ABDU GUSAU POLYTECHNIC TALATA MAFARA

ZAMFARA STATE.

SEMINAR PRESENTATION

ON
ANTIBIOTIC REMOVAL DURING BIOLOGICAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT

BY

HOPE LUKA
2107121045

A SEMINAR SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED

SCIENCE ABDU GUSAU POLYTECHNIC, TALATA MAFARA,
ZAMFARA STATE.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF THE
AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN MICRO
BIOLOGY

SUPERVISED BY DR. HUSSAINI ANKA

NOVEMBER, 2023

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 ABSTRACT

Antibiotics are emerging contaminants of concern in wastewater due to their potential adverse
effects on human health and the environment. Biological wastewater treatment processes offer
an effective and sustainable approach for their removal. This abstract summarizes the key points
on antibiotic removal during biological wastewater treatment. Biological degradation through
the action of microorganisms is a primary mechanism for antibiotic removal. The activated
sludge process and related biological treatment systems provide a conducive environment for
the biodegradation of antibiotics. Retention time in the treatment system plays a crucial role in
ensuring effective removal, allowing microorganisms to metabolize antibiotics present in the
wastewater. Processes such as nitrification and denitrification further contribute to antibiotic
removal by converting nitrogen-containing antibiotic compounds into inert gases. Advanced
biological treatment methods, including biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes, enhance
antibiotic removal by targeting nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Proper sludge
management is essential to prevent the accumulation and release of antibiotics into the
environment. Monitoring and optimization of the treatment process are vital to maintaining
efficient antibiotic removal. Additionally, combining biological treatment with advanced
technologies, such as membrane bioreactors and activated carbon adsorption, can be
considered for enhanced removal of persistent antibiotics. In conclusion, biological wastewater
treatment represents a promising solution for mitigating the presence of antibiotics in
wastewater, safeguarding both public health and ecological well-being. Effective antibiotic
removal can be achieved through well-designed treatment systems, monitoring, and the
integration of advanced processes, contributing to the overall sustainability of wastewater
treatment facilities.

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INTRODUCTION
It's important to note that the effectiveness of antibiotic removal during biological wastewater
treatment can vary depending on factors like the specific antibiotics present, their concentrations,
the treatment system design, and the operational conditions. Therefore, a comprehensive
approach that includes multiple treatment processes and continuous monitoring is often
necessary to address this issue adequately. Additionally, combining biological treatment with
other advanced treatment technologies, such as ozonation or activated carbon adsorption, may be
considered for improved removal of persistent antibiotics. Anthony A.A., (2017).
Antibiotics are synthesized with the aim to kill or inhibit other microorganisms and their
derivatives. Because antibiotics can inhibit bacterial infection and promote animal growth, they
are widely used in the livestock and aquaculture industries. The global annual consumption of
antibiotics exceeds 100,000 tons. According to estimates by the World Health Organization
(WHO), the antibiotics used in the animal husbandry industry account for almost 80% of all
antibiotics of major medical significance in some countries. As one of the world’s largest
antibiotic producers and consumers, China consumed 92,700 tons of antibiotics in 2013, with
52% of this total used in the animal husbandry industry. Chen Z., (2010).
The main antibiotics used in the breeding industry in China are chloramphenicol (broad-
spectrum antibiotic), tetracycline (inhibits Gram-negative and -positive bacteria), macrolides or
MACs (inhibit Gram-positive bacteria), sulfonamide or SM (treatment of furunculosis and
vibriosis), and nitrofurans (inhibit and kill bacteria and protozoa). Because some farmers have
used antibiotics in large quantities, serious environmental pollution has occurred alongside their
economic benefits. Most antibiotics cannot be fully metabolized by animals, and large amounts
are excreted into the environment in their original form. Various processes were developed to
remove antibiotics in urban water/wastewater treatment plants. The treatment of breeding
wastewater is less effective than that of urban water systems, and antibiotics cannot be
completely removed, resulting in a large amount of antibiotics being discharged into the soil and
water bodies. Antibiotics have a very low degradation rate in the natural environment and can
persist for long periods. Cytryn E. (2015)

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BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT OVERVIEW

Biological wastewater treatment is a sustainable and effective method for removing organic
contaminants, nutrients, and various pollutants from wastewater. This process relies on the
activities of microorganisms to break down and remove these substances. an overview of
biological wastewater treatment: Danner M.-C., (2016)

1. Primary Treatment:

 Primary treatment involves the physical removal of large, solid materials and particulate
matter from wastewater. This step typically includes processes like screening and
sedimentation, which help reduce the overall pollutant load in the wastewater.

2. Secondary Treatment:

 Secondary treatment is the heart of biological wastewater treatment and primarily focuses
on the removal of organic contaminants. It typically involves the use of microorganisms,
such as bacteria and protozoa, to biologically degrade the dissolved and suspended
organic matter. The most common secondary treatment methods are:
o Activated Sludge Process: In this process, wastewater is mixed with a culture of
microorganisms (activated sludge) in aeration tanks. The microorganisms feed on
and break down organic matter, resulting in the formation of sludge, which is later
settled and recycled.
o Trickling Filters: In trickling filters, wastewater is sprayed or dripped over a bed
of rocks or other media. Microorganisms attached to the media degrade the
organic matter as it flows over them.
o Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs): RBCs consist of rotating discs partially
submerged in wastewater. Microorganisms attached to the discs treat the
wastewater as they come into contact with it.

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3. Tertiary Treatment (Optional):

 Tertiary treatment may be employed to further improve the quality of treated wastewater,
especially when advanced pollutant removal is required. This phase includes additional
processes such as filtration, chemical precipitation, and nutrient removal (e.g., biological
nutrient removal, or BNR) to reduce the concentrations of specific contaminants like
phosphorus and nitrogen.
4. Disinfection:
 Disinfection is the final step in the treatment process, aimed at eliminating harmful
pathogens in the treated wastewater. Common disinfection methods include chlorination,
UV radiation, and ozonation.
5. Sludge Handling:
 During biological treatment, sludge is produced as a byproduct. Sludge can be rich in
organic matter and may also contain residual antibiotics, heavy metals, and other
contaminants. Proper management of sludge, including dewatering, digestion, and
disposal, is crucial to prevent environmental contamination and maximize resource
recovery.

PRINCIPLES AND BENEFITS:

 Sustainability: Biological wastewater treatment is an eco-friendly and cost-effective

method compared to many chemical treatment processes.
 Pollutant Removal: It effectively removes organic matter, nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and
phosphorus), and various pollutants, improving water quality.
 Pathogen Reduction: The biological treatment process also reduces the presence of
harmful microorganisms, enhancing public health protection.
 Resource Recovery: Sludge generated during the process can be used for energy
generation (anaerobic digestion), agriculture (as a soil conditioner), or even in certain
industrial processes.
 Regulatory Compliance: Meeting environmental regulations and discharge limits is
easier with well-designed biological treatment systems.

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ANTIBIOTIC REMOVAL DURING BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Biological wastewater treatment is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective method for

removing contaminants, including antibiotics, from wastewater. Antibiotics are a concern in
wastewater because their presence can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant
bacteria and have adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. Di Marcantonio (2017).

1. Biological Degradation: Antibiotics can be broken down by microorganisms during the

biological treatment process. Bacteria and other microorganisms in the treatment system
can feed on organic compounds, including antibiotics, as a food source. This process is
known as biodegradation.

2. Activated Sludge Process: The activated sludge process is a common method for
biological wastewater treatment. In this process, microorganisms are cultivated in an
aerobic environment and are used to break down organic matter, including antibiotics, in
the wastewater.

3. Retention Time: The retention time in the treatment system is crucial for the effective
removal of antibiotics. It ensures that microorganisms have sufficient time to metabolize
and degrade the antibiotics present in the wastewater.

4. Nitrification and Denitrification: In addition to primary biological treatment, the

nitrification and denitrification processes can also contribute to antibiotic removal. These
processes convert nitrogen compounds, which may include antibiotics, into inert gases,
such as nitrogen gas, which are released into the atmosphere.

5. Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR): BNR processes, like the Modified Ludzack-
Ettinger (MLE) process, are designed to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from
wastewater. These processes also aid in the removal of antibiotics as part of their overall
treatment efficiency.

6. Advanced Biological Treatment: For cases where conventional biological treatment

may not be sufficient, more advanced treatment processes, such as membrane bioreactors

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 (MBRs) and sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), can provide enhanced removal of
antibiotics and other contaminants.

FACTORS AND PROCESSES INFLUENCING ANTIBIOTIC REMOVAL DURING

BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Several factors and processes influence the removal of antibiotics during biological wastewater
treatment. Understanding these factors is essential for optimizing treatment processes and
ensuring effective antibiotic removal. Factors and processes that play a role in antibiotic removal
Muaz K., (2013).

1. Antibiotic Type and Structure: The chemical structure of antibiotics can vary
significantly, influencing their biodegradability and removal efficiency. Some antibiotics
are more resistant to degradation than others, and their removal rates may differ.

2. Concentration and Loading: The initial concentration of antibiotics in wastewater and

the loading rate (the amount of antibiotics entering the treatment system over time) are
critical factors. High concentrations and loading rates can overwhelm the treatment
system and reduce removal efficiency.

3. Microbial Community: The composition and diversity of the microbial community in

the treatment system affect the biodegradation of antibiotics. Some microorganisms are
more effective at degrading specific antibiotics, while others may be inhibited by them.

4. Retention Time: The retention time, or the duration that wastewater remains in the
treatment system, is vital. Longer retention times allow microorganisms more time to
metabolize antibiotics. Inadequate retention times can hinder removal.

5. Aeration and Oxygen Levels: Adequate aeration and oxygen levels are essential for
promoting the growth of aerobic microorganisms, which are responsible for breaking
down antibiotics. Oxygen availability is crucial for biodegradation.

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 6. Temperature: The temperature of the treatment system influences microbial activity
and, in turn, antibiotic removal. Generally, higher temperatures can increase microbial
activity and degradation rates.

IMPORTANCE OF ADDRESSING ANTIBIOTICS IN WASTEWATER.

The presence of antibiotics in wastewater is an issue of paramount importance due to its
significant impact on both public health and the environment. Antibiotics, which are crucial for
treating bacterial infections, are now increasingly found in wastewater from various sources,
including healthcare facilities, households, and agricultural runoff. Pruden A., (2017).
Antibiotics in wastewater pose a dual threat:
1. Antibiotic Resistance: The release of antibiotics into the environment contributes to the
development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic-resistant infections are becoming
more challenging to treat, endangering human health and public safety. This issue
underscores the importance of prudent antibiotic use and minimizing their presence in our
water systems.
2. Ecological Impact: Antibiotics in wastewater can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. They may
harm aquatic life, including fish and other organisms, and affect the balance of these
ecosystems. Furthermore, antibiotic residues can find their way into drinking water
sources, potentially exposing humans to these compounds even after treatment.
FACTORS INFLUENCING ANTIBIOTIC REMOVAL
Factors influencing antibiotic removal during wastewater treatment are diverse and complex, as
they depend on the specific antibiotics, treatment processes, and environmental conditions.
factors that can influence antibiotic removal: Wang J E (2015).
1. Antibiotic Type: Different antibiotics have varying degrees of resistance to degradation.
Some antibiotics are more easily biodegradable, while others are more persistent.

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2. Chemical Structure: The molecular structure of antibiotics influences their
biodegradability. Compounds with more complex structures may be more resistant to
degradation.
3. Antibiotic Concentration: Higher concentrations of antibiotics in wastewater can
overwhelm treatment processes, reducing removal efficiency.
4. Microbial Community: The composition and diversity of the microbial community in
the treatment system play a crucial role in antibiotic removal. Some microorganisms are
more effective at degrading specific antibiotics.

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the seminar on "Antibiotic Removal during Biological Wastewater Treatment" has
provided a comprehensive understanding of the critical challenges and effective strategies
associated with addressing antibiotics in wastewater. We have explored the intricate factors and
processes that influence antibiotic removal and discussed the essential role of biological
wastewater treatment in mitigating this pressing issue. Throughout the seminar, have emphasized
the significance of this topic from two main perspectives:

1. Public Health: The presence of antibiotics in wastewater and their potential to contribute to
antibiotic resistance is a serious public health concern. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics
have already led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing a significant threat to
our ability to combat infectious diseases. Antibiotics in the environment can further exacerbate
this problem. The removal of antibiotics during wastewater treatment is a critical step in
preventing the spread of antibiotic resistance and safeguarding public health.

2. Environmental Impact: Beyond public health, antibiotics in wastewater also pose ecological
risks. Aquatic ecosystems can be negatively impacted by the presence of these compounds. The
disruption of natural microbial communities and the potential harm to aquatic life underscore the
importance of minimizing antibiotics in our water systems. Effective biological wastewater
treatment is a key solution in this regard.

As we conclude this seminar, it is evident that the collaboration of scientists, engineers,

policymakers, and environmental advocates is essential in addressing the complex issue of
antibiotics in wastewater. The insights shared and the knowledge gained today serve as a
foundation for future research, innovation, and responsible wastewater management.

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RECOMMENDATION

Based on the discussions and insights presented during the seminar on "Antibiotic Removal
during Biological Wastewater Treatment," recommendations to address antibiotics in wastewater
and enhance antibiotic removal:

1. Promote Antibiotic Stewardship: Encourage healthcare facilities, agricultural

operations, and households to adopt responsible antibiotic use practices to reduce the
overall load of antibiotics entering the wastewater stream.
2. Monitor and Assess Antibiotic Levels: Regularly monitor antibiotic concentrations in
influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants to track changes and assess the
effectiveness of removal processes.
3. Optimize Biological Treatment Systems: Enhance the design and operation of
biological treatment systems to maximize antibiotic removal. This includes optimizing
aeration, retention times, and microbial communities.
4. Consider Advanced Treatment Technologies: Explore the incorporation of advanced
treatment technologies, such as ozonation, UV photolysis, and activated carbon
adsorption, alongside biological treatment to improve removal rates, especially for
persistent antibiotics.
5. Nutrient Management: Ensure adequate nutrient levels (nitrogen and phosphorus) in
treatment systems to support microbial growth and optimize the removal of antibiotics.
6. Sludge Management: Implement proper sludge management practices to prevent the
release of antibiotics and contaminants back into the environment. Consider options such
as anaerobic digestion, incineration, or safe land application.

Implementing these recommendations will contribute to the reduction of antibiotics in

wastewater and the safeguarding of public health and the environment. It requires a collaborative
effort among various stakeholders, including government agencies, healthcare institutions,
research organizations, and wastewater treatment facilities, to make a lasting and positive impact
on this critical issue.

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Chen Z., (2010). Application of veterinary antibiotics in China’s aquaculture industry and their
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doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-5607-z.
Cytryn E. (2015) The soil resistome: The anthropogenic, the native, and the unknown. Soil Biol.
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Danner M.-C., (2016) Antibiotic pollution in surface fresh waters: Occurrence and effects. Sci.
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