Chemical Changes CHEMICAL CHANGES F SYLLABUS ~ TATEST SYLLABUS - SCO} ofchemieal changes. combination Decomposition Displacement; Double decomposition (he above to be taught with suitable chemical equad ng! i) Energy changes in a chemical ¢ Exothermic & endothermic reacti A. INTRODUCTION - Chem . CHEMICAL REACTION - Term ‘A chemical reaction ~ new substance or substances. Inachemical reaction - the substan: reactants + During a chemical reaction new bonds are forme cN) y yy chemical chemical reaction 3000°C => Ny + Og Bond - The linkage or force which F chemical reaction is represented by - a Bs with examples - nical reaction ica chemical change, in which matter changes into a~ ce or substances taking partin the reactio are transformed into one or more new substances called - products. . CHEMICAL REACTION - The procedure The existing bonds of the atom or groups of atoms of resulting in formation of new substances called - products. ny acts between two atoms to hold them together as astable molecule is called a chemical bond . CHEMICAL REACTION - Representation « Itis a shorthand form representing the result of a chemical change. & Reactions © REACTIONS ns as examples). svolttionabsorption of heat, Hight aud electricity. called - the reactants - are broken’ and 2NO and the concept ~ chemical bonding. chentical equation. REACTANTS PRODUCTS Ca(OH), 2HNO; Left hand side - write the reactants [i.e. the substances which - take part in the reaction] Word equation: 4 > Ca(NO3)) + 2H,0 Right hand side - write the products [ie. the substances formed - as a result of the reaction] calcium nitrate + water Calcium hydroxide + nitric acid [dil.] > Scanned with CamScanner>, CHEMICAL REACTIONS - Types of chemical changes CHEMICAL REACTIONS - Types of chemical changes or reactions Type Reactants Products 7. DIRECT COMBINATION A + B > AB, REACTION —— —r— [synthesis] Two or more One new compound [elements or compounds] egHydrogen + — oxygen > Water 2H, [g] + Ole) > 241,0 [I] [A chemical reaction in which ~ ‘avo or more elements or compounds react to form ~ ome net compound, 2 DECOMPOSITION REACTION AB ? A + B rs _ One chemical compound Two or more simpler substances [elements or compounds] eg. Calcium carbonate 4 Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide CaCO; > CaO + co, ‘A chemical reaction in which - ‘achemical compound - decomposes into t2vo or more simpler substances. Thermal decomposition - decomposition reaction brought about - by heat Photochemical decomposition ~ decomposition brought about ~ by light 3. DISPLACEMENT REACTION A + BC > AC + B [substitution] Element + Compound New + Displaced compound ‘element egMagnesium — Copper [I] sulphate-> Magnesium sulphate+ Copper Mg + CuSO, MgSO, + cu A chemical reaction in which - ‘an element of radical - has replaced another element in a compound. 4 DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION) AtB- + C'D- > A‘D- cB- REACTION 2s fe New + New Compound + Compound compound compound Jeg, Silver nitrate Potassium chloride -> Silver chloride + Potassium nitrate AgNO, + ka > Agcy + ~~ KNO, ‘A chemical reaction in which two reactants are both - decomposed to form new substances - by exchanging their radicals. 21 scanned with Camscannera / D. Ding LOT CG IMBINATION BEA ION Dirac TOC IM BIN AT Ie IN OR BY TIONG Direct « OMbination ve, is W% MON ane alsa cablend . “oymbhweode! ew thon His a chemical pone Non In vehiedy ‘Two or More oe Jements combine » to form a compound. Hlement + Wement "3 Compound Cpl 1 Only COUN) + An element e “OMbines with a compound « to form a new compoung. Compound + Hlement 3» New compound 2CO ln) Opty) 2971) compound. Acompound combines with another compound ~ to form 4 new compoynd, Compound * Compound 4 New compound COntsl + LOWY COn Other examples ; Oxid; ation of non-metals & metals _ Now-metals Melb S + Oo 5 “SO, | Na 2% BNe0 | Cc + & 4 co, Ma + O + 200 | e+ 0, > 2M, We + 0, > MgO Reaction of acidic oxides & basic oxides with water Acidic oxides SQ, + HO 4 4,80, Sulphurous acid CO, + HO > HCO, Carbonic acid PO; + 3H,0 > 2H,PO, Phoaphoric acid Preparation of salts ~ by di Metallic element Non-metallic element - Soluble or insoluble salt Aluminium 2Al_ + 3Ch, > | 2ala, fron 2Fe + 3Cl, > | dec, Iron Fe + Ss > | Fs Ba Zinc gn + s > | as linsoluble] Lead Pb + S > | Pes linsoluble} Scanned with Camscanner2. A compound decom dE Decompox ‘OMPOSITION REACTIONS AB > Element 2Hg0 5 org ‘OMPOSITION REACTIONS ‘ition reactions are - chemical reactions in which - Poses to give ~ two new elements. A compound decomposes to give - a new compound & an element. AB» New compound 2KNO, $ 2KNO, + Element + Oz Ig) 4 Element + Op Ig] A compound also decomposes to give ~ fwo new compounds. THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF - Oxides, hydroxides, carbonates é nitrates Reaction Substance | Residue * OXIDES pictals ~ K to Cu: stable to heat i, ~Hg, Ag:give « metal « oxygen G Mg 2Hg0 42g +0, Mercury [I] oxide | Mercury AP + HYDROXIDES ze ~K,Na: stable to heat Pb ~ Ca toCu:gives metal oxide . water e cH), 5. C20 + HO Calcium hydroxide — | Callium oxide Hs 2Fe(OH) 55 Fe,0, + 3H,0 Iron [MI] hydroxide | Iron [lI] oxide | 32 [Hg to Au: rarely form hydroxides] Au + CARBONATES ~K,Na:stable to heat ~Ca toCu-gives metal oxide » CO, Caco; 4c0 + C0, Calcium carbonate | Calcium oxide Ccuco, 4 cuO + CO, Copper carbonate Copper [I] oxide ~Hg, Ag:give «metal «CO, eoxygen 2HgCO, 4 2Hg + 2CO, +0, Mercury MI carbonate | Mercury + NITRATES -K,Naigive « nitrite + oxygen 2KNO, 4 2KNO,+0, Potassiuon nitrate | Potassium nitrite = Ca toCu: give «metal oxide «NO, +O, 2Ca(NO,)p 2CaO + 4NO, + O, | Calcium nitrate Calcium oxide ~Hg, Ag:gives metal + NO, »« 0, 2AgNO, 4 2Ag + 2NO, +0, | Silvernitrate Siner SS SSeameg wit vam ae ae annel_— LACEMENT REACTION DISPI Displac * DISp, ACEMENT RE CEMENT F ACTION [substitution] “actions are ~ chemical reactions which Takes place when an clement for radical] has ~ replaced another el, lement in a compound. ented as: X+yz 4 Y+xz Itig repres + The ability of an element to displace another is determined by ~ its relative position in the electrochemical s A more ele its aqueous solution. case with electronegative non-metals.] Examples : displaces More el lectropositive metal * Metals like magnesium, aluminium, zine & iron displace copper - from copper [11] sulphate solution — Less electropositive metal Zn + Cu SO, —_—_ ZnSO, + Cu More electronegative non-metal Sisplaces, Less electronegative non-metal Cl, + 2KBr —. 2KCl + Br Other examples : sj Mg + CuSO, ——- MgSO, + Cu cj 2Al + 3CuSO, —-. Al,(S0,); + 3Cu Fe + CuSO, —. FeSO, + Cu + Metals above hydrogen in the electrochemical series ie. a are seen to displace hydrogen from dilute acids, The reaction is used for preparation of soluble salts - by displacement method. ctive metals - Active metal Acidlditt | Solubie salt] Hydrogen | Magnesium Mg + 2Hcl | > MgCl, + Hy Zinc Zn |+ HAS0, | > ZnSO, + Hy non Fe * HS0, |> Feso, + Hy Fe * HCL |> Rec, + scanned wi cannerG. DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION REACTION ~ Precipitation 4, DOUBLE DECOMPOSI TION REACTION - Precipitation 1 Double decomposition reactions are ~ chemical reactions in Both reactants [compounds] are decomposed to give fom by exchanging their radicals ew compounds ~ + CD > A*D= + CB" 4 Ttisrepresented as: XY+AB9XB+AY or A‘B™ = «PRECIPITATION REACTIONS - Reaction between two compoun to give two new compounds - one 0} ds in aqueous solution state — f which is insoluble called - precipitate Examples : Preparation of insoluble salts by double decomposition - precipitation Soluble salt Soluble salt Soluble salt | Precipitated solution [I] solution [II] | Insoluble salt CaCly +|Na,CO3 > |2Nacl |+ Caco; + Calcium chloride | Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride | Calcium carbonate Zn(NO,), + | NagCO3 > |2NaNO3 | ZnCO34 Zinc nitrate Sodium carbonate Sodium nitrate Zinc carbonate ZnSO, +|(NH),CO; > |(NH,)SOs + ZnCO; Zine sulphate ‘Ammonium carbonate | Ammonium sulphate | Zinc carbonate Pb(NO;). + | 2NaCl > |2NaNO; |+ PbCl,~ Lead nitrate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate | Leadfit] chloride Pb(NOs). + | NaySOx > |2NaNO3 + PbSOs+ Lead nitrate Sodium sulphate Sodium nitrate Lead sulphate Use of precipitation reactions in analytical chemistry for - identifying the positive radical in a salt by analysing the colour of the precipitate Precipitate [heme colour & solubility of precipitate| Ion Reaction 0 formed in excess of NaOH Fa |FeS0,+2NaOH>Na,SO, +Fe(OH),¥ |Iron [Il] hydroxide ~ Dirty green ppt insoluble} Fe | FeCl, +3NaOH>3NaCl— +Fe(OH)s¥ |Iron [IT] hydroxide - Reddish brown finsoluble] cut*|cus0,+2NaOH>Na,S0, +Cu(OH),\ |Copper[Il] hydroxide -Pale blue ppt [insoluble] zn?*|2nS0,+2NaOH->NajSO, +Zn(OH),¥ |Zinc hydroxide-_Gelatinous white [soluble] Pb2* | Po(NO,)p+2NaOH>2NaNO, +Pb(OH),¥ |Lead [Il] hydroxide Chalky white ppt [soluble] | n scanned with CamscannerMt, DOU f i, Lh DECK IM PC ATION REACTION - Neutralization Dounts DEC OMPOSITON IWACTION ~ Neutralization Double dey OM positon reactions are = chemical reactions in which q Hoth reac tant . | " [compounds] are decomposed to give two new compounds. | by exchanging their ratieala | Win represented an: co MB + CID? > At: HC Be, 1 1 NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS « R “action between two compounds ~ base éacid to ater ~ by interchange of radicals LL Acid > it Water 7 = Nat OH~ + HY Cl 3) Mat ey HY OH~ LL ee ive, NaOH + HCI >| NaCl + | H,0 Examples : Preparation of soluble salts by double decomposition - neutralization from insoluble base & acid Insoluble ~ Base Acid {dil.] Soluble salt Water Insoluble oxide Copper [MJ oxide Cuo 4 H)S0, >! cuso, + H,0 lead [oxide pho 4 2HNO; 3) Pb(NO,), + 1,0 Insoluble hydroxide Copper [11] hydroxide Cu(OH),+| H,S0, > Cuso, +| 2H,0 Lead [11] hydroxide Pb(OH), + 2HNO, > Pb(NO,), + 2H,0 Preparation of soluble salts by double decomposition ~ neutralization from soluble base & acid Soluble - Base Acid [dil] | Soluble salt Water Soluble hydroxide Sodium hydroxide NaOH + HCl 5} Nact +| HO NaOH +/HNO, > NaNO, +] 4H,0 Aramonium hydroxide NOH +| HCL >| NH,ci +! H,0 Applications of neutralization - A sting of a bee or Wasp is acidic in nature. Application of sodium bicarbonate, a basic substance can be used to nullify the effect, ~ Heartburn due to acidity in the stomach can be lieved by taking an antacid which in alkaline and neutralizes the acisin ry in the stomach anned with Camscanner