Rizl Midterm

2nd Year-2nd Sem- Rizal Midterm Compilation
WEEK 7: FIRST HOMECOMING TO SIDE TRIP TO THE USA
THE 1ST HOMECOMING • Rizal’s enemies kept doing everything to persecute him.
They accused the novel to have subversive ideas
• August 1887 – Rizal decided to return to the Philippines.
against the church and the Spanish government.
o Sabi doon sa docx august 1886
• Left Rome by train for Marseilles • The kind Governor assigned a bodyguard for Rizal, to
• Boarded the Djemmah bound to Saigon protect him from danger.
• July 30, 1888 – arrived in Saigon, where he transferred • His bodyguard was a young Spanish Lieutenant, Don
to the steamer Haifong Jose Traviel de Andrade. The two became true friends
in no time at all because they have common interests.
• August 6, 1888 – Rizal arrived in manila. He noticed that
Manila has not changed that much
o Sa docs August 6, 1886
NOLI ME TANGERE GOT BANNED
• August 1888 – he reached Calamba, where there was a
dramatic meeting • The powerful friars put the novel under strict scrunity
• Rizal turned the ground floor of their house into a headed by Manila Archbishop Msgr. Pedro Payo. He
medical clinic. His first patient was his mother who could sent a copy to the UST Fr. Rector Gregorio Echevarria
hardly see. for examination. The latter found the novel heretical,
• He successfully restored the eyesight of his mother impious and scandalous.
which had double cataracts. • The Governor sent the novel for further assessment to
• The good news spread like wildfire as many sick people te Permanent Commission on Censorship composed of
flock to seek medical help. priests and laymen headed by Fr. Salvador Font, Tondo
• His professional fee was very simple: parish priest. The body found the novel with subversive
o If the patient is poor, a simple “thank you” is ideas against the Church and the Spanish government.
enough. • The commission recommended that the book be banned
o Some patients gave him vegetables, fruits, and have its circulation in the islands be totally stopped.
chicken, etc. The move boomeranged because it only made the
o If the patient is rich, he would charge in the Filipinos more curious in reading the novel.
European way. • Thus, the novel’s price was exorbitantly priced. No
• The people called him Dr. Uleman having arrived from arrests were made, thanks to the liberal-minded
Germany. governor.
• Rizal shared his blessings to his townmates:
o He build a gymnasium for the youth to
discourage them from engaging in different RIZAL’S ENEMIES FROM THE CHURCH
forms of gambling.
• Manila Archbishop Msgr. Pedro Payo
o He wanted them to spend time on productive
• UST Rector Fr. Domingo Echevarria
activities
o Docs – Gregorio Echevarria
• Rizal failed to see Leonor in his six months’ vacation
• Fr. Salvador Font - head of the Permanent Commission
due to the conflicts of his parents and Leonor’s
on Censorship
NOLI ME TANGERE CONTROVERSY • Fr. Jose Rodriguez – published an anti-Noli pamphlet
• Rizal received a summon from the Governor-General entitled “Caiingat Cayo”. The pamphlet stated that
Emilio Terrero regarding the novel which has become a “whoever reads the novel commits a mortal sin”
hot issue • Another attacker of the Noli was Vicente Barrantes, a
o A invitation, a summon, a writ commanding the Spanish writer who openly criticized the novel in the
sheriff, or other authorized officer, to notify a Spanish newspaper La Esperanza Moderna.
party appear in court to answer a complaint
made against him and in the said writ specified,
ALLIES OF DR. JOSE RIZAL
on a day therein mentioned from Governor-
General Emilio Terrero • Marcelo H. Del Pilar – using the pen name Dolores
• He went to Malacañang to answer any question Manapat, who published a pamphlet entitled “Caiingat
surrounding his novel. He denied that he was a spy from Cayo” that refuted and ridiculed Fr. Rodriguez’ “Caiingat
Germany. Cayo”
• He explained that he was only expressing the truth of • Fr. Francisco Sanchez, Rizal’s beloved Ateneo
what is going on in the society in his novel. teacher.
• The governor was satisfied with his answer and asked
for a copy of the novel, since he had not read the novel
himself.
CALAMBA AGRARIAN PROBLEM • What came out was a horror story of Dominican
corruption and financial deceit on a massive scale. The
• On 6 September 1890, general Weyler began enforcing
original hacienda owned by the Jesuits consisted of only
the will of the Dominicans by sending artillery and
a small part of land and included only a part of the town,
military forces to Calamba which started to demolish the
but the Dominicans had claimed a much more extensive
house of Rizal’s parents. Rizal’s brother, brothers in law
area, no less than the whole town and its surrounding
were arrested and exiled to different places of the
fields. The Dominicans were paying the government
archipelago. On the first day 60 families were thrown
only the income tax due on the original smaller
out of their houses and the sugar mills and all other
hacienda.
buildings they had erected were destroyed. The
• Ownership of the Calamba hacienda passed on to the
Dominicans forbade the rest of the townspeople to give
Dominicans after the Jesuits, who originally owned it,
the unfortunates lodging and hospitality. By the end of
September 400 tenants had been evicted. were expelled in 1768. The Dominicans owned
practically all the lands around Calamba. The tenants
• The liberal governor-general Terrerro was at that time
suffered since many years due to the unjustified taxes
replaced by the conservative general Valeriano Weyler
they had to pay. Even if there was an economic crisis
in 1888. He was completely on the side of the
or the harvest was bad, the rent and taxes still went up.
Dominicans. One of his first acts was to enforce the
The tenants suffered under the friars.
court ruling for the eviction of the tenants. The first to be
evicted was the Rizal family. The Dominicans put
pressure on Malacañang to eliminate Rizal. Governor-
RIZAL’S 2ND TRAVEL ABROAD
general Terrero advised Rizal to leave the Philippines
for his own good. • Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to
• The friars were furious because they were attacked on leave his country for the second time in 1888. He was
their most sensitive point: money! The report never 27 years old, a practicing physician, and a recognized
reached the desk of the governor-general. The man of letters.
Dominicans responded by filing an action for eviction
against the Calamba tenants. However, when the justice
A GLANCE OF EAST ASIA
of the Peace of Calamba ruled in favor of the tenants,
the Dominicans immediately brought the case to the • On February 3, 1888 for the second time, Rizal sailed to
Supreme Court in Manila, which immediately decided in Hongkong as a frustrated being who wanted the utmost
the Dominican’s favor. The tenants and the Rizal family reform in his native land.
had no recourse but to appeal their case to the Supreme • Amoy, in Hong Kong was the first stop over of the ship.
Court in Madrid. • After six months of staying in the Philippines Rizal left on
• Rizal advised his family to stop paying the rent. The rest board the steamship Zafiro bound for Hong Kong
of the Calamba tenants followed suit and with Rizal’s • Rizal did not get off the ship for the following reasons:
encouragement, petitioned the government to intervene o He was not feeling well
by authorizing and supervising the drawing up of a new o It was raining hard
contract between the people of Calamba and the o He heard that the City is dirty.
Dominican landowners. Dominican Corruption and • Hong Kong is a British colony by that time.
Financial Deceit on a Massive Scale. • He registered at the Victoria Hotel
• The original hacienda owned by the Jesuits consisted of • There he met Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio, and
only a small part of land and included only a part of the Manuel Yriarte (son of the alcalde mayor in Calamba)
town, but the Dominicans had claimed a much more
extensive area, no less than the whole town and its
surrounding fields. The Dominicans were paying the A HONGKONG VISIT
government only the income tax due on the original • In Hongkong, he was accompnied by Jose Maria Basa
smaller hacienda. Rizal wrote down his findings, which to Macau
were signed by the tenants in January 1888, and he • They had a short trip to Macau, a former colony on
submitted the report to the government. board the ferry Kiu-Kiang
• The friars wanted to withhold the tenants to tell the truth. • The two visited Don Juan Francisco Lecaros, former
The Rizal family as well as the other Calamba tenants Filipino delegate to the Spanis Cortes
wanted to tell the truth. The tenants asked Rizal to draft
• Terrero’s former secretary, Jose Sainz de Varanda,
a report for the town council. Rizal asked his town mates
spied on Rizal in the said colonies
to supply him with all the relevant facts about the estate
o Jose Sainz de Varanda, a Spaniard and
from the very beginning. Rizal had not anticipated but he former secretary of Governor-General
soon became the center of the tenant’s struggle against Terroro shadowed Rizal’s movement in Hong
the Dominicans. Kong.
• It started innocently. On 30th December 1887, when the o It was believed that he was commissioned by
government, wondering why the revenue paid by the the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal
Dominicans Order had remained constant despite the ▪ From docs yung nasa taas na dalawang
ever-increasing size of cultivated lands, formally asked bullet
the Calamba town council to determine whether there .
had been any increase in the products and the size of
the Dominican estate over the past three years.
Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science | Midterms | Cate Juliane Perante Page 2
IMPRESSIONS ABOUT HONGKONG • To his surprise, the musicians started to talk in tagalog.
• According to Rizal in his letter to Blumentritt, Hong Kong • They were Filipinos and Rizal introduces himself
is a small bu very clean city. Many Portuguese, Hindus,
English, Chinese and Jews live here. There are some
RIZAL’S IMPRESSION OF JAPAN
Filipinos exiled in Marianas Islands since 1872. They
were former financiers and rich but now are poor, gentle • The scenic beauty of the country
and timid. • The cleanliness, politeness and industry of the
• During Rizal’s two-week vacation in Hongkong, he Japanese people
studied Chinese life, language, drama and customs and • The picturesque dress and simple charm of the
found out the following which he wrote in his diary: Japanese women
o The celebration of Chinese New Year was • There were few thieves in Japan
quite very noisy due to the continuous • Beggars are rarel seen in the city streets
explosion of firecrackers on the streets • Rickshaw, a popular mode of transportation which he
o Noisy audience in a theatre and boisterous did not like in Japan
music
o The Lauriat party, wherein guests were
served a variety of dishes, shows lavishness AN AFFAIR TO REMEMBER
and hospitality among the Chinese
o The Domican Order, the richest religious • Rizal was impressed by the scenic Japan and had
order in Hongkong, had millions of dollars keenly observed the life, customs and culture of the
deposited in various banks earning very high people
interests • He had fallen in love not only with the view but more to
o The graveyards for Catholics, Protestants its women, particularly with the 23-year old O-Sei-san
and Muslims were well maintained (a.k.a Seiko Usui)
o Catholics owned the most extravagant • The friendship bloomed to become a romance
cemeteries • The relationship became so intimate that Rizal believed
that it was the best affair he had so far
• Rizal was tempted to settle down in Japan and stay with
UNFORGETTABLE JAPAN O-Sei-San but his love for his country was more
• After almost three weeks, on board the American important than self.
steamer, Oceanic, he left Hongkong and sailed to • O-Sei-San understood the feeling of Rizal, and so he let
Japan where he was invited by Secretary Juan Perez him leave her.
Caballero to live at the Spanish Legation • O-Sei-San could have probably waited for Rizal because
• His instinct told him that it was a bait – a way for the since his departure in 1888, she only decided to marry in
Spanish officials to keep track of his activities 1897 after she learned that Rizal had been executed in
• And since it was economical to stay at the legation and 1896
he believed that he had nothing to hide, he accepted it. • Excerpts of Rizal’s Diary:
o Yung susunod na bullets from docs siya o “…O-Sei-San, Sayonara, Sayonara! I have
• Rizal left Honkong on board of the Oceanic, an spent a lovely golden month; I do not know
American steamer on his way to Japan. He arrived in if I can have another one like that in all my
Yokohama, Japan and stayed for one day in the Grand life.
Hotel o “…Love, money, friendship, appreciation,
• After spending a day in Yokohama, Rizal went to Tokyo honor… these have been wanting
and stayed in Tokyo Hotel for five days. Juan Perez o “… Your image lives in my memory; and
Caballero – secretary of the Spanish legation visited that I am always thinking of you… your
him in the hotel inviting him to stay in the Spanish name lives in the sighs of my lips your
legation. Knowing that it is a plot to monitor him, Rizal image accompanies and animates all my
accepted the offer for the following reasons: thoughts”
o He could economize his living expenses ▪ Next bulllet from the docs
o He had nothing to hide from the prying • Seiko Usui, or more fondly called O-Sei-San, is a former
eyes of the Spanish authorities samurai’s daughter of 23 years old who had never
o He and Caballero became good friends experienced true love. She is a woman of beauty,
• In Japan, Rizal was embarrassed because he did not charm, modesty and intelligence. She speaks French
know how to speak Nihonggo (Japanese Language) He and English fluently
was mistakenly considered as a Europeanized • When Rizal introduced himself to her, he took off his hat
Japanese because he looks like a Japanese and yet as a sign of respect (A German custom). O-Sei-San was
speaks in different tongues. more than Rizal’s girlfriend, for she was his guide,
interpreter and tutor. She improved his knowledge of the
Japanese language. She eases the pain left by Leonor
FILIPINO ENTERTAINERS IN JAPAN Rivera
• Rizal fell greatly in-love with O-Sei-San that he was
• While strolling around at a park in Tokyo, Rizal went to
tempted to leave the Philippines and settle down in
listen to a group of performers playing the Western
Japan. He was offered a job in the Spanish Legation but
Strauss music, a rare occasion in this Oriental country
his brother Paciano wrote to him reminding him his duty • Rizal stayed in the Palace Hotel (then a first-class hotel)
and why he left the Philippines in the first place in San Francisco. He stayed there for two days. Grover
• Rizal left Japan via the ship Belgic, an English steamer Cleveland was the president when Rizal visited the
in Yokohama bound for United States. It ended 45 days United States. There he met Leland Stanford, the
of his unforgettable stay in Japan and his relationship founder and benefactor of the Stanford University who
with O-Sei-San. was then a senator representing California.
A TOMODACHI RIZAL TOURED THE UNITED STATES

• Tomodachi (友達; ともだち; or トモダチ) is a Japanese
word meaning “friend(s)”.
• Rizal boarded the ship Belgic going to the United States
• He met a Japanese journalist who was sent to exile for
his anti-government articles
• His name was Tetcho Suehiro
• They became friends, having many things in common
• Suehiro wrote a book entitled “The Deaf Traveler”
wherein he mentioned his travel with Rizal
• His novel “Storm Over The Southern Seas” had a similar
plot like the Noli.
• Oakland, California was the first stop via ferryboat

ACROSS THE UNITED STATE • Via train Sacramento, where he ate his supper 75cents
and slept at his couch
• Rizal’s itinerary in the United States
• Reno, Nevada, where he had his breakfast
• April 28, 1888 – the Belgic docked at San Francisco,
• Utah, where he saw Mormons, thickly populated
California
• Colorado, a lot of snow and pine trees
• The passengers were no allowed to disembark
• Nebraska, Omaha City, as big as San Francisco
• They were put under quarantine
• Missouri River, twice as big as Pasig River
• They learned later that there were 600 potential illegal
• Chicago, a lot of Indians in cigar stores
Chinese immigrants to the United States
• Albany, where he saw the Hudson River
• Rizal registered himself at the Palace Hotel where he
• New York, where he considers a big city, where he
met the founder of the Stanford University, Mr. Leland
stayed for three days
Standford
• He left the United Stated for Liverpool London on board
o From docs na yung susunod na bullets
• Rizal in steamer Belgic met a semi-Filipino family, Mr. the City of Rome, and the second largest ship in the
Reinaldo Turner and his wife Emma Jackson, their world. Great Eastern was the largest ship in the world
children and maid from Pangasinan. He also met Tetcho during his time
Suehiro, a fighting Japanese journalist, novelist,
champion of human rights, who was forced by the
government to leave Japan.
• Tetcho Suehiro became a member of the Japanese RIZAL’S IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA
Imperial Diet (Parliament). He wrote to novels: Nankai- • The United States have maintained its natural beauty in
no-Daiharan (Storm over the South Sea) in 1891 spite of the industrial anf technological advancements
resembling Noli Me Tangere and O-unabara (The Big • The energy and diligence of the people
Ocean) in 1894, resembling El Filibusterismo. He died in
• America is truly a land of great opportunities
1896 at age 49 due to heart attack. Via the steamer
• Racial discrimination between the Whites and the Blacks
Belgic, Rizal arrived in San Francisco, USA on April 28,
• Material progress of the country as shown in its cities,
1888.
farms and industries
• According to the Americans, Cholera was an epidemic
• The natural beauty of the land
raging in the Far East. Thus, all passengers are
• The high standards of living
quarantined for safety. But, Rizal was surprised
• The opportunities for better life offered to poor
because there is no outbreak of the disease in the Far
immigrants
East, thus he joined other passengers in protest. In
• America for Rizal was the land par excellence of
actuality, there were 643 Chinese coolies who boarded
freedom but only for the Whites
the ship from China who came as illegal migrants
wanting to displace the White laborers in railroad • Non-existence of true civil liberty, as Negro cannot
marry an American and vice versa
construction camp. But Rizal was questioning how come
700 bolts of silk were unloaded without fumigation. • The existence of racial prejudice as shown in their
hatred of Chinese, Japanese and Negroes
• After a week Rizal together with other first-class
passengers were permitted to land. But the Japanese • The valuing of money over human life.
and the Chinese and passengers belonging to the
second and thirds class remained aboard.
WEEK 8: STUDIES IN LONDON, PARIS EXPOSITION, FINE TIME IN BELGIUM
STUDIES IN LONDON • The Calamba tenants (The Calamba Agrarian Conflict of

1888) being persecuted by the Dominican management,
• May 24, 1888 – Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England from
including Rizal family
a tiring tip across the atlantic Ocean
• Manuel Hidalgo (Saturnina’s Husband) was exiled to
• He moved to London the next day
Bohol while Mariano Herbosa (husband of Lucia) was
• He stayed in the house of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, an
denied of Christian burial because of the malicious
1872 exile and lawyer in London
rumor that he had not confessed since marriage
• He boarded at the home of the Beckett’s at Primrose Hill
• Laureano Viado, a UST medical student and friend of
• The Beckett family had three daugheters, the eldest
Rizal was jailed for having a copy of Noli Me Tangere
Gertrude or Gettie who had an affection for Rizal
• The Beckett home was conveniently located at a walking GOOD NEWS
distance to the British Museum where he intended to
have some studies • Rev. Vicente Garcia, an authority of Theology from
the Manila Cathedral came to the defense of the Noli
• He met Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Me Tangere against the attacks of the friars
Foreign Affairs at the British Museum • He heard this news from Mariano Ponce. On January
• He was a notable authority on Malayan culture 7,1891, Rizal wrote to Father Garcia expressing his
• They became friends as they shared common personal Gratitude
sentiments on the Malayan race
o From the docs SHORT VISIT TO PARIS AND SPAIN
• After visiting the United States, Rizal boarded the S.S.
City of Rome en route to London. While on board, he • Early in September 1888, Rizal visited Paris for a week
entertained the American and European passengers in order to search for more historical materials in the
with his skill of the yoyo Bibliotheque Nationale.
• He was to stay in London from May 1888 to March 1889 • On December 11,1888. Rizal went to Madrid and
• Why did he choose to stay in London? Barcelona in Spain to meet with Marcelo H. Del Pilar
o To improve his knowledge of the English and Mariano Ponce
Language
o To study and annotate Antonio de Morga’s CHRISTMAS IN LONDON
Secesos de Las Islas Filipinas • Rizal returned to London on December 24,1888 and
o London was a safe place for him to carry spent Christmas and New Year’s Eve with the Becketts.
out his fight against Spanish tyranny He was extremely delighted to experience the holiday
• He reached Queenstown in Ireland on May 24,1888. season. He reflected on the meaning of holiday as it
From there, he embarked on a ferry boat going to reminded him of memorable days not just from
Liverpool, England and stayed at Adelphi Hotel childhood but also from history. “How is shocks me to
• By train he arrived at London on May 25,1888. Upon his see some people misuse His name to commit many
arrival, he stopped at Grand Hotel Midland crimes”
• He stayed, as a guest, at home of Dr. Antonio Ma. • Rizal sent to Bluementritt as a Christmas gift a bust of
Regidor an 1872 exile and a praciting lawyer. He Emperor Augustus which he had made. As another
transferred to a private home in No. 37 Chalcot present, he sent to Dr. Carlos Czepelak a bust of Julius
Crescent, Primrose Hill. This is owned by the Beckett Caesar. Mrs. Beckett, knowing of his interest in magic,
Family gave Rizal a book entitled “The Life and Adventures of
• Mr. Beckett, an organist of St. Paul’s Church and Mrs. Valentine Vox, rhe Ventriloquist”
Beckett had 4 daughters (Gertude, Blanche, Flory and
Grace) and 2 sons SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS
• Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost through a letter
• Knowledge of the country’s history was an essential tool
from Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt. He was the Librarian of
needed by Rizal to effectively campaign for people’s
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Dr. Rost was an Authority
honor and pride
on Malayan language and customs. He called Rizal “a
• He engaged in extensive research abouth the
pearl of a man” as he was impressed by his learning and
Philippines at the British Museum
character
• He copied and annotated the 1609 edition of Antonio de
A LETTER FROM HOME Morga’s “Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas”
BAD NEWS • Annotating and studying the Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas was the main goal of Rizal in the English
• Persecution of Filipino farmers who signed the Anti-Friar Capital
Petition of 1888 led by Doroteo Cortez
ANTONIO MORGA AN UNSOLICITED ATTENTION
• Antonio de Morga was a 17th century Spanish official • Gettie Beckett came to fall in love with Rizal
and historian in the Philippines • Rizal decided to leave London to avoid her, having no
• His historical accounts were considered as one of the feeling for her
most objective during the Spanish period • He left for Paris to finally forget her
• His book contained accounts of two of the earliest
GOODBYE, LONDON
writings of pre-colonial Philippines
• Before leaving London, Rizal finished four sculptural
HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS works:
• Antonio Pigafetts – Chronicler of Ferdinand Magellan’s o Prometheus Bond
o The Triumph of Death over Life
Expedition
o A composite carving of the heads of the
• Gaspar de San Agustin – Served during Governor
Beckett sisters (gave as farewell gift to the
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi’s Administration (Conquista de
Beckett sisters)
Las Islas Filipinas
o The Triumph of Science over Death
• Other Historical Accounts. All three mentioned about • On March 9, 1889, Rizal departed for Paris. He was sad
early Filipino Life and Industry as he crossed th English Channel for he had many
• Their writings described the early life and industry of the beautiful memories of London
Filipinos that provevd the following points:
1. That the early Filipinos were engaged in THE PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION OF 1889
trade with other Asian neighbors
2. That the dominant religion in Manila, the • Paris was bursting with excitement in preparation of the
Visayas and Mindanao was Islam; and Universal Exposition of 1889
3. That there was already an organized political • The Exposition Universale held in Paris, France from
government in the country called barangay May 6 to October 31,1889. The fair attracted exhibits
headed by a rajah or a datu from Europe, South America, United States, and French
colonies, yet it really was a celebration of French
• Rizal also noted that a Chinese chronicle of the 12th
century mentioned that the people of Luzon were honest achievements on the centennial of French Revolution.
and hardworking • Tourists from all parts of the world moved to the city
• Rizal arrived here via train together with other
ANNOTATION OF MORGA’S “SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS passengers speaking various languages
FILIPINAS” AND OTHERS… • Inns, hotels and boarding houses were all filled and fully
booked for the event
• Rizal wanted to write a history to disprove the allegation • Their rates gre sky high
of the friars that our ancestors were savage and • He finally lived together with other Filipinos, Justo
uncivilized people Trinidada and Jose Albert. In the exposition, there was
• He knew that such statement were a product of bigot this International Art Competition where Felix Hidalgo
views of a race who are proud of their heritage won the 3rd prize, Pardo de Tavera and Juan Luna won
• He also wrote many articles for the La Solidaridad to the 2nd prize, and unfortunately, Rizal got nothing
counter the attacks of Fr. Rodriguez on the Noli, • In Paris, he continued his research at the Biblioteque
generally entitled “Cuestiones de Sumo Interes” Nationale to check on Morga’s book
• Wrote a pamphlet entitled “La Vision del Fray • He also spent time with his friends; and visited the
Rodriguez” which was published in Barcelona using the Boustead family at Rue de Bassins, Luna’s, Tavera’s,
penname “Dimasalang” (Dimas-Alang) etc. he also organized societied with his fellow Filipinos
• Also wrote “To the Women of Malolos” in which he
encouraged the women to pursue their education and THE KIDLAT CLUB
not merely blind followers of the friars
• Rizal organized a social group with his fellow Filipinos in
• He contributed articles to the Trubners Record, related
Paris by the end of March 1889, called the Kidlat Club
to Asian Studies such as the “Two Eastern Fables”
• The purpose was to enjoy their journey in the exposition
and “Specimens of Tagala Folklore”
• It was a temporary society to simply unite the Filipinos
• By unanimous vote of all members, Rizal was chosen to
here in paris during the International Exposition
be the president of society called La Solidaridad
• The members include Antonio and Juan Luna, Gregorio
AIMS OF LA SOLIDARIDAD Aguilera, Fernando Canon, Lauro Dimayuga, Julio
Llorente, Guillermo Puatu, and Baldomero Roxas.
1. To establish reform for our country
2. To show the unfortunate conditions in the Philippines INDIOS BRAVOS
committed by the Spaniards
• Rizal and his kidlat Club members were inspired by the
3. To promote free and progressive ideas
Buffalo Bills troupe, a group of tall, dignified, proud and
4. To implement the patriotic vision of the Filipinos
powerful indians.
• Rizal published his work Los Agricultores
• They decided to change their group’s name to “Indios
Filipinos (The Filipino Farmers) on March 25,1889,
Bravos” since they also don’t have anything to be
6 days after he left London for Paris. This was his
ashamed of about their race.
first article in La Solidaridad
• William Frederick Cody a.k.a. Buffalo Bill, founder and o The gay social life of the city hampered his
performer of Wild West shows Buffalo Bill’s Wild West literary works, especially the writing of his
show in 1890 which presented the skills and life of social novel El Filibusterismo.
American Indians became the inspiration of Rizal in • While in Brussels, he lived in Rue Philippe run by 2
naming his one societal club as Indios Bravos. Jacoby sisters (Suzanne and Marie). He was busy
• Another group known only as R.D.L.M. which stands for writing El Fili and articles for the La Solidaridad. Despite
Redencion de Los Malayos was also formed. Its purposes of his European education and his knowledge of foreign
were: languages, Rizal loved his own native language. He
o to propagate useful knowledge, in any forms, was the 1st to advocate to the Filipinization of our letters
in the Philippines; and c and o and use instead K and w.
o to promote the redemption of Malayan race. • Rizal received news from Juan Luna and Valentin
Ventura, that there are some Filipinos who were
• This group’s members don’t know each other, and Rizal
destroying the reputation of Filipinos by gambling too
doesn’t know them as well. It’s still a mystery. * Mentioned
much. Thus, he wrote a letter address to Del Pilar, to
in the letters of Rizal to Jose Maria Basa on Sept. 21, 1889,
remind the Filipinos in Madrid that they did not come to
and to Marcelo H. del Pilar on November 4, 1889
Europe to gamble, but to work for their Fatherland’s
freedom. The gambling Filipinos were angry when they
ANNOTATED EDITION OF MORGA’S BOOK
learned or Rizal’s moralizing. They called him “PAPA”
• Although this was an outstanding achievement of Rizal, instead of Pepe.
there were still some errors: • Rizal received bad news from home as follows:
1. Commits the error in appraising the history of the o Paciano and his brother-in-law were
past in the light of the present standard deported to Mindoro
2. Rizal’s attacks of the church were unfair and o M. Hidalgo were vanished for the 2nd time
unjustified because the abuses should not be to Bohol.
construed to mean the Catholic is bad. • In his moment of despair Rizal had bad dreams. And
although he was not superstitious, he feared that he
PLAN TO ESTABLISH FILIPINO COLLEGE IN would not live long. But he wanted to finish his 2nd
HONGKONG novel El Fili before he went to his grave.
• Rizal planned to establish a Filipino College in Hong • In his letter to MH Del Pilar he said: In my childhood I
Kong. The purpose was to educate men of good family had a strange belief that I would not reach 30 years of
and financial means. age, In the face of sufferings, Rizal planned to go home.
• Mariano Cunanan promised to raise P40, 000 as initial All his friends objected to his plan and warned him of the
payment for this college. danger that awaited him at home. Something happened
• Its curriculum consists of: Ethics, Study of Religion, that changed his decision and he informed MH Del Pilar
Natural Law, Civil law, Deportment, Hygiene, that he was going to Madrid to supervise the handling of
Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, Natural History, the case of his family in Calamba.
Geography, Political Economy, Universal History, • While in Brussels, he wrote a poem entitled “A Mi Musa”
Philippine History, Logic, Rhetoric, Poetics Spanish, (to My Muse) a pathetic poem, lack of exquisiteness.
English, French, German, Chinese, Tagalog While he was preparing for his trip to Madrid, two things
Gymnastics, Equitation, Fencing, Swimming, Music, brought some measure of cheers. The summertime
Drawing and Dancing. festival of Belgium, which was celebrated in carnival
• Rizal had been coming back and forth from Paris to style, with colourful costumes, fantastic floats.
London, then Paris at last, with his aim to check up or • His romance with Petite Jacoby, the pretty niece of his
compare on his annotation of Morga’s book to its original landladies Rizal was so charming and dignified
copy found in British museum. (January 1890) gentleman that Suzanne was attracted to him. He was
lonely in a strange country and Leonor Rivera was so far
WHITE CHRISTMAS IN PARIS away. He found certain bliss in the company of a pretty
Belgian girl.
• December 25, 1889 was a cold winter in Paris
• Like all the other girls in Rizal’s life, Suzanne fall in love
• Rizal and Jose Albert planned to have a delightful
with Rizal. And she cried when he left for Madrid.
Yuletide dinner o Yung susunod ay from the ppt na siya
• They had fried chicken, rice and vegetables
• Shortly after New Year, Rizal went to London then back BETTER IN BRUSSELS
to Paris again.
• In Brussels, Belgium
• On January 28, he went to Brussels, Belgium o Lifestyle was cheap
o Beautiful
LIFE IN BRUSSELS, BELGIUM
o Architecturally impressive
• Docs po muna lahat ng ito. • Rizal boarded at the Jacoby residence
• On January 28, 1890, Rizal left Paris for Brussels, o Owned by Suzanne and Marie Jacoby
Belgium. Two reasons why Rizal left Paris: o Had a niece named Suzanne
o The cost of living in Paris was very high o They were delighted with Rizal’s presence
because of the Universal Exposition • Rizal and Suzanne spen a lot of time together
• Affectionate sentiments were developed between them
• Rizal did not pursue whatever he feels towards Suzanne
• He spent most of his time writing the El Filibusterismo,
the sequel of the Noli RIZAL’S ARTICLES @ LA SOLIDARIDAD
• He gave Valentin Ventura a sculpture of a naked woman • “Los Agricultores Filipinos”, described the deplorable
farmers’ conditions
EL FILIBUSTERISMO • “La Verdad Para Todos”, (Truth for All)
• Served as the continuation of Noli • “Una Profanacion”, attack against friars’ refusal to bury
• In the Noli, he exposed the cancer present in the society Mariano Herbosa in a Catholic cemetry
by presenting the day to day events in the country under • “Diferencias”
Spanish oppressive rule • “Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años”
• The El Filibusterismo was a call for a revolution, the last • “Sin Nombre”
resort and ultimate solution against Spanish oppression • “Ingratitude”
• El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed) is the sequel to • “Sobre la Nueva” “Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala”
Noli Me Tangere • “Cosas de Filipinas”
• “Sobre la Indolencia delos Filipinos”
IN BRUSSELS, BELGIUM • “A la Defensa”
1. Wrote several chapters of the novel El Filibusterismo • “Crueldad”
2. Wrote articles sent to the La Solidaridad • “Vicente Barrantes”
3. Sent letters to family and friends • “Profanacion
4. Spent part time working in a medical clinic • “Verdades”
5. Had gymnastics, target practice and fencing • “Nuevas”
• “Inconsequencias”
LA SOLIDARIDAD
• “Llanto y Risas”
• Official voice of the Propagandists
• Heralded the demand of the ilustrados to push fro
reforms in the Philippines
• A fortnightly newspaper founded by Graciano Lopez-
Jaena in Barcelona, Spain on February 15, 1889
• Fortnightly means something that occurs, happens or
appears every two weeks
• The three main personalities:
o Dr. Jose Rizal
o Atty. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
o Graciano Lopez-Jaena – the founder and
editor
▪ Mariano Ponce also contributed
actively
• To protect the interest and welfare of the contributors
and writers and their families, the propagandists used
pseudonyms.
o Rizal: Dimasalang; Laong-Laan
o MH Del Pilar: Plaridel
o Mariano Ponce: Tikbalang; Naning;
Kalipulako
o Antonio Luna: Taga-Ilog
o Jose Ma. Panganiban: Jomapa
AIMS OF PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

• Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes,
the Spanish parliament;
• Secularization of the clergy;
• Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality;
• Creation of public school system independent of the
friars;
• Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced
sale of local products to the government);
• Guarantee of basic freedom of speech and association;
• Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter
government service;
• Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain;
• Secularization of Philippines parishes;
• Recognition of human rights.
WEEK 9: FRUSTRATIONS IN EUROPE, HK MEDICAL PRACTICE, NEW CALAMBA PROJECT, 2ND HOMECOMING
He called himself “Laong-Laan” which means “Ever

FRUSTRATIONS IN EUROPE
Ready”
ANTI – GAMBLING POPE
• He received news from Juan Luna and Valentin Ventura
FRUSTRATIONS IN MADRID
that some Filipinos in Spain are engage in too much
gambling FRUSTRATED IN MADRID
• He advised them not to waste their money but continue • Rizal went to Madrid to bring his protest against the
supporting the Propaganda instead, which was the main
injustices done by Gov. Weyler and the Dominicans to
reason for coming to Madrid
the Calamba farmers at the Ministry of Colonies headed
• The gambling Filipinos were angered upon learning by Minister Fabie
about Rizal’s comments and ridiculed him for acting like • The meeting was fruitless; no compromise was reached
a “Pope”
• He even asked his comrades in the Asociacion Hispano-
• Rizal countered, in his letter to Del Pilar, that his fellow
Filipina to assist him
Filipinos came to Madrid to work for the Fatherland’s
• Asked the Spanish media: La Justicia, El Dia, El Globo –
freedom
to publish article about the issue to exert pressure on
the government
THE SEQUEL: “EL FILIBUSTERISMO” • Del Pilar and Dominador Gomez helped him too
o From the docs
• It is Rizal’s novel on a nation that is on the brink of a • August, 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid. He immediately
revolution secured the help of the Filipino colony and the
• It is presented as an alternative course to the reform association of the Hispano-Filipino and the liberal
efforts of Filipinos Spanish newspaper. In securing justice for the
• It also presented the danger of taking an alternative oppressed Calamba tenants including his family.
based on hate and vengeance. Together with MH Del Pilar (acted as his lawyer) and Dr.
• “…is a morality, a profound description of the mentality Dominador Gomez (secretary of the association) called
and climate of revolt… to Spain it was a last and terrible on the Minister of Colonies to protest the injustices
warning.” – Austin Coates (Rizal’s Biographer) committed against the Calamba tenants.
• Nothing came out of Rizal's interview. More terrible
news reached Rizal as he was waging a futile war for
THE CALAMBA DEPORTATION justice. He learned that there was already an ejectment
• From the time Rizal left Calamba, the agrarian problem order against Rizal's family and the other Calamba
had turned from bad to worse tenants. He further learned that their parents were
• The Dominicans increased the land rent without reason forcibly ejected from their homes and were then living in
• Rizal advised his family and other tenants to refuse the house of Narcisa. He even sought the hel of liberal
paying Spanish statesmen but he was again disappointed. They
just gave him honeyed words of sympathy and nothing
• This move only enraged the administrators
else
• The Dominicans filed a suit against the Calamba tenants
• Blumentritt urged him to talk with Queen Regent Maria
• Through the order of Gov. Valeriano Weyler, the tenants
Cristina (the ruler of Spain). But he could not because
were persecuted and ejected from their lands and
he had neither powerful friends to bring him to the queen
homes in Calamba
nor gold to grease the palms of influential courtiers.
• 25 members of the Mercado family were affected.
Another disappointment happened when his friend Jose
Ma. Panganiban died in Barcelona after lingering illness
THE CALAMBA DEPORTATION (1890) PANGANIBAN DIES (1863 – 1890)
• Paciano and brothers-in-law Antonio Lopez and • Called “Avenger of Filipino Honor”
Silvestre Ubaldo were exiled to Mindoro • Born in Mambulao, Camarines Norte, on February 1,
• Manuel Hidalgo was earlier exiled to Bohol 1863
• Rizal felt guilty about these sufferings of his family and • A good friend and co-worker of Rizal
town mates • He was Bicolandia’s greates contribution to the historic
• Spain’s hate on him had turned to his loved ones campaign for reforms more popularly called the
• Rizal decided to return home no matter what the Propaganda Movement
dangers are • He wrote articles for La Solidaridad, under the pen
• He confided to MH del Pilar his death wish names Jomapa and J.M.P
• He expressed his readiness to die if it would do good to • Died in Barcelona Spain, on August 19, 1890
his family and country
•
• Rizal wrote the “Eulogy to Panganiban”, whom he • He grew pale and sickly having been jilted by Leonor
admired as an energetic patriot who had pure love for • In his letter to Blumentritt, he accused Leonor of
the country infidelity
DUEL FOR NELLY’S HONOR • His love turned to hatred
• Galicano Apacible, a UST friend, consoled him by
• August 1890 – Rizal had a heated argument with saying there are many girls in the world
Antonio Luna • He informed Rizal that the daughter of Pi y Margall, was
• Reason: Luna made tactless remarks about Nelly, the deeply in love with him, ready to marry him
girl he had courted but chose Rizal
• Rizal was offended by Luna’s remarks and attempred to
attack the latter LEONOR RIVERA FINALLY GOT MARRIED
• The two exchange words.
• On Leonor’s side, she was mad at Rizal having been
• Rizal challenged Luna to a duel. He offered Luna to
very quiet
choose between a pistol or saber
• She said that she still loved Rizal, that her decision to
• Luna chose the saber
marry was not because she no longer loved him
• Luna finally realized his mistake and asked forgiveness
• She did it because she thought Rizal no longer loved
from Rizal, who accepted the apology
her
o Docs muli
• Towards the end of August, Rizal attended a social • 11 years of waiting was too long
reunion. At that time Antonio Luna was bitter because of • Leonor wasn’t getting younger and lamented the fact
his frustrated romance with Nellie Boustead. He was that Rizal didn’t bother to see her
blaming Rizal for his failure to win her. In a fit of • Rizal could have misunderstood her
jealousy, caused by his alcohol be-fogged mind, he • Leonor married Henry Kipping, an Englishman in Manila
uttered unsavoury remarks about Nellie.
• Rizal overheard him and due to his high regards to
THE LEADER OF ALL FILIPINOS (RESPONSIBLE)
women. Angrily he challenged Luna to a duel. The
Filipinos was shocked and tried to pacify Rizal and Luna • In a banquet at Calle de Atocha some Filipinos
pointing that it could damage their cause in Spain. Luna proposed for the creation of a movement to bind the
when he became sober realized that he made afoul of colony together
himself and apologized to Rizal. • A leader called “Responsible” would be the official
representative of all Filipinos abroad
• Rizal felt he would be the rightful person
ALMOST ANOTHER DUEL… FOR HIS FAMILY’S HONOR
• Other thought otherwise, They endorsed MH del Pilar’s
• Wenceslao Retaña, a pro-friar journalist, made candidacy
disrepectful remarks against the Rizal family and the • In the 1st meeting, Eduardo de Lete presided. Rizal was
Calamba tenats in the anti-Filipino newspapre La Epoca in favor of the creation of a new movement.
• He wrote that the family and the tenants deserve what • Del Pilar objected because to him they already have the
happened to them for failing to pay the Dominicans their La Solidaridad and the AHP to take card of the said
land rents objectives
• Upon reading the offensive article, Rizal sent a message • His argument lost was overruled. A committee was
to Retaña challenging him to a duel in whatever weapon formed to draw the statutes
he would choose, anywhere and anytime • Rizal and Del Pilar became the two candidates
• Retaña immediately made a public retraction and an • They both wanted to withdraw.
apology to Rizal and his family • The rule of the election: the winner must garner 2/3
• On another occasion, he challenged another man to a majority vote
duel -Wenceslao Retaña, his bitter enemy of the pen. • 1st balloting – Rizal was ahead but not enough
He wrote in his article that the friends of Rizal had not • 2nd and 3rd Balloting – the same results. The meeting
paid their rents so that they were ejected from their adjourned
lands in Calamba. Such insult stirred Rizal to action, he • The next day, del Pilar was absent. The results didn’t
challenged Retaña to a duel and he said that Retaña's change. Rizal grew impatient
blood or his apology could vindicate the good blame of • He announced his withdrawal from the race
Rizal's family and friends. • He bade farewell. But Ponce quickly asked Lete,
• Retaña to save his own skin, he published a retraction Sandiko, Luna and others to shift their votes to Rizal
and an apology in the newspaper after being warned of • Dominador Gomez spoke in behalf of the Pilaristas
Rizal's superior skills in both pistol and sword. saying they changed their votes for the sake of unity
• Thus, Rizal was voted unanimously. Rizal gave his
admonitions to the group in his acceptance speech
END OF 11-YEARS ENGAGEMENT
• Rizal blamed Lete for the election fiasco. Expressed
• Amidst Rizal’s frustrations in Madrid, he received a letter disappointment with del Pilar
from Leonor Rivera, his girlfriend for 11 years informing • He said it would have been a disappointing news to the
him that she was getting married nationalist movement in Manila to know that Rizal was
• It pained his heart greatly defeated because he was acknowledged leader back
• He still loved Leonor despite having courted girls before home.
A BIARRITZ INTERLUDE IN HONG KONG
• Rizal went to see Nelly in Biarritz. He finally decided to • November 20, 1891 – Rizal arrived in Hongkong
marry Nelly Boustead. • His friends welcomed him including Jose Ma. Basa
• Conditions made by Nelly’s father: • He established his residence at No.5 D’Aguilar St. No.2
1. Abort all travels abroad and stay with Nelly Rednaxella Terrace on top of the seaman’s bar
2. Practice medicine and stay away from • He put up a medical clinic there
politics • December 1,1891 – Rizal wrote to his parents to ask
3. Become a Protestant before marriage their permission for him to come home
• Rizal, however, decided to back down from his proposal • His brother-in-law (Manuel T. Hidalgo) wrote him a letter
thinking he wasn’t ready yet to answer the given regarding: “deportation of 25 persons from Calamba
conditions set by Nelly’s father including his father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and
the rest of us.” He also stated in his letter that he’s
preparing a letter to the Queen Regent of Spain
PRINTING OF THE EL FILIBUSTERISMO explaining the Calamba situation in order to secure
• February 1891 – Rizal went back to Brussels to edit and justice. “If the Queen will not listen, we will write to
revise the novel Queen Victoria of England to appeal for protection in the
• End of May 1891 – it was ready for printing name of humanity.”
• Brought the novel to Ghent because printing was • A few days before Christmas, his father, brother and
cheaper there Silvestre Ubaldo (brother-in-law) arrived in Hongkong
• No financial aid was sent by the Centro de Propaganda • Later, his mother(who was then 65 years old and almost
• He had spent all his money for the printing cost blind) and sister Lucia, Josefa and Trinidad also arrived.
• He only received P100 from his countrymen as part of • On Christmas day, he celebrated it with his family, after
his allowance four years. The Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong was
• He was abandoned by the society after just a month. He one of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in Rizal’s life.
was consoled by the financial help given by Valentin He even wrote to Bluementritt on Jan. 31, 1892 about
Ventura the pleasant life they’re living in Hong Kong
• The novel was printed at F. Meyer van Loo Press
• Rizal gave the original manuscripts to Ventura
MEDICAL PRACTICE
RIZAL RESIGNS • He put up a clinic in order to earn some money

• He met some doctors including Dr. Lorenzo Marques
• Before leaving for Manila:
who recommended him to his ophthalmologic clients
o He sent a letter of resignation as a
contributor of the La Solidaridad • His successful medical practice made him popular to
Asians and Europeans alike
o He also sent a message to his compatriots
his decision to give up his political • His friends sent him books and equipment in support of
leadership and fight in his own his great job
o This news saddened many Propaganda • He also successfully restored his mother’s eyesight
members again.
o From docs
• He quickly visited Nelly to bid goodbye
• Rizal practiced medicine in order to earn a living for his
• He will go back to the Philippines to take care of his
family. Dr. Lorenzo P. Marques, his friend and admirer,
family’s problems
turned over to him many of his patients with eye
• He boarded the SS Melbourne, a ship from Marseilles
diseases; truly, he helped Rizal to build a wide clientele
bound to Hong Kong
(customers/clients).
• He was with the company of many friars including Fr.
• Rizal successfully operated on his mother’s left eye so
Volunteri, less like Fr. Damaso
that she was able to read and write again. Some of his
friends gave him moral and substantial aid in his medical
DR. JOSE RIZAL MEDICAL PRACTICE IN HONGKONG practice from Biarritz, Mr. Boustead, Nellie’s father,
wrote to him in March 21, 1892, praising him for
RIZAL AND THE GERMAN LADIES practising his medical profession.
• Rizal was alone, having dinner; he overheard the • Dr. Ariston Baustista Lin, from Paris, sent him a
German ladies which were gossiping loudly about him, congratulatory letter and a book,
being lonely. The door in the dining room was blown on Diagnostic Pathology by Dr. H. Virchow and another
open when the steamer encountered a heavy squall (a book, Traite Diagnostique by Mesnichock. Don Antonio
gust of wind). One of the ladies said “if this man in front Vergel de Dios, also from Paris, offered his services for
of us were a gentleman, he would close the door”. Rizal the purchase of medical books and instruments which
heard this, and, without saying a word, closed the door. he might need in his profession.
This incident made the ladies embarrassed and treated
Rizal with respect and admiration.
WRITINGS IN HONGKONG 2. To establish the La Liga Filipina
3. To request the lifting of the exile order
• Rizal translated the “The Rights of Man” in Tagalog
against his family; and
(about the French Revolution in 1789)
4. To prove to the propagandists that he had
• Wrote “A La Nacion Española” which was an appeal to
not abandoned the country
Spain to rectify the wrongs committed by the Spaniards
5. To prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong
against the Calamba tenants
in attacking him in Madrid
• Also wrote “Sa Mga Kababayan” was written on
December 1891, explaining the Calamba agrarian LETTER TO GOVERNOR EULOGIO DESPUJOL
situation
• He also contributed articles to the Hongkong Telegraph, • In hope of the Governor-General’s sincerity in his
a British newspaper, through Frazier Smith one of its promises of a better government, Rizal wrote to him
editors, who was his friend offering him his cooperation. But governor-general did
• When the Spanish censors discovered it, they not acknowledge Rizal’s letter, violating the simple rule
immediately banned the Hongkong newspaper of Spanish courtesy.
• On March 21, 1892, after waiting for 3 months for a reply
for his first letter, Rizal wrote another letter which asked
for permission for the landless Filipinos to establish
VICTORIA GAOL PRISONS themselves in Borneo.
• March 2, 1892 – Rizal wrote “Una Visita a la Victoria
BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT
Gaol” his visit to Victoria Gaol, the colonial prison in
Hongkong • Instead of performing the simple “courtesy of a reply”,
• He wrote that the British prison was more humane and Despujol notified the Spanish consul general in Hong
more modern than the cruel Spanish prison system in Kong. He did not approve the Filipino immigration to
the Philippines Borneo, alleging that: “the Philippines lacked laborers”
• To educate his pet Borneo colonization project he wrote: and “it was not very patriotic to go off and cultivate
o “Colonisation du British North Borneo, par foreign soil.”
de Familles de Iles Philippines”
o “Proyecto de Colonization del Vritish North THE SECOND HOMECOMING
Borneo por los Filipinos” • June 26, 1892- Rizal and his sister Lucia arrived in
o June 1892, He wrote “La Mano Roja” (The Manila
Red Hand)
• They were met by carabineers and their luggage were
inspected.
THE BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT
• They checked in at the Hotel de Oriente
• To save his townmated from te oppressive regime of • In the afternoon, Rizal went to Malacañang to seek
Gov. Weyler, Rizal dreamed of setting up a Filipino audience with the governor.
colony in North Borneo (Sabah). • The Governor granted pardon to his father except to his
• He planned to move to landless Filipino families to that brother and brothers in law
rich British-owned island. He also planned to carve out • He was told to return on the 29th of the month,
of its virigin wildness a which he will call “New Calamba” Wednesday.
• March 7, 1892 – Rizal traveled to Sandakan, Sabah to
negotiate with the British government re: a possible LAST HONG KONG LETTERS
establishment of a Filipino colony there
• Relatives and friends of Rizal opposed his decision to
• On May 26, 1892, Lopez-Jaena wrote to Rizal
return home because it was like bearding the lions in
expressing his support and great desire in the project
their den.
along with their other friends; Juan and Antonio Luna,
• On June 19, 1892, he spent his birthday in Hong Kong.
Blumentritt, Dr. Bautista Lin, etc.
Evidently, he had a premonition of his death, for the
• Manuel Hidalgo, the brave Batangueño, one of Rizal’s
following day,
brothers-in-law, objected to his project
• June 20, he wrote two letters which he sealed, inscribed
• He boarded the steamer Menon
on each envelop “to be opened after my death” and
• He was offered the lands over the Bengkoka River near gave them to his friend Dr. Marquez for safekeeping. His
the Maradu Bay first letter addressed To My Parents, Brethren and
• The British North Borneo Company agreed to give about Friends. The second letter addressed to The Filipinos.
100,000 acres of land free of charge if Rizal would be • On June 21, 1892, Rizal penned another letter in Hong
able to bring in 50 families who will migrate to the area Kong for General Despujol. He informed the governor-
• Rizal thought this was enough to compensate the lands general of his coming to Manila and placed himself
they lost in Calamba under the protection of the Spanish government.
• He called this the British North Borneo Colonization • On June 21, 1892, Rizal and his sister Lucia, widow of
Project Herbosa, left Hong Kong for Manila. They carried a
• May 1892 – Rizal returned to the country with the ff. special passport or “safe-conduct” issued by the
reasons: Spanish consul-general in Hong Kong.
1. To confer with Gov. Despujol regarding the
Borneo Colonization Project;
TRIP TO LUZON
• June 27, 1892 – Rizal boarded a train bound to the
provinces.
• He visited his friends from Malolos, San Fernando,
Tarlac and Bacolor, Pampanga
• Unknowingly, he was followed and watched carefully by
spies sent by the government.
• The Guardia Civil raided the houses he visited and
seized copies of the Noli and Fili found in their
possession.
RIZAL FELL INTO SPANISH TRAP

• Immediately after Rizal’s departure from Hong Kong: the
Spanish consul-general, who issued the government
guarantee of safety, sent a cablegram to Gov. Despujol
that the victim “is in the trap” On the same day, a secret
case was filed in Manila against Rizal and his followers
“for anti-religious and anti-patriotic agitation”
ARRIVAL IN MANILA WITH SISTER

• On June 26, 1892, Sunday at 12:00 noon, Rizal and his
widowed sister Lucia arrived in Manila. At 4:00PM, he
went to Malacañang Palace to seek audience with the
Spanish governor-general.
• On June 27, 1892, at 6:00pm, Rizal boarded a train in
Tutuban Station and visited his friends in Malolos, San
Fernando, Tarlac, and Bacolor.
WEEK 10: FOUNDING OF LA LIGA FILIPINA TO DAPITAN EXILE
FOUNDING OF LIGA FILIPINA AIMS OF THE LIGA FILIPINA:

• July 3, 1892 – after 1. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact,
his interview with vigorous, and homogenous body;
Gov. Despujol, 2. Mutal protection in every want and necessity;
Rizal together with 3. Defense against all violence and injustice;
some patriots had a 4. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and
meeting at the commerce; and
home of Doroteo 5. Study and application of reforms
Ongjungco, a
Chinese-Filipino
mestizo, on Ilaya GOVERNING BODY OF THE LA LIGA FILIPINA:
St., Tondo, Manila
• Here, Rizal introduced the Liga Filipina, a civic league of • The Supreme Council
Filipinos, which he desired to establish and its role in the o The governing body which has control over
socio-economic life of the people the whole country
• In the attendance were: o It is composed of the president, secretary,
o Pedro Serrano Laktaw (Panday Pira), a treasurer and fiscal
mason and a school teacher • Provincial Council
o Domingo Franco (Felipe Real), a mason o Formed in every province
and a shopkeeper o The provincial council shall have command
o Jose A. Ramos (Socorro), an engraver, of the popular chiefs
printer and owner of Bazar Gran Bretanta • Popular Council
o Ambrosio Salvador, gobernadorcillo of o Formed in every town
Quiapo, a mason o The popular council only shall have
o Bonifacio Arevalo (Harem), a dentist and command of the members
mason
o Deodato Arellano, brother in law of MH Del
Pilar and a civilian employee of the army DUTIES OF THE LIGA MEMBERS
o Ambrosio Flores (Musa), a retired
lieutenant of infantry 1. Pay monthly dues of ten centavos
o Agustin de la Rosa, bookkeeper and 2. Obey blindly and promptly every order emanating from
mason the Council or the Chief
o Luis Villareal, a tailor and mason 3. Inform the Council of whatever they note or hear that
o Faustino Villaruel (ilaw), a pharmacist and has reference to the Liga Filipina
mason 4. Preserve the most absolute secrecy in regard to the
o Mariano Crisostomo, a landlord decisions of the council
o Numeriano Adriano (ipil), a notary public 5. Help another member in the case of need or danger
and mason 6. Each member shall adopt a new name of his own choice
o Estanislao Legaspi, an artisan and mason 7. Help recruit new members
o Teodoro Plata, a court clerk and mason 8. Treat everyone with respect
o Andres Bonifacio, a warehouse employee
o Apolinario Mabini (katabay), a lawyer and
mason DUTIES OF THE LIGA (DOCS)
o Juan Zulueta, a playwright, poet, and
government employee 1. Obey the orders of the supreme council
• The elected officers: 2. To help in recruiting new members
o President: Ambrosio Salvador 3. To keep in strictest secrecy the decisios of the Liga
o Secretary: Deodato Arellano authorities
o Treasurer: Bonifacio Arevalo 4. To have symbolic name which he cannot change until
o Fiscal: Agustin dela Rosa he becomes president of his council
• Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All) 5. To report to the fiscal anything that he may hear which
affect the Liga
6. To behave well as befits a good Filipino
7. To help fellow members in all ways
RIZAL’S ARREST AND BANISHMENT Established a school for boys
5. Promoted community development
• July 6, 1892 – when Rizal went to Malacañang to projects
resume his interviews with the Gov. Despujol, the latter 6. Invented a brick-making machine
showed him several printed leaflets allegedly discovered 7. Engaged in farming and commerce
under the pillow of his sister Lucia • Conditions for him to stay at the Parish Convent:
• These were entitled “Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars)” 1. Publicly retract errors committed vs. the
which bore the name of the author P. Jacinto (Fr. Church and the government
Jacinto) and printed by the Imprenta de los Amigos del 2. Perform chruch rites and make general
Pais, Manila confessions
• A satire exposing the fabulous wealth of the friars 3. Conduct himself as a model Christian and
contrary to the vows of poverty man
• Rizal denied knowledge of the leaflets ▪ yung mga susunod na bullets from docs
• However, he was still detained at Fort Santiago. By siya na wala sa ppt ni mam
Ramon Despujol, nephew and aide of Governor General • Jose Rizal’s arrival in Manila on June 26, 1892 had
Despujol become very sensational among the Filipinos. His
• Later, he learned that he would be brought to Bataan, popularity feared the Spaniards, and as such, paid
but instead he was banished in Dapitan, a distant careful attention to his every move – all houses where
military district in Mindanao he had been searched and the Filipinos seen in his
company were suspected.
REASONS FOR RIZAL’S DEPORTATION
• As he had planned, on July 3, 1892 he founded the La
• On July 7,1892, the Gaceta de Manila published the Liga Filipina in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco in Tondo,
story of Rizal’s arrest which produced indignant Manila
commotion among the Filipino people, particularly the • Four days after the civic organization’s foundation, Jose
members of the newly organized Liga Filipina Rizal was arrested by the Spanish authorites on four
• The same issue of the Gaceta (July 7,1892) contained grounds
Governor General Despujol’s decree deporting Rizal to 1. For p ublishing anti-Catholic and anti-friar
“one of the islands in the South” books and articles;
• Rizal published books and articles abroad which showed 2. For having in possesion a bundle of
disloyalty to Spain which were anti-Catholic and anti-friar handbills, the Pobres Frailes, in which
• Found bundles of incriminatory leaflets which satirized advocacies were in violation of the
the friars Spanish orders;
• Published and dedicated his novel El Filibusterismo to 3. For dedicating his novel, El Filibusterismo
the three martyred “traitors” to the three traitors (Gomez, Burgos, and
• Between July 14 and 15, 1892- under heavy guard, Zamora) and for emphasizing on the
Rizal was brought to the steamer CEBU to be brought to novel’s title page that “the only salvation
Dapitan. for the Philippines was separation from the
• The Captain of the ship was Capt. Delgras, who upon mother country (referring to Spain)”
arrival in Dapitan on July 17, turned him over to Captain 4. For simple criticizing the religion and
Ricardo Carnicero, the Dapitan Commandant. aiming for its exclusion from the Filipino
• Rizal would stay here until July 31, 1896, a period of Culture
four years. • Aboard the steamer Cebu
o According sa docs ito yung mas detailed explanation
nung last 3 bullets
• On July 14, 1892, shortly after midnight (that is 12:30AM
of July 15, 1892), Rizal was brought under heavy guard FRIENDSHIP WITH CAPT. CARNICERO
to the steamer Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. • Rizal refused to abide with the conditions set by the
• This steamer under Captain Delgras departed at Jesuit Society
1:00AM, July 15, sailing south, passing Mindoro and • He preferred to stay at
Panay and reaching Dapitan on Sunday, the 17th of July the Casa Real, the
at 7:00PM. official residence of the
• Captain Delgras handed Rizal to Captain Ricardo commandant, Capt.
Carnicero, Spanish commandant of Dapitan. Carnicero, his warden.
• So, July 17, 1892, Rizal began his exile in lonely • A new friendship
Dapitan, until July 31, 2896, for a period of four years. developed between them
• The relations between
THE DAPITAN EXILE
Carnicero (the warden)
• Rizal lived as exile in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte, and Rizal (the prisoner)
under the aegis of te Jesuits were warm and friendly.
• He was abundantly fruitful with varied achievements: • Carnicero realized that
1. Practiced medicine Rizal was not a common
2. Pursued scientific studies felon, nor a filibuster.
3. Kept his literary works enhanced linguistic • He gave good reports on his prisoner to Gov. Despujol.
acumen
4.
Page 2
• He gave him complete freedom to go anywhere, • In Dapitan, Rizal had a scholarly debate with Father
reporting only once a week at his office. Pablo Pastells regarding religion. This exchange of
• Rizal on his part, admired the kind, and generous heated arguments revealed the anti-Christian Riza – his
Spanish Captain bitterness on the abuses performed by friars, doing such
• He wrote a poem, entitled “A Don Ricardo Carnicero” on under the name of the sacred religion.
August 26, 1892 on the occasion of the captain’s • Father Pastells tried his bes to win Rizal back to the faith
birthday but fortunately or unfortunately, in vain. These series of
• They even shared in buying a Lottery Ticker No. 9736 debate ended inconclusively in which neither of them
that won second prize worth ₱20,000 which was divided convinced the other of his judgements/arguments.
between the 3 of them: Capt. Carnicero, Jose Rizal and
Francisco Equilor AN ABORTED DUEL
• They divided the prize and got ₱6,200 each. Rizal gave • Juan Lardet, a French businessman who was a personal
₱2,000 to Jose Ma. Basa in Hongkong, the rest was acquaintance of Rizal had a quarrel that almost ended
used to buy farm lands in Talisay, Dapitan up in a duel:
• Reasons:
BIRTH OF THE KATIPUNAN
o Lardet bought logs from Rizal
• Right after Rizal was deported to Dapitan, the Liga o Found some of the logs to be of poor
members had a meeting to discuss the future of the quality
organization o Accused Rizal as a cheater
• The group of patriots was divided into two factions: • Lardet wrote a letter to Antonio Miranda, a Dapitan
o The Los Compromisarios – those who are merchant expressing disgust over the business deal he
conservative members of the La Liga had with Rizal
Filipina and still willing to demand reforms • Miranda sent the letter to Rizal
and compromise with the Spanish • Rizal confronted Lardet and challenged him to a duel
government • The Frenchman asked for an apology
o The Separatists – patriots who wanted to
launch an armed rebellion to achieve JESUIT MISSION: “WIN RIZAL BACK”
independence from the colonizers • Fr. Pastells instructed two Jesuit fathers to proceed to
• On July 7, 1891, the Katipunan was founded on Mindanao on a mission “Win Rizal Back to the Catholic
Azcarraga St. (C.M. Recto) in the house of Deodato fold”
Arellano o Fr. Obach, Dapitan parish priest
o Founder of KKK were: o Fr. Jose Vilaclara, Dipolog parish priest
▪ Andres Bonifacio • Fr. Francisco Sanchez was also assigned to proceed to
▪ Teodoro Plata Dapitan
▪ Ladislao Diwa • Fr. Sanchez was chosen by the Jesuit superiors being a
well-like professor of Rizal
RIZAL~PASTELLS RELIGIOUS DEBATES
• He wasn’t able to persuade Rizal
• Fr. Pablo Pastells sent • He respected whatever Rizal believed in
Rizal a book Sarda • Rizal gave Fr. Sanchez a manuscript “Estudios Sobre la
advising the latter to Lengua Tagala” on the latter’s birthday
refrain from being proud
and too judgmental DAPITAN MEDICAL PRACTICE
• Rizal’s letters revealed • Dr. Jose Rizal treated both the rich and the poor patients
his anti-Catholic ideas coming from everywhere
caused by the abuses • He treated the poor free of charge while the rich are
committed against his asked payments for consultation and medicine
family and people
• His name became famous abroad
• He criticized the friars for using their religious authority o According sa docs muli
to oppress and abuse other people • Rizal provided free medicine to his patients, most of
• He said that individual judgment is a gift from God and them were underprivileged. However, he also had
everyone should use it to light his way; that self-esteem wealthy patients who paid him well enough for his
if used moderately, saves man from unworthy acts. excellent surfical skill.
• He further argued that pursuit of truth has different • Among them were Don Ignacio Tumarong who gave
paths, thus, religions may vary, but they all lead to the Rizal ₱3000 for restoring his sight, an Englishman who
light. gave him ₱500 pesos, and Aklanon haciendero, Don
• Fr. Pastells tried to win back Rizal to the fold of Francisco Azcarraga, who paid im a cargo of sugar
Catholicism. • His skill was put into test in August 1893 when his
• He admonished Rizal that divine faith supersedes mother, Doña Teodora Alonzo, was placed under
everything: reason, self-esteem and individual judgment. ophthalmic surgery for th third time. The operation was a
• No matter how intelligent a man is, his intelligence is success, however, Alonzo, ignored her son’s
limited; he still needs God’s guidance. instructions and removed the bandages in her eyes
• He failed to convince Rizal which lead to irritation and infection.
o According sa docs
RIZAL’S COMMUNITY PROJECTS • He drained the marshes of Dapitan to get rid of malaria-
1. Developed the Dapitan Municipal Park carrying mosquitoes. He also provided lighting system –
a. Clean and green RELIEF MAP OF MINDANAO coconut oil lamps posted in dark streets – in the
b. Beautification province out of what he earned from being a physician
c. A relief map • He beautified Dapitan by remodeling the town plaza,
2. Equipped the town with a with the aid of his Jesuit teacher, Fr. Francisco Sanchez,
lighting system using and created a relief map of Mindanao (using stones, soil
coconut oil and grass) right in front the church
3. Constructed the first water
RIZAL, THE EDUCATOR AND SCIENTIST
system using bamboo
pipelines • As an inventor, Rizal made a lighter that ignites through
stones; and a brick maker machine.
RIZAL, THE EDUCATOR AND SCIENTIST • Little was known of Rizal as an inventor. In 1887, during
• Rizal believed in the power of his medical practice in Calamba, he invented a special
education in the human type of lighter called sulpukan which he sent to
transformation Blumentritt as a gift.
• In 1893, he established a school • According to Rizal, the wooden lighter’s mechanism was
for boys for free based on the principle of compressed air. Another of his
▪ more info from docs inventions was the wooden brick-maker can
• Rizal established a school in manufacture about 6,000 bricks a day.
Dapitan which was attended by • As an artist, he
16 young boys from prominent carved a number
families. Instead of charging them of sculptures:
for the matriculation, he made the 1. “The
students do community projects for him like maintaining Mother’s
his garden and field. Revenge” a tribute to his dog Syria, whose child
• He taught them reading, writing in English and Spanish, was killed by a crocodile
geography, history, mathematics, industrial work, nature 2. “The Dapitan Girl”
study, morals and gymnastics. 3. Josephine’s Image
• He encouraged his students to engage in sports 4. Busts of Fr. Guerrico and St. Paul
activities to strengthen their bodies as well • Rizal had contributed his talent in the Sisters of Charity
• There was no formal room, like the typical classroom who were preparing for the arrival of the image of the
nowadays. Classes were conducted from 2 pm to 4 pm Holy Virgin. Rizal was actually the person who modeled
with the teacher sitting on a hammock while students sat the image’s right foot and other details.
on a long bamboo bench • He also conceptualized its curtain, which was oil-painted
• He also engaged in scientific researches: collecting by a Sister under his instruction. He also made sketches
various species of anything which attracted him in Dapitan.
of plant and • Among his collection were the three rare fauna species
animal life; that he discovered (dragon/lizard, frog and beetle) and
Rizal’s most the fishes he caught.
significant
contribution in RIZAL, THE AGRICULTURIST AND ENTREPRENEUR
the scientific • Rizal purchased about 70 hectares of land in Talisay,
world was his Dapitan
discovery of • He diligently farmed these lands with the help of his
three species: helpers
o The Draco rizali, a small lizard populaly known as • The plants include coconuts, abaca, cacao, corn,
a flying dragon; sugarcane and fruit trees
o Apogonia rizali, a rare kind of beetle; and
• He also bought a fishpond
o The Rhacophorus rizali, a peculiar frog species
▪ more info from docs • Rizal devoted time in planting important crops and fruit-
• Rizal shared his interest with nature to his students. bearing trees in his 16-hectare land (later, reaching as
With his boys, they explored the jungles and searched large as 70 hectares). He planted cacao, coffee,
for specimens which he sent to museums in Europe, sugarcane, and coconuts among many others.
particularly in Dressed Museum. • He even invested part of his earnings from being a
• In return, scientific books and surgical instruments were medical practitioner and his ₱6000 winnings from a
delivered to him from the European scientists. He also lottery on lands.
made a bulk of other researched and studies in the • From the United States, he imported agricultural
fields of ethnography, archaeology, geology, machinery and introduced to the native farmers of
anthropology and geography. Dapitan the modern agricultural methods.
• Rizal also partaked in civic works in Dapitan. Upon • Rizal also visualized of having an agricultural colony in
arriving in the province, he noticed its poor condition. Sitio, Ponot within the Sinadañgan Bay. He believed that
the area was suitable for cattle-raising and for cash-
crops as the area had abundat water. Unfortunately, this • He had no opportunity to see Leonor when she died in
plan did not materialize August 1893; his despair doubled upon the
• His business partner was Ramon Carreon announcement of Leonor Rivera’s death
• The adventurous Rizal, with his partner, Ramon
Carreon, tried his luck in the fishing, hemp and copra A Beautiful Stranger
industries.
• In his darkest moments in Dapitan, an 18-year old Irish
• In a letter to his brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, he
girl arrived in Dapitan
pointed out the potential of the fishing industry in the
• She’s Josephine Bracken, whose mother died in
province (as the area was abundant with fish and good
childbirth
beach).
• She is adopted by George Taufer, who later became
• He also requested that two good Calamba fisherman be
blind
sent to Dapitan to teach the fisher folks of the new
• The two came to the Philippines to have Mr. Taufer’s
fishing methods, using a big net called pukutan. But the
eyes be cured.
industry in which Rizal became more successful was in
hemp, shipping the said product to a foreign firm in
DAPITAN WRITINGS
Manila.
• “Himno a Talisay (Hymn to the Talisay tree) – a
RIZAL, THE ENGINEER AND LINGUIST hymn/poem written in tribute to a tree which a town was
named after; where Rizal often stayed
• Rizal applied his knowledge through the waterworks
system he construted in Dapitan. Going back to his • Rizal and his students have always used the talisay tree
academic life, Rizal obtained the title of expert surveyor as a meeting place
(perito agrimensor) from the Ateneo Municipal. • In gratitude, the students would always sing the hymn
• From his practical knowledge as agremensor, he • “Mi Retiro” (My Retreat) – depicts Rizal’s life as an exile
widened his knowledge by reading engineering-related in Dapitan
books. As a result, despite the inadequacy of tools at • “Canto del Viajero” (Song of the Traveler) – a poem
hand, he successfully provided a good water system in celebrating his renewed opportunity to travel abroad and
the province end his exile in Dapitan
• Rizal was interested in the languages used in Dapitan,
MORE INFOS FROM THE DOCS
thus, studied and made comparisons of the Bisayan and
Malayan languages existing in the region. • This girl was the 18-year old Josephine Bracken who, to
• In fact, Rizal had knowledge in 22 languages Wenceslao Retaña’s words, was “slender, a chestnut
o Tagalog blond, with blu eyes, dressed with elegant simplicity,
o Illocano
with an atmosphere of light (gaiety).”
o Bisayan
• From Hongkong, she arrived in Dapitan in February,
o Subanun
o Spanish 1895 with his blind foster father, George Taufer, and a
o Latin Filipina named Manuel Orlac.
o Greek • Rizal’s fame as an ophthalmic surgeon reached
o English overseas, and one of Rizal’s friends, Julio Llorente
o French referred the group to Rizal
o German • Rizal and Bracken instantly fell inlove with each and in
o Arabic just one month, they agreed to marry which appalled
o Malayan and disturbed Taufer. However, the parish priest of
o Hebrew Dapitan, Father Pedro Obach, refused to do so unless
o Sanskrit they be permitted by the Bishop of Cebu
o Dutch
• On the other hand, Taufer returned to Hongkong
o Catalan
uncured. Because no priest was willing to marry the two,
o Italian
the couple exchanged their vows before God in their
o Chinese
o Japanese own way, which scandalized Fr. Obach.
o Portuguese • In 1896, their love bears its fruit – Josephine was
o Swedish pregnant. Unfortunately, Bracken gave birth to a one-
o Russian month premature baby boy who lived only for three
hours. The child was buried in Dapitan, bearing the
PERIOD OF PAIN name Francisco, after Rizal’s father.
Unhappy days in Dapitan • Prior to the outbreak of the revolution, the Katipunan
leader, Andres Bonifacio, seek the advice of Jose Rizal.
• He missed his family and their happy moment together • In a secret meeting on May 2,1896 at Bitukan Manok
in Calamba; until his mother, three sisters and nephews near Pasig River, the group agreed to send Dr. Pio
arrived and stayed with him Valenzuela as a representative to Dapitan who will
• He was sad because of the plight of his family, the inform Rizal of their plan to launch a revolution against
country and the people the Spaniards.
• On board the steamer Venus, Valenzuela left Manila on
June 15, 1892 and in 6 days arrived in Dapitan with a
blind companion Raymundo Mata. At night, Rizal and
Valenzuela had a talk in the former’s garden.
• There, Valenzuela told him of the Katipunan’s plan.
Reagarding this, Rizal outspokenly objected Bonifacio’s
“premature” idea for two reasons:
1. The Filipinos were still unready for such
bloody revolution
2. The Katipunan lacked machinery – before
plotting a revolution, there must be
sufficient arms and funds collected.
• Valenzuela also told Rizal of their plan to rescue him in
Dapitan. Again, the exiled hero disagreed because he
had no plan of breaking his word of honor to the
Spanish authorities.
• During the peak of the Cuban revolution, Rizal offered
his services as a military doctor to compromise with the
shortage of physicians in the said country. It was his
friend Ferdinand Blumentritt who informed him of the
situation in Cuba and suggested that he volunteer
himself as army doctor.
• On December 17, 1895, Rizal sent a letter to Governor
General Ramon Blanco rendering his service for Cuba.
But for months Rizal waited in vain for the governor's
reply, and loss hope that his request will be granted.
• It was only on July 30, 1896 when Rizal received a letter
from Governor Blanco, dated July 2, 1896, accepting his
offer. The letter also stated that Rizal will be given a
pass so that he can go to Manila, then to Spain where
its Minister of War will assign him to the Army of
Operations in Cuba.
• At midnight of July 31, 1896, Jose Rizal left Dapitan on
board the steamer España, together with Narcisa,
Josephine, Angelica (Narcisa's daughter), three
nephews and six of his students. Many were saddened
as the adopted son of Dapitan left.
• In Cebu, on their way to Manila, Rizal successfully
performed an ophthalmic operation to a merchant who
paid him ₱50.
• After almost a week, on August 6, 1896, España arrived
in Manila. Rizal was supposedly to board the Isla de
Luzon for Spain, but unfortunately, left ahead of time.
Instead, he was transferred to the Spanish cruiser
Castilla to stay and wait for the next sail boat that would
sail for Spain next month.
• He was prohibited from leaving the vicinity but was
allowed to accept visitors so long as they were his
immediate family. Of course, all these delays were part
of the drama – Rizal has now fallen to the critical/deadly
Spanish trap.
WEEK 11: 1896 REVOLUTION; ARREST, TRIAL AND MARTYRDOM
THE 1896 REVOLUTION AND RIZAL • July 31, 1896 – he left Dapitan together with Josephine,
Narcisa, three nephews and a niece on board the
• 1895 – The Cubans revolted against the Spaniards
steamer España. This ended his Dapitan exile.
• 1896 – the Filipinos also staged their revolt against
Spain RIZAL STRANDED IN MANILA
• The Filipinos thought that it would be advantageous for
• The Arrival of España in Manila was delayed. The Isla
them because Spain would have divided attention and de Luzon had left. Rizal was told to wait for the Isla de
strength Panay which will arrive in 28 days.
• April 1896 – in a Montalban cave, Bonifactio and the • Rizal was transferred to the Castilla, manned by Enrique
Katipunan decided to start the revolution Santalo, where he would wait for another 26 days.
• Prior to the execution of Jose P. Rizal on Dec. 30, 1896, • Aboard a launch Caridad, some KKK members sneaked
there was the so-called “First Cry of Philppines in and made a last-ditch attempt to rescue Rizal
Independence” on April 10, 1895, in Montalban, Rizal.
• Jacinto introduced himself and told Rizal he would be
• The more famous Cry of Balintawak was on Aug 26, rescued. Rizal politely refused the offer saying he knew
1896. The Filipino rebels fired the first shots of the what he was doing
revolution on the same day.
• May 2, 1896 – Dr. Pio Valenzuela was sent by the KKK THE 1896 REVOLUTION
Supreme Council to convince Rizal in Dapitan to join • Inside the Castilla, while waiting for the arrival of the Isla
and lead the Katipunan, he being the recognized leader de Panay, the Katipunan was discovered
and savior of the Filipinos. • On the 26th of the month, Bonifacio and the rest of the
• Rizal did not adhere to the idea of the KKK. He believed KKK raised the “Cry of Pugadlawin,” which marked the
the KKK would fail to defeat the powerful Spanish army start of the Philippine Revolution
because of several reasons • Rizal expected this to happen.
Reasons why Filipinos would fail according to Dr. Jose
Rizal: LAST VOYAGE ABROAD
• August 30, 1896 – Rizal finally received the letter of
1. The KKK does not have enough weapon to fight against
Gov. Blanco, expressing his congratulations and
the fully equipped Spaniards
recommendation.
2. The KKK members do not have enough skills and
• September 3 – Aboard the Isla de Panay, he left for
training to fight a professional army tested in war
Spain
3. The KKK hierarchy lacks credibility which would result to
• The ship proceeded to Singapore
confusion in the chain of command
• His co-passengers Pedro and Periquin Roxas escaped
4. The enemy has allies which necessitates that the
and he was encouraged to do the same
revolutionaries must have foreign aid to ensure sufficient
• Rizal refused because he didn’t want to become a
funds
fugitive
5. Naval ships are needed, especially in an archipelago
like the Philippines for communication purposes
RIZAL AND THE KATIPUNAN
• The discovery of the KKK led to the uncovering of its
• Rizal believed that it was not yet time for a revolution. It secrets. Bulks of documents were uncovered. Many of
must not be held solely on the basis of sentiment and these documents implicated Rizal to the KKK. Pictures,
burning passion. copies of the Noli and Fili were also found. Documents
• It must be launched on the context of the ability to declaring Rizal as the KKK honorary president were
succeed in the end. If the revolution is the last resort, it likewise discovered.
must be prepared for another five to ten years to ensure • Spanish authorities learned that Rizal was used as a
victory. rally cry of the members. He was regarded as their true
• He advised Valenzuela to seek the leadership of leader and hero. These documents, together with many
Antonio Luna, a man of military expertise letters and testimonies from those arrested led to the
• The KKK must also seek the financial support of the conclusion that Rizal was part of the revolutionary
Japanese. group.
END OF RIZAL’S EXILE RIZAL’S ARREST

• Rizal applied as a volunteer war physician to the Cuban • As per instruction of Gov. Blanco and the prodding
revolution hoping to end his Dapitan exile of Manila Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda, Rizal
• His letter was finally approved after months of waiting was ordered arrested and detained inside the ship
• September 30, 1896 - Capt. A. Alemany followed 2. He must be held in prison under necessary
the order and kept Rizal in his cabin during the security
remainder of the trip 3. His properties must be issued with order of
• October 6 – the ship reached Barcelona. Rizal was attachment, and as indemnity, Rizal had to
imprisoned at the Montjuich detention cell pay one million pesos
• Eulogio Despujol, the former Philippine governor 4. Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army
who banished him to Dapitan visited later that day officer is allowed to defend Rizal
• October 7 – Rizal was transferred to a new ship, the • Rizal chose Lt. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade,
SS Colon bound for Manila 1st Lt. of the Spanish Artillery to be his
defense lawyer.
RIZAL’S FINAL HOMECOMING • Rizal discovered that the said lieutenant was
the brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de
• Rizal kept records of the Philippines since he left for
Andrade who worked as Rizal's personal
Barcelona
body guard in Calamba in 1887.
• He was implicated by the Madrid newspapers to the
bloody revolution. He thought of coming • On the 11th of December 1896, in the
presence of his Spanish counsel, charges
home to confront his accusers and
against Rizal were read:
vindicate his name.
o Rebellion – punisable by death;
• Few friends from Europe and Singapore
Which he promoted through his
tried to help Rizal escape his present
previous activites
predicament.
o Sedition – also punisable by death; the
• Ma. Regidor and Lopez sent a telegram to
founding of La Liga Filipina, an “illegal
Atty. Hugh Fort asking him to file a writ of
organization”, whose single aim was to
habeas corpus in Rizal’s behalf.
“Perpetrate the crime of rebellion”
• Chief Justice Lionel Cox, however, denied o Illegal Association – punishable with
the writ for lack of jurisdiction by the reclusion perpetua or lower; the penalty for
Singaporean government. those accusations is life imprisonment to
death
THE INVESTIGATION AND TRIAL
• He was accused of being:
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION (ARRAIGNMENT) o The principal organizer and the living soul
of Filipino insurrection
• On November 20, 1896, the preliminary investigation o The founder of socities, periodicals and
(arraignment) on Rizal began. During the five-day books dedicated to fomenting and
investigation, Rizal was informed of the charges against propagating ideas of rebellion
him before Judge Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive. • When asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on the
• He was put under interrogation without the benefit of charges, Rizal replied that:
knowing who testified against him. 1. He does not question the jurisdiction of the
• Presented before him were two kinds of evidences – court
documentary and testimonial. 2. He has nothing to amend except that
• There were a total of fifteen exhibits for the documentary during his exile in Dapitan in 1892, he had
evidence not dealt in political matters;
• Testimonial evidences, on the other hand, were 3. He has nothing to admit on the charges
comprised of oral proofs provided by: against him
o Martin Constantino 4. He had nothing to admit on the
o Aguedo del Rosario declarationd of the witnesses, he had not
o Jose Reyes met nor knew, against him.
o Moises Salvador • The prosecution drew information from the dossier on
o Jose Dizon Rizal which detailed his “subversive activities” some of
o Domingo Franco
which are the following:
o Deodato Arellano
o The writing and publication of “Noli me
o Pio Valenzuela
Tangere”, the Annotations to Morga’s
o Antonio Salazar
o Francisco Quison History of the Philippines, “El
o Timoteo Perez Filibusterismo”, and the various articles
• These evidences were endorsed by Colonel Olive to which criticized the friars and suggested
Governor Ramon Blanco. Blanco designated their expulsion in order to win
Capt. Rafael Dominguez as the Judge Advocate independence. The El Filibusterismo was
assigned with the task of deciding what corresponding dedicated to the three martyr priests who
action should be done. were executed as traitors to the Fatherland
in 1872 because they were the moving
• Dominguez, after a brief review, transmitted the records
spirit of the uprising of that year.
to Don Nicolas de la Peña, the Judge Advocate General.
o The establishment of masonic lodges
• Judge Advocate General Peña's recommendations were
which became the propaganda and fund-
as follows:
raising center to support subversive
1. Rizal must be immediately sent to trial
activities and the establishment of centers
in Madrid, Hong Kong and Manila to DR. JOSE RIZAL’S DEFENSE
propagate his ideas.
• According to Rizal, there are twelve points to prove his
• After finishing as much evidence as possible on
innocence:
November 20, 1896 the preliminary on Rizal began.
1. As testified by Pio Valenzuela, Rizal was
During the five-day investigation, Rizal was informed of
against rebellion
the charges against him before Judge advocate Colonel
2. He had no written a letter addressed to the
Francisco Olive
Katipunan comprising revolutionary
elements
MANIFESTO TO THE PEOPLE
3. Without his knowledge, his name was
• Two days after, Rizal's case was endorsed to Blanco's used by the Katipunan; if he really was
successor, Governor Camilo de Polavieja, who had the guilty, he could have escaped while he
authority to command that the case be court martialed. was in Singapore
• On December 15, inside his cell at Fort Santiago, Rizal 4. If he was guilty, he should have left the
wrote a controversial letter, The Manifesto addressed to country while in exile; he shouldn't have
his countrymen. built a home, bought a parcel of land or
• The Manifesto was a letter denouncing bloody struggle, established a hospital in Dapitan.
and promoting education and industry as the best 5. If he was really the leader of the revolution,
means to acquire independence. the revolutionists should have consulted
• Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Peña requested him.
to Gov. Polavieja that the publication of the manifesto be 6. He did not deny that he wrote the by-laws
prohibited. of the La Liga Filipina, but to make things
clear, the organization was
THE TRIAL OF RIZAL a civic association, not a revolutionary
• December 26, about 8 o'clock in the morning, the court- society.
martial of Rizal commenced. The hearing was actually a 7. After the first meeting of La Liga, the
kind of moro-moro, a planned trial wherein Rizal, before association banished because of his exile
hearing his verdict, had already been prejudged. in Dapitan, thus, did not last long.
• Unlike other accused, Rizal had not been allowed to 8. If the La Liga was reorganized nine
know the people who witnessed against him. months later, he had no idea about it
• The trial took place at Cuartel de España, a military 9. If the La Liga had a revolutionary purpose,
building, with a court composed of seven military officers then Katipunan should not have been
headed by Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona. organized.
• Present at the courtroom were Jose Rizal, Six other 10. If the Spanish authorities found his letters
officers in uniform, Lt. Taviel de Andrade, Judge having bitter atmosphere, it was because
Advocate Capt. Rafael Dominguez, Lt. Enrique de in 1890 his family was being persecuted
Alcocer (Prosecuting Attorney) and a number of resulting to their dispossession of
spectators, including Josephine Bracken. properties and deportation of all his
• Judge Advocate Dominguez opened the trial brothers-in-law.
11. He lived an exemplary life in Dapitan – the
• It was followed by Atty. Alcocer's reiteration of the
politico-military commanders and
charges against Rizal, urging the court that the latter be
missionary priests in the province could
punished with death.
attest to that
• Accordingly, the three crimes accused to him were
12. If according to witnesses the speech he
rebellion, sedition and illegal association.
delivered at Doroteo Ongjunco's house
• Lt. Taviel de Andrade, on the other hand, later took the
had inspired the revolution, then he want
floor reading his speech in defense of Rizal.
to confront these persons. If he really was
• To supplement this, Rizal read his own defense which
for the revolution, then why did the
he wrote in his cell in Fort Santiago.
Katipunan sent an unfamiliar emissary to
RIZAL MILITARY TRIAL him in Dapitan? It is so because all his
friends were aware that he never
advocated violence.
SPANISH GOVERNOR-GENERALS
THE FINAL VERDICT THE RETRACTION
• The military court remained indifferent to the pleads of • He rejected it for being too long
Rizal. • Fr. Balaguer, on the other hand, showed another draft
• After a short deliberation, he was sentenced to be shot from Fr. Pio Pi
in musketry until death at 7 o'clock in the morning of • Rizal liked it but wanted some parts of which be
December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field (Luneta). changed
• The decision was submitted to Gov. Polavieja who • The document of the retraction of Jose Rizal, too, is
immediately sought the opinion of Nicolas de la Peña – being hotly debated as to its authencity
the latter found the verdict just and final. • It was supposed to have been signed by Jose Rizal
• Two days later, the governor general signed the court's moments before his death. There were many witnesses,
decision and ordered Rizal's execution. most of them Jesuits. The document only surfaced for
public viewing on May 13,1935.
DR. JOSE RIZAL’S LAST HOURS • It was found by Fr. Manuel A. Gracia at the Catholic
• Upon hearing the court's decision, Rizal already knew hierarchy’s archive in Manila. But the original document
that there's no way that his destiny would be changed was never shown to the public, only reproductions of it.
• Rizal knew it was his end, and had accepted his fate • However, Fr. Pio Pi, a Spanish Jesuit, reported that as
• Captain Rafael Dominguez, at 6 o'clock in the morning early as 1907, the retraction of Rizal was copied
of December 29, 1896, read before him the official verbatim and published in Spain, and reprinted in
notice of his execution, scheduled the next day. Manila, Fr. Gracia, who found the original document,
• Rizal was immediately transferred to the prison chapel also copied it verbatim
where he spent his last hours on earth. • In both reproductions, there were conflicting versions of
• Inside the chapel, Rizal busied himself by writing the text. Add to this the date of the signing was very
correspondences to friends and family, bidding everyone clear in the original Spanish document which Rizal
farewell supposedly signed. The date was “December 29, 1890”
• Conversing with his Jesuit priests friends. He had a lot • Later, another supposedly original document surfaced, it
of visitors, arriving one or two after the other. bears the date “December 29, 189C”. The number “o”
• Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata – the Rector of the Ateneo was evidently altered to make it look like a letter C. then
Municipal; arrived in the prison early in the morning. still later, another supposedly original version came up.
• Fr. Luis Viza – came with Fr. Mata; the priest to whom It has the date “December 29, 1896”. This time, the “o”
Rizal asked for the image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus became a “6”. So which is which?
which he made during his stay in Ateneo. • Those whoe strongly believed the faking of the Rizal
• Fr. Antonio Rosell – another friend of Rizal who gladly retraction document reported that the forger of Rizal’s
eaten a fine breakfast with him; returned in the afternoon signature was Roman Roque, the man who also forged
to resume his talk with Rizal. the signature of Urbano Lacuna, which was used to
• Lt. Taviel de Andrade – Rizal extended his capture Aguinaldo.
appreciation for Andrade's services as his defense • The mastermind, they say, in both Lacuna’s and Rizal’s
counsel. signature forging was Lazaro Segovia. They were
• Fr. Federico Faura – had prophesied earlier rather approached by Spanish friars during the final day of the
comically that Rizal would lose his head for writing Filipino-American war to forge Rizal’s signature
the Noli Me Tangere, and the latter “congratulated” the • This story was revealed by Antonio K. Abad, who heard
priest for being right. the tale from Roman Roque himself, them being
• Fr. Jose Villaclara – Rizal's former teacher in Ateneo; negihbours. To this day, the retraction issue is still
ate lunch with him. raging like a wild fire in the forest of the night
• Fr. Vicente Balaguer – accompanied Fr. Villaclara; ate • Other would like to believe that the purpoted retraction
luch with Rizal as well. of Rizal was invented by the friars to deflect the heroism
• Santiago Mataix – contributor in the El Heraldo de of Rizal which was centered on the friar abuses
Madrid • Incidentally, Fr. Pio Pi, who copied verbatim Rizal’s
• Teodora Alonzo – Rizal knelt before his beloved retraction, also figured prominently during the revolution.
mother, begging for forgiveness and understanding; the It was him, Andres Bonifacio reported, who had
mother and son were separated by the strong grip of the intimated to Aguinaldo the cessation of agitation in
prison guard. exchange of pardon
• Trinidad – arrived when Teodora left the chapel; to her, • There are also not a few people who believe that the
Rizal handed down an alcohol cooking stove and autobiography of Josephine Bracken, written on
whispered that something was inside it (turned out to be February 22, 1897 is also forged and forged badly.
his last piece, the Mi Ultimo Adios, written in a small • The document supposedly written by Josephine herself
piece of paper). supported the fact that they were married under the
• Gaspar Castaño – fiscal of the Royal Audiencia; had a Catholic rites. But upon closer look, there is a glaring
good conversation with Rizal. difference between the penmanship of the document,
• Late at night, around 10 o'clock, a retraction letter and other letters written by Josephine to Rizal
prepared by Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda was • Surely, we must put the question of retraction to rest,
presented to Rizal though Rizal is a hero, whether he retracted or not, we
must investigate if he really did a turn-around. If he did
not, and the document were forgeries, the somebody RIZAL’S MARTYRDOM
has to pay for trying to deceive a nation
• By 6:30am, Rizal's march to Bagumbayan commenced.
• By 11:30pm, Rizal wrote and signed the retraction letter
He – in his black suit,
in which he renounced the mason movement
black necktie, black hat,
• Witnesses to this event were Juan del Fresno (Chief of black shoes and white
the Guard Detail) and Eloy Moure (Assistant of the
vest – calmly walked
Plaza)
from his prison cell
in Fort Santiago to the
TEXT OF RIZAL’S RETRACTION
execution site.
I declare myself a Catholic and in this religion in which I was • He was with Lt. Taviel
born and educated I wish to live and die de Andrade on one side, and Fathers Estanislao March
I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, and Jose Villaclara, on the other side. They walked
publications and conduct has been contrary to my character behind four advanced guards armed with bayonets.
as son of the Catholic Church. • Jose Rizal was tied behind from elbow to elbow,
I believe and I confess whatever she teaches and I submit to although, still had the freedom to move his arms. In his
whatever she demands. right arm was a rosary which he kept on holding until his
I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which is of the Church, final breath.
and as a Society prohibited by the Church. • In the Bagumbayan Field, Rizal shook the hands of the
The Diocesan Prelate may, as the Superior Ecclesiastical two priests and his defender, bidding them farewell.
Authority, make public this spontaneous manifestation of • A priest blessed and offered him a crucifix which he
mine in order to repair the scandal which my acts may have gently kissed.
caused and so that God and people may pardon me. • Rizal had one request, that is, that he be shot facing the
firing squad, however, in vain since the captain of the
Manila, 29 December 1896 squad ordered a back shot.
Jose Rizal • A physician by the name of Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, was
La Voz Española, December 30, 1896 amazed that Rizal's vital signs were normal, particularly
his pulse rate – was Rizal really unafraid to die?
Juan del Fresno
• The firing squad
Eloy Moure
was commanded
in unison with
RETRACTION CONTROVERSY
drumbeats. Upon
ANTI-RETRACTIONISTS’ CONTENTION: the brisk
command:
• If Rizal was a Catholic before he died, why then was he
• “Preparar!”;
not given a Catholic burial? Where is the death
“Apunte!”
certificate?
• “Fuego!” The
• If Josephine Bracken were married before the former’s
guns of the squad
execution, where then is the marriage certificate?
flared.
• Where are the books that Rizal signed?
• Rizal, by his sheer effort and remaining energy, twisted
• There is an allegation that the retraction document was his body around to face the firing squad, and so, fell on
a forgery the ground with his face toward the blue sky, his head
• Senator Rafael Palma, a former President of the slightly inclined toward the rising sun in the east.
University of the Philippines and a prominent Mason, • What can be heard from the crowd of Spaniards was
argued that a retraction is not in keeping with Rizal’s their loud, audible voice, shouting “Viva España!”(Long
character and mature beliefs live Spain!) “Morir el traidores!” (Death to traitors!) Jose
• He called the retraction story a “pious fraud” Rizal died at exactly 7:03 in the morning of December
30.
RETRACTIONISTS’ CONTENTION:
DR. JOSE RIZAL’S EXECUTION
• Historians such as Austin Craig, Gregorio Zaide, Ambeth
Ocampo, Joaquin, Leon Maria Guerrero III, and Nicolas
Zafra of UP state that the retraction document was
deemed authentic by Rizal expert, Teodoro Kalaw
• They also refer to the 11 eyewitnesses present when
Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a Catholic prayer book,
and recited Catholic prayers, and the multitude who saw
him kiss the crucifix before his execution.
• Supporters see in it Rizal's "moral courage...to
recognize his mistakes," his reversion to the "true faith,"
and thus his "unfading glory," and a return to the "ideals
of his fathers" which brings his stature as a patriot to the
level of greatness.
THE MYSTERY OF THE MISSING GRAVE MORE DETAILED EXECUTION OF RIZAL
• Located at the outer circle is a landmark that indicates • Despite all valid pleadings, the military court, vindictive
the burial place of National Hero Dr. Jose Rizal after his as it was, unanimously voted for the sentence of death.
execution in Bagumbayan on December 30, 1896 Governor Polavieja affirmed the decision of the court
• Unusual is how the initials of Jose P. Rizal are inscribed martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00 in the
in reverse (RPJ) on the cross. morning of December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan field.
• According to story, the day before he was put to death, • A Jesuit priest now came running and asked Rizal to
the family of Rizal prevailed upon Spanish authorities to kiss the crucifix that he held. Rizal turned his back on
turn over his corpse to them later the next day. the crucifix and thus, against the firing squad. He was
• The pleas were met with refusal after refusal because ready for the execution.
the authorities feared the burial site would be used a • Rizal spent his 24 hours in his death cell where he
symbol of martyrdom. received members of his family and writes his letter, the
• Finally, toward evening, the civil governor of Manila, first one to his “second brother” Ferdinand Blumentritt.
Manuel Luego, took pity on Rizal’s mother and gave her He gave his sister Trinidad and old petroleum lamp and
permission to take the body after the execution. whispered to her in English that there is something
• Rizal’s sister Narcisa, made arrangements for a coffin inside the lamp. Thus is Rizal’s famous Farewell poem,
and transportation. “Mi Ultimo Adios”, (“My Last Farewell”) was found.
• Once notified that the execution was over, the family • On December 29, 1896, 6 AM: Capt. Rafael Rodriguez
proceeded to the execution site, but the remains of Jose was assigned by Gov. Gen. Camilo Polavieja to read
had already been removed. Rizal’s death sentence, - to be shot at Bagumbayan by a
• Narcisa searched in vain for the body of his brother in all firing squad at 7am the next day.
the cemeteries in Manila. • At 7AM: Rizal moved to the prison chapel, where he
• Passing through Paco Cemetery in the afternoon, she spent his last moments
came upon some civil guards and correctly surmised • At 7:15AM: Rizal reminded Fr. Luis Viza the statuette of
that their presence indicated that her brother had been the Sacred Heart of Jesus whom he carved as a student
buried there. in Ateneo.
• She searched all over Paco Cemetery until she found a • By 9AM: Fr. Federico Faura arrived. Rizal reminded him
grave with freshly turned earth. that he said that (Rizal) would someday lose his head
• She bribed the gravedigger to place a plaque with Rizal for writing the Noli. “Father, you are indeed a prophet.”
initials in reverse –R.P.J. to mark the site. • At 10AM: Fr. Jose Villaclara and Fr. Vicente Balaguer
visited Rizal then discussed with him his retraction letter.
FIRST GRAVE SITE OF RIZAL’S BODY Santiago Mataix, a Spanish journalist, followed for the
newspaper, El Heraldo de Madrid.
• From 11AM- 3PM: Rizal stayed in his cell. He was busy
writing poems and letters. He hid his farewell poem in an
alcohol cooking stove. He also wrote his last letter to
Professor Blumentritt.
• At 4PM: Teodora Alonzo visited him. They had a very
emotional encounter. Rizal gave the alcohol cooking
stove to Trinidad which contains his farewell poem.
Several priests have visited him afterwards.
• At 6PM: Don Silvino Tuňon, the Dean of the Manila
Cathedral visited Rizal.
• At 8PM: Rizal had his last supper. He told Captain
Dominguez that he forgave his enemies including the
military judges.
• At 9:30PM: Rizal was visited by Don Gaspar Cestaňo,
fiscal of the Royal Audience de Manila.
• At 10PM: The draft of the retraction letter sent by the
anti- Filipino Archbishop Bernardo Nozaleda was given
by Fr. Balaguer to Rizal for his signature. He had
rejected It.
• “Those who have lived a good life do not fear death, but • Upon Rizal’s death, his supposedly Retraction Letter
meet it calmly, and even long for it in the face of great became of one of the most controversial documents in
our history.
suffering. But those who do not have a peaceful
conscience, dread death as though life means nothing • This Retraction Letter allegedly contains his renunciation
but physical torment.” The challenge is to live our life so of the Masonry and his ‘anti-Catholic Religious Ideas’
that we will be prepared for death when it comes.------ Depending on whose side you are on, some Rizalists
Unknown Source claim that it is fake while some believe it to be genuine.
• There had been some evidences but so far these had
only heated up the debate between two factions.
• On December 30, 1896, 3AM: Rizal heard Mass,
confessed his sins and took Holy Communion.
• By 5:30AM: He took his last breakfast. After which he • It is interesting to note that 14 years before his
wrote his last letters for his family and his brother, execution, Rizal predicted that he would die on
Paciano. December 30th. He was then a medical student in
• Rizal said, “Now I am about to die, and it is to you I Madrid, Spain.
dedicate my last lines, to tell you how sad I am to leave • Martyrs are rare stars in the vast firmament of humanity.
you alone in life, burdened with the weight of the family Every instance of martyrdom is distinct in magnitude and
and our old parents.” direction. Indeed, martyrs are the meteors of history,
• At 5:30AM: Josephine Bracken arrived together with they flash across the sky and light the world and in the
Rizal’s sisters, Josefa, with tears in her eyes, bade him process consume themselves.
farewell. Rizal embraced her for the last time, and • They are the person who is put to death or made suffer
before she left, Rizal gave her a last gift, a religious greatly or other beliefs because of religion. Other
book, “Imitation of Christ” by Father Thomas Kempis. elements of martyrdom are usefulness of life and
• By 6AM: As the soldiers were getting ready for the death dedication to a high purpose. Rizal’s death was an
march to Bagumbayan, Rizal wrote his last letter to his emotional event in our history as it produced
beloved parents. • A “martyr” and resulted in some form of social change or
• “My beloved Father, pardon me for the pain with which I transformation in our lives as a people. Rizal was put to
repay you, for sorrows and sacrifices for my education. I death for “subversion” by the dominant political forces.
did not want it nor did I prefer it. Goodbye, Father, He presented a sector of society which had begun to
goodbye!” trouble and therefore constituted a real threat to the
• At 6:30 AM: a trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago to existing social order.
signal the death march to Bagumbayan. Rizal walked
calmly with his defense counsel and two Jesuit priest at
his sides. He was dressed elegantly in a black suit,
black derby hat, black shoes, white shirt and black tie.
His arms were tied behind from elbow to elbow.
• There’s a lot of spectators lining the street from Fort
Santiago to Bagumbayan. As he was going through the
narrow Postigo Gate, Rizal looked at the sky and said to
one of the priests: “How beautiful it is today, Father.
What morning could be more serene! How clear is
Corregidor and the mountains of Cavite! On mornings
like this, I used to take a walk with my sweetheart.”
• While he was passing in front of Ateneo, he saw the
college towers above the walls. He asked: “Is that
Ateneo, Father?” Yes”, replied the priest.
• Rizal bade farewell to his Fathers March and Villaclara
and to his defender, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade.
Although his arms were tied, he had firmly clasped their
hands in parting.
• One of the priests blessed him and offered him a crucifix
to kiss.
• He requested the commander of firing squad that he be
shot facing them. His request was denied for the captain
had implicit orders to shoot him at his back.
• A Spanish military physician, Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo,
asked his permission to feel his pulse. He was amazed
to find it normal, showing that Jose Rizal was not afraid
to die.
• The death ruffles of the drums filled the air. Above the
drum beats, the sharp command “fire” was heard, and
the guns of the firing squad barked. Rizal, with supreme
effort, turned his bullet- riddled body to the right, and fell
on the ground dead, with face upward facing the
morning sun. At exactly 7:03 am, Rizal shouted
“consummatum es” before the shot rang out. The hero’s
life ended. In the background could be heard, “Viva
Espaňa!”; “Morir es traidores!” On that fateful day, Rizal
was 35 years, 5 months and 11 days old.
• “I die just when I see the dawn break, through the gloom
of night, the herald the day; and if color is lacking my
blood thou shalt take, poured out at need for thy sake, to
dye with its crimson the waking ray…”

Rizl Midterm

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2nd Year-2nd Sem- Rizal Midterm Compilation

WEEK 7: FIRST HOMECOMING TO SIDE TRIP TO THE USA

A TOMODACHI RIZAL TOURED THE UNITED STATES

• Oakland, California was the first stop via ferryboat

STUDIES IN LONDON • The Calamba tenants (The Calamba Agrarian Conflict of

AIMS OF PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

He called himself “Laong-Laan” which means “Ever

RIZAL RESIGNS • He put up a clinic in order to earn some money

RIZAL FELL INTO SPANISH TRAP

ARRIVAL IN MANILA WITH SISTER

FOUNDING OF LIGA FILIPINA AIMS OF THE LIGA FILIPINA:

END OF RIZAL’S EXILE RIZAL’S ARREST

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