i

UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MARINE SCIENCES

SPECIAL PROJECT PROPOSAL

TITLE: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON

BIOMASS AND ITS IMPACTS ON ANCHOVY CATCHES ALONG THE

EASTERN PARTS OF PEMBA AND ZANZIBAR CHANNELS.

STUDENT NAME: Edward K. Paul

REG NO: 2019-04-10605

SUPERVISOR: Ms. Hellen J. Kizenga

February, 2022
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INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Introduction.

Ocean phytoplankton communities are the foundation of the natural food chain on

which the fauna, including fish populations and other marine animals, rely (Pal and

Choudhury, 2014). At the same time, they generate over 70% of the world's oxygen

(Cloern et al., 2014). Phytoplankton generates more than 90-95 percent of total marine

primary production in the marine environment (Cloern et al., 2014; Semba et al., 2019;

Puchkova et al., 2021). Excessive phytoplankton production in the marine ecosystem,

on the other hand, creates widespread issues such as fish poisoning and water quality

degradation in drinking water management, swimming pools, and other water-based

recreations (Bhateria et al, 2016; Pal and Choudhury, 2014). Even though the

relationship between primary production and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration is

not always linear (Kyewalyanga et al., 2020) due to reflectance error from the ocean's

surface and the difficulty in computing primary production, Chl-a concentration is

most commonly used as a proxy in the estimation of phytoplankton biomass (Peter,

2013).

Phytoplankton are the primary food synthesizers in the sea, and while they fluctuate in

response to certain environmental circumstances (Subrahmanyam, 1959), they provide

an essential and practical basis for evaluating the stock of edible fish (Subrahmanyam,

1959). A healthy phytoplankton population leads to a healthy zooplankton population

and a high rate of juvenile fish survival (Harvey et al., 1935; Nair et al., 1978). There

is a link between the quantity of fish and the abundance of plankton. Fishery prosperity

is frequently based on plankton abundance (Abo-Taleb, 2019). (Abo-Taleb, 2019),

states that the plankton community can help in determining, spawning seasons and
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regions, adult spawners' biomass, adult annual variation (biomass), adult migrations,

and, the relation of environmental conditions to abundance and distribution of mature

(adult) and immature (larvae) forms, trophic relations between zooplankton and fish

larvae, and interactions between species at the larval stage that may have an impact on

stock size. Marine planktons are the major food source for anchovies and other tiny

pelagic fish. Planktonic feeders including the mackerel, anchovies, and sardines

account for a large share of the fish collected in Tanzania's coastal waters, including

Pemba, Unguja, and the rest of the country.

The fisheries sector in Zanzibar is primarily artisanal, with a total yearly production of

roughly 20,000 tonnes of fish taken in inshore waters and consumed locally or sold in

the market (Feidi, 2005). The administration supports foreign investment to boost the

Islands' economy through increasing exports (Feidi, 2005). Aside from improving

foreign exchange revenues and job prospects. Traditional fishing is most typically

carried out by households who make short trips nearshore to engage in fishing

activities, which involves little financial investment and tiny vessels.

Small pelagic fish have a unique role in Tanzania’s food security, particularly in

coastal communities, because they are often more affordable, available, and accessible

than other fish species. In addition, the small pelagic fishery is one of the most

important fisheries in Pemba and Zanzibar Island, contributing a significant but likely

under-appreciated amount to coastal livelihoods and food security (Sekadende et al.,

2020). The four family groupings that account for more than half of the overall catch

in Zanzibar's subsistence and artisanal fisheries are parrotfish, rabbit fish, sardines, and

mackerels (Francis et al., 2001). The emphasis of this research is on anchovy catches

and how they are affected by phytoplankton productivity throughout the year.
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1.2 Literature Review

1.2.1 Phytoplankton distribution and abundance

Phytoplankton is vital to the marine food web, biogeochemical cycles, and climate

processes (Paerl et al., 2003; Armbrust, 2004; Nassar et al., 2014; Limbu et al., 2015).

They begin the marine food chain by providing food to primary consumers such as

zooplankton, which in turn transmit energy when devoured by higher trophic species

such as finfish (Saravanakumar et al., 2008). Furthermore, phytoplankton composition

and abundance are regarded as natural bio-indicators of water quality variations

because of their sensitivity and quick reactions to changes in environmental factors

such as pH, light, temperature, salinity, turbidity, and nutrients (Subrahmanyan, 1959;

Panda et al., 2012; Stanca et al., 2013; Limbu et al., 2015). Thus, the species

composition, relative abundance, and geographical and temporal dispersion of this

aquatic biota express the changes in the environment, the environmental health, and

the biological integrity of a particular water body.

Nearshore waters have a larger distribution and abundance of phytoplankton biomass,

which rapidly decreases further offshore (Peter, 2013). Phytoplankton biomass is high

in Tanzanian coastal waters during the southeast monsoon season, owing to increased

mixing of the water column, increased runoff and nutrient input from rivers, and

increased availability of biologically assimilated nitrogen (McClanahan, 1988; Peter,

2013; Semba et al., 2020; Kizenga et al., 2021.)

1.2.2 Fisheries in the eastern parts of Pemba and Zanzibar.

Small pelagic fish, which are typically more economical, available, and accessible than

other fish species, play an important role in the food security of impoverished coastal

communities in developing nations, like Tanzania ( Sekadende et al., 2020 ) Even

though tiny pelagic fish are commonly consumed by the poorest communities and

provide direct original employment in the transnational food trade, they are

consistently recognized as a lower-value commodity in the transnational food trade,

typically performing in fishmeal (Isaacs, 2016).

Small pelagic fish are important for local food security since selling them on the global

market is exceedingly difficult, because the post-harvest handling of these high-fat

content fish without refrigeration facilities, the cold room typically fails to fulfill

minimal hygienic standards (Sekadende et al., 2020) Thus, artisanal small pelagic

fisheries are an important situation in which the food security of the poor in developing

nations is not jeopardized by the requirement for foreign trade money, as is the case

with higher-value species. (Isaacs. 2016; Sekadende et al., 2020).

1.2.3 Small pelagic fish in Zanzibar and Pemba Channels.

Small pelagic fish, sometimes known as "baitfish" or "forage fish," is a group of

animals with short lifespans, rapid growth, large biomass, intense shoaling behavior,

and rapidly variable population dynamics. (Kizenga et al., 2021); Sekadende et al.,

2020. Small pelagic species live in the epipelagic zone (the upper 200 meters) of

coastal zones and oceans, where they may move horizontally and vertically

(Sekadende et al., 2020). They may be found in both nearshore and continental shelf

habitats, depending on the family, and are classified as a group. Anchovies, sardines,

sardinellas, mackerels, capelin, hilsa, sprats, and herrings are small pelagic fish that

may be found all over the world, from the tropics to the far North Atlantic Ocean and

the southern waters off Chile and South Africa (Sekadende et al., 2020). It's worth
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noting that the total catch estimate is likely to be underestimated, as the FAO's work

on reorganizing catch estimates suggests (Buitel, 2015).

Three important families dominate the Pemba Channel: The Engraulidae (Anchovies),

the Clupeidae (Sardines), and the Scombridae (Scombridae). (Kizenga et al., 2021)

Fishing takes occurs in murky near-shore seas with abundant phytoplankton and

zooplankton. (Breuil and Bodiguel, 2015). Plankton is the principal food source for

the above-mentioned fish families; however, eating habits vary depending on the fish's

life stage and food availability. (Hulkoti, 2013). Seasonally, depending on the seasons,

wind direction, and strength, small pelagic fishing is done relying on the southeast and

northwest monsoon winds.

Zanzibar's minor pelagic fishery is fundamentally equivalent to that of the mainland

in many ways. The fishery is likely to catch the same species since it works in many

of the same fishing sites and utilizes the same types of boats. SWIOFish (South-West

Indian Ocean Fisheries Governance and Shared Growth Project), which includes a

Zanzibar component to the small pelagic research, will confirm the extent to which

these parallels exist (Sekadende et al., 2020). The majority of Zanzibar's microscopic

pelagic fish are caught, landed, and processed around the west coasts of Unguja and

Pemba Islands.

1.2.4 The influence of seasonal monsoon winds on phytoplankton productivity

and fisheries along the eastern parts of Zanzibar and Pemba Channels.

The East African climate and weather conditions are dominated by two cyclic wind

systems (Mahongo et al., 2011), which influence many oceanic processes along the

East African coast and throughout the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region, the region
 6

that incorporates both Pemba and Zanzibar Islands. The East African Coastal Current,

which flows northward, bathes the tropical coastal seas of Tanzania and Kenya all year

(EACC) (Painter, 2020; Painter et al., 2020), as a western boundary current of the

Indian Ocean even throughout the East African Coastal Current (EACC) is the

dominating oceanographic influence along Tanzania's coastlines, official definitions

of the biogeochemical properties of these waters are fragmented or poorly

characterized. (Painter, 2020). The region is not understudied and the complex has

patterns, due in part to the changing monsoon seasons also the restricted and limited

sampling efforts along EACC, the phytoplankton diversity, abundance, and

spatiotemporal variability of phytoplankton populations are thought to be poorly

studied (Painter, 2020).

The northern and southern monsoons, which have a significant impact on air and water

temperature, winds, and rainfall in the Zanzibar and Pemba Channels, alternate and

are different seasons. Winds are key climatic elements of the western Indian Ocean,

affecting the wave climate regime, local climate, biological processes, and human

activities through driving water circulation and affecting wave climate regime, local

climate, biological processes, and human activities. (Richmond, 2011).

From November to March, the prevailing trade winds are the Northeast (NE) monsoon

winds (Richmond, 2011). The NE monsoon breeze is normally low and persistent, at

around 5 m/sec. The lengthy rainy season occurs after the NE monsoon, which is

characterized by weak northerly winds, causes reduced turbulence of the surface

waters, with comparatively little or no upwelling phenomenon. (Semba et al., 2019;

Kizenga et al., 2021), Phytoplankton productivity, as well as fish numbers, were found
 7

to be poor in Tanzanian waters throughout the NE season, particularly among

planktivorous (Breuil and Bodiguel, 2015), from March to June. From April to

September, the area experiences a complete reversal in wind direction, a feature unique

to the Indian Ocean where the Southeast (SE) monsoon wind prevails (Richmond,

2011; Mahongo et al., 2011). This period is characterized by relatively strong winds,

reaching an average velocity of 9 m/sec. Air temperature at sea level rarely falls below

20oC and seawater temperature usually reaches a minimum of 25oC in September and

rises to a maximum of 29oC in March (McClanahan, 1988).

April and October are the transition period when winds tend to subside (Mahongo and

Shaghude, 2014). During this period of transition, there is a reversal in wind direction

from the NE to the SE and vice versa (Mahongo et al., 2012). During the Southeast

monsoon season, high winds create turbulence and deep mixing of water layers,

bringing nutrients to the surface and boosting photic zone productivity (Semba et al.,

2019). As the surface water layers cool, nutrient-depleted surface waters grow dense

and drop to the bottom, displacing nutrient-rich bottom fluids that deliver nutrients to

the surface. This mechanism causes coastal upwelling, which is characterized by

increased marine and oceanic production and is commonly seen in isolated parts of the

Indian Ocean. (Kyewalyanga, 2015; Kizenga et al., 2021).

1.3 Statement of the Research Problem.

Phytoplankton are primary producers influenced by the physicochemical processes

that take place in the ocean, in turn, the small pelagic fishes depend on phytoplankton

as one of the major sources of food. Identifying the relationship between

phytoplankton productivity and small pelagic fish is very important for detecting areas

with high fish abundance and aggregations (Kizenga et al., 2021). Several studies on
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phytoplankton abundance have been conducted along the Pemba Channel, and some

of the studies explain the phytoplankton distribution along with Zanzibar and Pemba

Channels (Barlow et al., 2011; Peter, 2013; Kizenga et al., 2021). However, the above

studies did not examine the spatial and temporal variations of phytoplankton

productivity along eastern parts of the Pemba and Zanzibar Channels and their

influence on anchovy catches. Thus, the study is conducted to address the research

gap.

1.4 Significance of the Study.

The final results of this study will be important to coastal resource managers and

fishermen along the Pemba and Zanzibar Islands. This is because there is currently

very little scientific data on the potential of the Pemba and Zanzibar Channels for small

pelagic fisheries and phytoplankton primary production. Therefore, the information is

needed to advise the fishermen on potential fishing grounds along the Zanzibar and

Pemba Channels with their respective seasons.

1.5 OBJECTIVES.

1.5.1 General objective.

The main aim of this study is to determine the spatial and temporal variation of

phytoplankton productivity and its influence on anchovy catches along the eastern

parts of Pemba and Zanzibar Channels.

1.5.2 Specific objectives.

1. To determine the seasonal and spatial distribution of phytoplankton biomass

along the eastern part of Pemba and Zanzibar Channels.

2. To determine the seasonal variation in anchovy catches along the eastern parts

of Pemba and Zanzibar Channels.

1.5.3 Hypotheses.

1. There is no significant difference in the seasonal and spatial distribution of

phytoplankton biomass along the eastern parts of Pemba and Zanzibar

Channels.

2. There is no significant seasonal variation in anchovy catches along the eastern

parts of Pemba and Zanzibar Channels.

3. There is no significant relationship between Chl-a concentration and anchovy

catches along eastern parts of Pemba and Zanzibar Channels.

1.6 Scope of the study.

The study delimits the eastern parts of Zanzibar and Pemba Channels. The anchovy

catches and remotely sensed data will be collected for two years, from 2019 to 2020.

The study will focuses on analyzing the seasonal and spatial variation in phytoplankton

and anchovy catches along the eastern parts of the Channels of Zanzibar and Pemba

based on NE and SE monsoon season.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Description of the Study Area.

This study focuses on the Zanzibar Archipelago which includes the Islands of Pemba

and Unguja, they are situated 20–40 km offshore of the Tanzania mainland. The area

of the Islands is located between latitude 6.6 °S and 5.6 °S and longitude 39.15°E and

39.60°E. (Figure 1). The western part of these Islands is selected to show the

bathymetry feature of the oceanic and coastal Channels of Pemba and Zanzibar

respectively.

The Pemba Channel is about (700-800meters deep) (Shaghude and Wannäs, 1998) and

is approximately 100 km long and 50 km wide (Rödder et al., 2010) separates the

Tanzania mainland from the Pemba Island (Figure 1). The Pemba Channel is

considered to be part of the ancient Pangani River delta which was later down-faulted

to form the deep Channel between Tanzania’s mainland and the Pemba Island

(Shaghude, 2001; Peter, 2013), The Pemba Channel is characterized by a deep oceanic

setting with direct connectivity to the open ocean but also with adjacent coastal areas

that host important coral reef and mangrove habitats that are also exploited by several

fisheries (Sekadende et al., 2020). The fast-flowing current speeds that are typical of

this Channel indicate low retention rates and short residence times, but the Channel is

also considered to be part of a larger-scale coastal upwelling system, receiving only

limited riverine nutrient inputs (Sekadende et al., 2020). While the northernmost part

of this Channel faces the coast of Kenya.

The Zanzibar Channel (Figure 1), which is located south of the Pemba Channel,

divides the Island of Unguja from the Tanzanian mainland. The waterway is quite
 11

shallow (less than 50 meters deep), 120 kilometers long, and 35 kilometers broad

(Shaghude and Wannäs, 2000). The Zanzibar Channel is thought to represent a

continuation of the old Ruvu River delta (Shaghude and Wannäs, 1998).

Figure 1: The map shows the location of the two Islands in the coast of Tanzania at

38.5 ◦E to 40.5◦E. The East African Coastal Current (EACC) flowing northward year-

round is presented with solid blue arrows and the Bathymetry (m) of the Pemba

Channel and Zanzibar Channel.

2.2 Sampling /Experimental Design

Sampling design and data collection techniques in this study will involve two

components of data collection techniques; the remotely-sensed Chl-a data and

secondary fish catch data will be obtained for a period of 2 years spanning from 2019

to 2020.

2.3 Data Collection

2.3.1 Satellite data

Remotely-sensed satellite Chl-a data will be used in this study. Monthly data for 2

years (2019-2020) with a horizontal resolution of 4 km Moderate-resolution Imaging

Spectroradiometer Aqua sensor (MODIS)

https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/index.html and the other source Ocean-Color

Climate-Change Initiative project (OCCCI) version 3.1; http://www.esaoceancolour-

cci.org/). Multiscale Ultrahigh Resolution analysis (MUR) version 4

(https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/dataset/MUR-JPL-L4-GLOBv4.1). MODIS Aqua sensor

will be used to capture the images. The images will be recorded in Network Common

Data Form (NetCDF) format and thereafter will be georeferenced. For January through

December 2019 to 2020, monthly composite Chl-a imageries with a spatial resolution

of 4 km will be used to examine the seasonal and spatial variations of Chl-a within the

research areas. Using NetCDF Raster Layer, a few Chl-a imageries will be imported

into ArcGIS version 10.8. Chl-a images from the study areas will be subset using the

clip tool and the World Geodetic System's 1984 data. In Geographic Coordinate

System, photos will be then positioned on the earth's surface in their actual locations

(on the shape file) (GCS WGS 84). Cloud will be veiled over multiple imageries using

level three data to provide Chl-a values. All of the cells with no values will be marked

as No Data and made translucent for the selected satellite images using the image

analysis window, which has unique raster and image enhancement capabilities.
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2.3.2 Anchovy catch data.

This study will use secondary data on the small pelagic fish catch (landings) from the

western coast of Zanzibar and Pemba Islands. Zanzibar Department of Fisheries

(Ministry of Blue Economy and Fisheries) provides monthly anchovy catch statistics

(landings) for the western coast of Pemba Island and Unguja Island for 2 years from

2019 to 2020. So the data will be obtained based on the specific location in the western

part of the Islands. Pemba and Unguja. To establish the anchovy, catch trend, the

districts from Pemba and Unguja will be chosen. The chosen districts and landing

locations includes Mkoani district, Micheweni district, Wete district, Chakechake

district in Pemba Island and for Unguja; Kaskazini A, Kaskazini B, Mjini Magharibi,

Mjini kati and Kusini districts will be chosen.

2.4 Data Analysis

ArcGIS Spatial Analyst Extension Version 10.81 will be used to analyze the spatial

and temporal distribution of Chl-a at various time scales. Statistical analysis will be

carried out by utilizing Microsoft Excel (analysis toolpak VBA) and IBM SPSS

software (version 26). The data will be examined for normality and homogeneity of

variances, and will be transformed as needed, and also the data will be subjected to the

appropriate tests. Kruskal Wallis will be used to assess the significant variation in Chl-

a concentration and anchovy fish catches between seasons in Pemba and Zanzibar

Channels for non-parametric data, and the Mann Whitney u test will be used to assess

the difference between the NE and SE seasons for both channel separately. The spatial

and temporal variation of Chl-a in Pemba and Zanzibar Channels will analyzed using

one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test means comparison test in Chl-

a concentration and anchovy catch between Pemba and Zanzibar channels in case the
 14

data obtained will be parametric or normally distributed. Pearson’s product-moment

correlation (r) analysis will be used to determine the correlation between anchovy

catches and Chl-a concentration for parametric data along Pemba Channel and Unguja

Channel, and spearman correlation will be used in case for non-parametric for Unguja

Channel and Pemba Channel.

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