rizal did not adhere to the idea of the KKK
- Rizal bade farewell to his Fathers March and Villaclara and - He believed the KKK would fail to defeat the powerful
to his defender, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade. Although his Spanish army because of several reasons
arms were tied, he had firmly clasped their hands in parting. - Reasons why Filipinos Would Fail according to Dr. Jose
- One of the priests blessed him and offered him a crucifix to Rizal:
kiss. • The KKK does not have enough weapons to fight against
- He requested the commander of firing squad that he be the fully equipped Spaniards
shot facing them. His request was denied for the captain • The KKK members do not have enough skills and
had implicit orders to shoot him at his back. training to fight a professional army tested in war
- A Spanish military physician, Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, asked • The KKK hierarchy lacks credibility which would result
his permission to feel his pulse. He was amazed to find it to confusion in the chain of command
normal, showing that Jose Rizal was not afraid to die. • The enemy has allies which necessitates that the
- The death ruffles of the drums filled the air. Above the revolutionaries must have foreign aid to ensure
drum beats, the sharp command “fire” was heard, and the sufficient funds
guns of the firing squad barked. Rizal, with supreme effort, • Naval ships are needed, especially in an archipelago
turned his bullet- riddled body to the right, and fell on the like the Philippines for communication purposes
ground dead, with face upward facing the morning sun. At - Rizal believed that it was not yet time for a revolution
exactly 7:03 am, Rizal shouted “consummatum es” before - It must not be held solely on the basis of sentiment and
the shot rang out. The hero‟s life ended. In the background burning passion
could be heard, “Viva Espaňa!”; “Morir es traidores!” On - It must be launched on the context of the ability to succeed
that fateful day, Rizal was 35 years, 5 months and 11 days in the end
old. - If the revolution is the last resort, it must be prepared for
- “I die just when I see the dawn break, through the gloom of another five to ten years to ensure victory.
night, the herald the day; and if color is lacking my blood - He advised Valenzuela to seek the leadership of Antonio
thou shalt take, poured out at need for thy sake, to dye with Luna, a man of military expertise
its crimson the waking ray…” - The KKK must also seek the financial support of the
- It is interesting to note that 14 years before his execution, Japanese
Rizal predicted that he would die on December 30th. He End of Rizal Exile
was then a medical student in Madrid, Spain. - Rizal applied as a volunteer war physician to the Cuban
- Martyrs are rare stars in the vast firmament of humanity. revolution hoping to end his Dapitan exile
Every instance of martyrdom is distinct in magnitude and - His letter was finally approved after months of waiting
direction. Indeed, martyrs are the meteors of history, they - July 31, 1896 – he left Dapitan together with Josephine,
flash across the sky and light the world and in the process Narcisa, three nephews and a niece on board the steamer
consume themselves. España.
- They are the person who is put to death or made suffer - This ended his Dapitan exile.
greatly or other beliefs because of religion. Other elements Rizal Stranded in Manila
of martyrdom are usefulness of life and dedication to a - Arrival of España in Manila was delayed
high purpose. Rizal‟s death was an emotional event in our - The Isla de Luzon had left
history as it produced - Rizal was told to wait for the Isla de Panay which will arrive
- A “martyr” and resulted in some form of social change or in 28 days
transformation in our lives as a people. Rizal was put to - Rizal was transferred to the Castilla, manned by Enrique
death for “subversion” by the dominant political forces. He Santalo, where he would wait for another 26 days
presented a sector of society which had begun to trouble - Aboard a launch Caridad, some KKK members sneaked in
and therefore constituted a real threat to the existing social and made a last ditch attempt to rescue Rizal
order. - Jacinto introduced himself and told Rizal he would be
rescued
The 1896 Revolution and Rizal - Rizal politely refused the offer saying he knew what he was
- 1895 – the Cubans revolted against the Spaniards doing
- 1896 – the Filipinos also staged their revolt against Spain The 1896 Revolution
- The Filipinos thought that it would be advantageous for - Inside the Castilla, while waiting for the arrival of the Isla de
them because Spain would have divided attention and Panay, the Katipunan was discovered
strength
J.A.K.E 21 of 25
- On the 26th of the month, Bonifacio and the rest of the KKK • He was put under interrogation without the benefit of
raised the “Cry of Pugadlawin,” which marked the start of knowing who testified against him.
the Philippine Revolution - Presented before him were two kinds of evidences –
- Rizal expected this to happen. documentary and testimonial.
Last Voyage Abroad - There were a total of fifteen exhibits for the documentary
- August 30, 1896 – Rizal finally received the letter of Gov. evidence.
Blanco, expressing his congratulations and - Testimonial evidences, on the other hand, were comprised
recommendation. of oral proofs provided by:
- September 3 – Aboard the Isla de Panay, he left for Spain • Martin Constantino
- The ship proceeded to Singapore • Aguedo del Rosario
- His co-passengers Pedro and Periquin Roxas escaped and • Jose Reyes
he was encouraged to do the same • Moises Salvador
- Rizal refused because he didn‟t want to become a fugitive • Jose Dizon
Rizal and the Katipunan • Domingo Franco
- The discovery of the KKK led to the uncovering of its secrets
• Deodato Arellano
- Bulk of documents were uncovered
• Pio Valenzuela
- Many of these documents implicated Rizal to the KKK
• Antonio Salazar
- Pictures, copies of the Noli and Fili were also found
• Francisco Quison
- Documents declaring Rizal as the KKK honorary president
were likewise discovered • Timoteo Paez.
- Spanish authorities learned that Rizal was used as a rally Preliminary Investigation
cry of the members - These evidences were endorsed by Colonel Olive to
- He was regarded as their true leader and hero Governor Ramon Blanco
- These documents, together with many letters and - Blanco designated Capt. Rafael Dominguez as the Judge
testimonies from those arrested led to the conclusion that Advocate assigned with the task of deciding what
Rizal was part of the revolutionary group. corresponding action should be done
- Dominguez, after a brief review, transmitted the records to
Rizal’s Arrest Don Nicolas de la Peña, the Judge Advocate General
 As per instruction of Gov. Blanco and the prodding of Manila - Judge Advocate General Peña's recommendations were as
Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda, Rizal was ordered arrested follows:
and detained inside the ship • Rizal must be immediately sent to trial
 September 30, 1896 - Capt. A. Alemany followed the order • He must be held in prison under necessary security
and kept Rizal in his cabin during the remainder of the trip • His properties must be issued with order of attachment,
 October 6 – the ship reached Barcelona and as indemnity, Rizal had to pay one million pesos
 Rizal was imprisoned at the Montjuich detention cell • Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer is
 Eulogio Despujol, the former Philippine governor who allowed to defend Rizal
banished him to Dapitan visited later that day - Rizal chose Lt. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, 1st Lt. of the
 October 7 – Rizal was transferred to a new ship, the SS Colon Spanish Artillery to be his defense lawyer
bound for Manila - Rizal discovered that the said lieutenant was the brother of
Rizal’s Final Homecoming Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade who worked as Rizal's personal
- Rizal kept records of the Philippines since he left for body guard in Calamba in 1887.
Barcelona - On the 11th of December 1896, in the presence of his
- He was implicated by the Madrid newspapers to the bloody Spanish counsel, charges against Rizal were read.
revolution • Rebellion – punishable by death
- He thought of coming home to confront his accusers and • Sedition – also punishable by death
vindicate his name • Illegal Association – punishable with reclusion perpetua
- Few friends from Europe and Singapore tried to help Rizal or lower
escape his present predicament - He was accused of being:
- Ma. Regidor and Lopez sent a telegram to Atty. Hugh Fort • The principal organizer and the living soul of Filipino
asking him to file a writ of habeas corpus in Rizal‟s behalf insurrection
- Chief Justice Lionel Cox denied the writ for lack of • The founder of societies, periodicals and books
jurisdiction dedicated to fomenting and propagating ideas of
The investigation and Trial rebellion
- Preliminary Investigation (ARRAIGNMENT) - When asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on the
• November 20, 1896, the preliminary investigation on charges, Rizal replied that:
Rizal began • He does not question the jurisdiction of the court
• During the five-day investigation, Rizal was informed of • He has nothing to amend except that during his exile in
the charges against him before Judge Advocate Colonel Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in political matters;
Francisco Olive
J.A.K.E 22 of 25
• He has nothing to admit on the charges against him • If he was really the leader of the revolution, the
• He had nothing to admit on the declarations of the revolutionists should have consulted him.
witnesses; he had not met nor knew, against him. • He did not deny that he wrote the by-laws of the La Liga
Manifesto to the People Filipina, but to make things clear, the organization was
- Two days after, Rizal's case was endorsed to Blanco's a civic association, not a revolutionary society.
successor, Governor Camilo de Polavieja, who had the • After the first meeting of La Liga, the association
authority to command that the case be court martialed. banished because of his exile in Dapitan, thus, did not
- On December 15, inside his cell at Fort Santiago, Rizal last long.
wrote a controversial letter, The Manifesto addressed to his • If the La Liga was reorganized nine months later, he had
countrymen. no idea about it
- The Manifesto was a letter denouncing bloody struggle, • If the La Liga had a revolutionary purpose, then
and promoting education and industry as the best means Katipunan should not have been organized.
to acquire independence. • If the Spanish authorities found his letters having bitter
- Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Peña requested to atmosphere, it was because in 1890 his family was
Gov. Polavieja that the publication of the manifesto be being persecuted resulting to their dispossession of
prohibited properties and deportation of all his brothers-in-law.
The Trial of Rizal • He lived an exemplary life in Dapitan – the politico-
- December 26, about 8 o'clock in the morning, the court- military commanders and missionary priests in the
martial of Rizal commenced. The hearing was actually a province could attest to that.
kind of moro-moro , a planned trial wherein Rizal, before • If according to witnesses the speech he delivered at
hearing his verdict, had already been prejudged. Doroteo Ongjunco's house had inspired the revolution,
- Unlike other accused, Rizal had not been allowed to know then he want to confront these persons. If he really was
the people who witnessed against him. for the revolution, then why did the Katipunan sent an
- The trial took place at Cuartel de España, a military unfamiliar emissary to him in Dapitan? It is so because
building, with a court composed of seven military officers all his friends were aware that he never advocated
headed by Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona. violence.
- Present at the courtroom were Jose Rizal, Spanish Governor-Generals
- Six other officers in uniform - Gov. Camilo de Polavieja
- Lt. Taviel de Andrade, - Gov. Ramon Blanco
- Judge Advocate Capt. Rafael Dominguez, The Final Verdict
- Lt. Enrique de Alcocer (Prosecuting Attorney) and - The military court remained indifferent to the plead of Rizal.
- A number of spectators, including Josephine Bracken. - After a short deliberation, he was sentenced to be shot in
- Judge Advocate Dominguez opened the trial musketry until death at 7 o'clock in the morning of
- It was followed by Atty. Alcocer's reiteration of the charges December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field (Luneta).
against Rizal, urging the court that the latter be punished - The decision was submitted to Gov. Polavieja who
with death. immediately sought the opinion of Nicolas de la Peña – the
- Accordingly, the three crimes accused to him were latter found the verdict just and final.
rebellion, sedition and illegal association. - Two days later, the governor general signed the court's
- Lt. Taviel de Andrade, on the other hand, later took the floor decision and ordered Rizal's execution.
reading his speech in defense of Rizal. Dr. Jose Rizal’s Last Hour
- To supplement this, Rizal read his own defense which he - Upon hearing the court's decision, Rizal already knew that
wrote in his cell in Fort Santiago. there's no way that his destiny would be changed
- Rizal knew it was his end, and had accepted his fate
Rizal Military Trial - Captain Rafael Dominguez, at 6 o'clock in the morning of
Dr. Jose Rizal Defense December 29, 1896, read before him the official notice of
- According to Rizal, there are twelve points to prove his his execution, scheduled the next day.
innocence: - Rizal was immediately transferred to the prison chapel
• As testified by Pio Valenzuela, Rizal was against where he spent his last hours on earth.
rebellion - Inside the chapel, Rizal busied himself by writing
• He had not written a letter addressed to the Katipunan correspondences to friends and family, bidding everyone
comprising revolutionary elements farewell
• Without his knowledge, his name was used by the - Conversing with his Jesuit priests friends. He had a lot of
Katipunan; if he really was guilty, he could have visitors, arriving one or two after the other.
escaped while he was in Singapore - Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata – the Rector of the Ateneo
• If he was guilty, he should have left the country while in Municipal; arrived in the prison early in the morning.
exile; he shouldn't have built a home, bought a parcel of - Fr. Luis Viza – came with Fr. Mata; the priest to whom Rizal
land or established a hospital in Dapitan. asked for the image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus which he
made during his stay in Ateneo.
J.A.K.E 23 of 25
- Fr. Antonio Rosell – another friend of Rizal who gladly eaten

a fine breakfast with him; returned in the afternoon to
resume his talk with Rizal.
- Lt. Taviel de Andrade – Rizal extended his appreciation for
Andrade's services as his defense counsel.
- Fr. Federico Faura – had prophesied earlier rather
comically that Rizal would lose his head for writing the Noli
Me Tangere, and the latter “congratulated” the priest for
being right.
- Fr. Jose Villaclara – Rizal's former teacher in Ateneo; ate
lunch with him.
- Fr. Vicente Balaguer – accompanied Fr. Villaclara; ate luch
with Rizal as well.
- Santiago Mataix – contributor in the El Heraldo de Madrid
- Teodora Alonzo – Rizal knelt before his beloved mother,
begging for forgiveness and understanding; the mother and
son were separated by the strong grip of the prison guard.
- Trinidad – arrived when Teodora left the chapel; to her,
Rizal handed down an alcohol cooking stove and
whispered that something was inside it (turned out to be
his last piece, the Mi Ultimo Adios, written in a small piece
of paper).
- Gaspar Castaño – fiscal of the Royal Audiencia; had a good
conversation with Rizal.
- Late at night, around 10 o'clock, a retraction letter
prepared by Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda was
presented to Rizal
The Retraction
- He rejected it for being too long
- Fr. Balaguer, on the other hand, showed another draft from - By 11:30pm, Rizal wrote and signed the retraction letter in
Fr. Pio Pi which he renounced the mason movement
- Rizal liked it but wanted some parts of which be changed - Witnesses to this event were Juan del Fresno (Chief of the
Guard Detail) and Eloy Moure (Assistant of the Plaza)
Text of Rizal’s Retraction
I declare myself a Catholic and in this religion in which I was
born and educated I wish to live and die. I retract with all my
heart whatever in my words, writings, publications and
conduct has been contrary to my character as son of the
Catholic Church.
I believe and I confess whatever she teaches and I submit to

whatever she demands.
I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which is of the Church,

and as a Society prohibited by the Church.
The Diocesan Prelate may, as the Superior Ecclesiastical

Authority, make public this spontaneous manifestation of
mine in order to repair the scandal which my acts may have
caused and so that God and people may pardon me.
Manila, 29 December 1896
Jose Rizal
La Voz Española, December 30, 1896
Juan del Fresno

Eloy Moure
J.A.K.E 24 of 25
Retraction Controversy ground with his face toward the blue sky, his head slightly
- Anti-ret actionist‟s contention: inclined toward the rising sun in the east.
• If Rizal was a Catholic before he died, why then was he - What can be heard from the crowd of Spaniards was their
not given a Catholic burial? Where is the death loud, audible voice, shouting “Viva España!”(Long live
certificate? Spain!) “Morir el traidores!” (Death to traitors!) Jose Rizal
• If Josephine Bracken were married before the former‟s died at exactly 7:03 in the morning of December 30.
execution, where then is the marriage certificate? Dr. Jose Rizal Execution
• Where are the books that Rizal signed? - 121st Death Anniversary
• There is an allegation that the retraction document was - (DECEMBER 30, 1896-DECEMBER 30, 2017)
a forgery. The Mystery of the missing grave
• Senator Rafael Palma, a former President of the - Located at the outer circle is a landmark that indicates the
University of the Philippines and a prominent Mason, burial place of National Hero Dr. Jose Rizal after his
argued that a retraction is not in keeping with Rizal's execution in Bagumbayan on December 30, 1896.
character and mature beliefs. - Unusual is how the initials of Jose P. Rizal are inscribed in
• He called the retraction story a "pious fraud." reverse (RPJ) on the cross.
- Retactionist‟s contention: - According to story, the day before he was put to death, the
• Historians such as Austin Craig, Gregorio Zaide, family of Rizal prevailed upon Spanish authorities to turn
Ambeth Ocampo, Joaquin, Leon Maria Guerrero III, and over his corpse to them later the next day.
Nicolas Zafra of UP state that the retraction document - The pleas were met with refusal after refusal because the
was deemed authentic by Rizal expert, Teodoro Kalaw authorities feared the burial site would be used a symbol of
martyrdom.
• They also refer to the 11 eyewitnesses present when
- Finally, toward evening, the civil governor of Manila,
Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a Catholic prayer book,
Manuel Luego, took pity on Rizal‟s mother and gave her
and recited Catholic prayers, and the multitude who
permission to take the body after the execution.
saw him kiss the crucifix before his execution.
- Rizal‟s sister Narcisa, made arrangements for a coffin and
• Supporters see in it Rizal's "moral courage to recognize
transportation.
his mistakes," his reversion to the "true faith," and thus
- Once notified that the execution was over, the family
his "unfading glory," and a return to the "ideals of his
proceeded to the execution site, but the remains of Jose
fathers" which brings his stature as a patriot to the level
had already been removed.
of greatness.
- Narcisa searched in vain for the body of his brother in all
the cemeteries in Manila.
Rizal’s Martyrdom
- Passing through Paco Cemetery in the afternoon, she came
- By 6:30am, Rizal's march to Bagumbayan commenced. He
upon some civil guards and correctly surmised that their
– in his black suit, black necktie, black hat, black shoes
presence indicated that her brother had been buried there.
and white vest – calmly walked from his prison cell in Fort
- She searched all over Paco Cemetery until she found a
Santiago to the execution site.
grave with freshly turned earth.
- He was with Lt. Taviel de Andrade on one side, and Fathers
- She bribed the gravedigger to place a plaque with Rizal
Estanislao March and Jose Villaclara, on the other side.
initials in reverse –R.P.J. to mark the site.
They walked behind four advanced guards armed with
First Grave
bayonets.
- Jose Rizal was tied behind from elbow to elbow, although,
still had the freedom to move his arms. In his right arm was
a rosary which he kept on holding until his final breath.
- In the Bagumbayan Field, Rizal shook the hands of the two
priests and his defender, bidding them farewell.
- A priest blessed and offered him a crucifix which he gently
kissed.
- Rizal had one request, that is, that he be shot facing the
firing squad, however, in vain since the captain of the
squad ordered a back shot.
- A physician by the name of Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, was
amazed that Rizal's vital signs were normal, particularly his
pulse rate – was Rizal really unafraid to die?
- The firing squad was commanded in unison with “Those who have lived a good life do not fear death, but meet
drumbeats. Upon the brisk command: it calmly, and even long for it in the face of great suffering.
- “Preparar!”; “Apunte!” But those who do not have a peaceful conscience, dread
- “Fuego!” The guns of the squad flared. death as though life means nothing but physical torment.”
- Rizal, by his sheer effort and remaining energy, twisted his The challenge is to live our life so that we will be prepared for
body around to face the firing squad, and so, fell on the death when it comes.------ Unknown Source
J.A.K.E 25 of 25

Rizl111 Midterm

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RIZL111: Exam Week

Indios Bravos - Laureano Viado, a medical student at UST and a friend of

As A Scientist companion, Raymundo Mata. At night, Rizal and

- Fr. Antonio Rosell – another friend of Rizal who gladly eaten

I believe and I confess whatever she teaches and I submit to

I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which is of the Church,

The Diocesan Prelate may, as the Superior Ecclesiastical

Manila, 29 December 1896

Juan del Fresno

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