1.

Accreditation: The process of evaluating and certifying that an organization or institution meets
specific standards or requirements.

2. Accountability: The obligation to take responsibility for one’s actions and decisions, and to be
answerable for the outcomes.

3. Administrative law: The body of law that governs the activities and procedures of administrative
agencies, including rulemaking, adjudication, and enforcement.

4. Administrative policing model: A law enforcement approach that emphasizes the administrative
function of maintaining order and regulating behavior in society.

5. Agency: A government organization or department that is responsible for carrying out specific tasks or
functions.

6. Allocation: The distribution or assignment of resources, such as funding or personnel, to specific

purposes or areas.

7. Amendments: Changes or additions made to a law, constitution, or other legal document.

8. Analysis: The process of examining and evaluating data or information in order to gain insights or
make informed decisions.

9. Arrest: The act of taking a person into custody by a law enforcement officer, typically for the alleged
commission of a crime.

10. Asset forfeiture: The seizure and confiscation of property or assets by law enforcement authorities,
often as a result of criminal activity.

11. Assignment: The task or duty assigned to someone, typically within an organization or institution.

12. Authority: The power or right to give orders, make decisions, or enforce obedience.

13. Background investigation: The process of conducting a thorough examination of a person’s personal,
professional, and criminal history, typically for employment or security purposes.

14. Bail: The temporary release of a person who has been arrested or charged with a crime, usually upon
payment of a specified amount of money or other conditions.

15. Ballistics: The science of analyzing and studying projectiles, such as bullets or shells, in order to
determine their trajectory, origin, or impact.

16. Beat: A specific geographic area or route assigned to a police officer for regular patrol and
surveillance.

17. Beat policing: A law enforcement strategy that focuses on assigning police officers to specific beats or
areas to build relationships with the community and address local issues.

18. Behavior: The way in which a person or organism acts or conducts themselves, often in response to
stimuli or social norms.
19. Behavioral Analysis: The study and analysis of human behavior, often used in criminal investigations
to understand motives, patterns, and potential threats.

20. Bias: Prejudice or favoritism towards or against a particular person, group, or thing, often based on
personal opinions or beliefs.

21. Bill of rights: A set of fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals by a constitution or
law, typically protecting civil liberties and limiting government power.

22. Biometrics: The measurement and analysis of unique physical or behavioral characteristics, such as
fingerprints or facial recognition, for identification and authentication purposes.

23. Body-Worn Cameras: Small cameras worn on the person, typically by law enforcement officers, to
record audio and video footage of interactions with the public.

24. Booking: The administrative process of recording the arrest and personal information of a suspect,
typically including fingerprints, photographs, and other identifying details.

25. Border Control: The enforcement of laws and regulations at international borders to monitor and
regulate the flow of people, goods, and services.

26. Border security: The measures and strategies implemented to prevent unauthorized entry and
maintain control over national borders.

27. Budget: A financial plan or estimate of income and expenses for a given period, typically used to
allocate resources and guide spending decisions.

28. Burglary: The act of unlawfully entering a building or premises with the intent to commit a theft or
other criminal offense.

29. Bureau: A division or department within a larger organization or government agency, typically
specializing in a specific area of expertise or function.

30. Cadet: A trainee or apprentice, often in the context of law enforcement or military training programs.

31. Call for service: A request made to a law enforcement agency for assistance or intervention, typically
via telephone or other means of communication.

32. Campus Policing: The provision of law enforcement services and security on college or university
campuses, often performed by campus police or security officers.

33. Career development: The process of acquiring and enhancing the skills, knowledge, and experiences
necessary to advance in one’s profession or occupation.

34. Case management: The coordination and oversight of all activities and services related to a particular
case or client, often in the context of social work or legal proceedings.

35. Censorship: The suppression or control of information, ideas, or artistic expression by an authority or
governing body.

36. Chain of command: The hierarchical structure and line of authority within an organization, where
each person has a direct superior and is responsible for reporting to them.
37. Civil liberties: Basic individual rights and freedoms protected by law, such as freedom of speech,
religion, and assembly, that are essential to a democratic society.

38. Civil rights: The rights of individuals to be free from discrimination and to enjoy equal treatment and
opportunities, regardless of their race, gender, religion, or other protected characteristics.

39. Civilianization: The process of transferring certain roles or functions traditionally performed by law
enforcement officers to civilian personnel.

40. Code of conduct: A set of rules or guidelines that outline expected behavior and ethical standards for
individuals within a particular organization or profession.

41. Code of ethics: A set of principles or moral guidelines that govern the professional behavior and
conduct of individuals within a particular profession or organization.

42. Cold case: An unsolved criminal investigation that remains open and unresolved for an extended
period of time.

43. Collective efficacy: The shared belief and willingness of members within a community to work
together to address and prevent crime and disorder.

44. Community-based policing: A law enforcement approach that emphasizes collaboration and
partnership between police and the community to address crime and quality-of-life issues.

45. Community engagement: The active participation and involvement of community members in
decision-making processes and activities that affect their lives and well-being.

46. Community policing: A philosophy and strategy of law enforcement that emphasizes building
relationships and partnerships with the community to address crime and improve public safety.

47. CompStat: A data-driven management model used in law enforcement to track and analyze crime
statistics and allocate resources based on patterns and trends.

48. Compstat: A computer software program used by law enforcement agencies to track and analyze
crime data and support decision-making.

49. Conflict resolution: The process of resolving disputes or conflicts between individuals or groups
through negotiation, mediation, or other peaceful means.

50. Constitution: A written document or set of fundamental principles that establishes the framework
and basic rights and freedoms of a government or organization.

51. Contingency planning: The process of developing strategies and plans to address and respond to
potential future events or emergencies.

52. Corruption: Dishonest or unethical behavior by individuals in positions of power or authority, often
involving the misuse of public resources or the abuse of entrusted power.

53. Counterterrorism: The efforts and strategies employed to prevent, detect, and respond to acts of
terrorism and protect national security.
54. Court: A legal forum or institution where disputes are resolved, laws are interpreted, and justice is
administered.

55. Crime: An act that is considered to be a violation of a law, typically punishable by the state through
legal processes.

56. Crime analysis: The systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and information related
to crime patterns, trends, and potential risks.

57. Crime control model: A criminal justice philosophy that emphasizes the efficient and effective
suppression and punishment of crime to maintain social order and deter criminal behavior.

58. Crime mapping: The visualization and analysis of crime data on a map to identify patterns, trends,
and hotspots for targeted law enforcement strategies.

59. Crime prevention: Strategies and measures aimed at reducing the risk of crime and victimization by
addressing underlying causes and promoting protective factors.

60. Crime reduction: The process of decreasing the incidence or prevalence of crime through various
interventions and strategies.

61. Crime scene investigation: The systematic process of collecting and analyzing physical evidence at a
crime scene to reconstruct events and identify potential suspects.

62. Criminal investigation: The process of gathering evidence and information to determine the facts and
circumstances surrounding a crime and identify the responsible parties.

63. Criminal justice system: The network of institutions and agencies responsible for enforcing laws,
adjudicating criminal cases, and administering punishment or rehabilitation.

64. Criminal profiling: The process of analyzing and identifying specific characteristics or traits of
individuals who are likely to have committed a particular crime.

65. Crisis intervention: The immediate and direct response to individuals in crisis or emergency situations
to provide support, de-escalation, and appropriate referrals.

66. Crisis intervention team: A specialized unit or team within a law enforcement agency that is trained
to respond to and handle crisis situations involving mental health or behavioral issues.

67. Crisis management: The coordinated efforts and strategies implemented to effectively respond to
and manage crises or emergency situations.

68. Crowd control: The measures and techniques used by law enforcement to manage and regulate large
gatherings or groups of people in order to maintain public safety and order.

69. Crowding: The situation in which a correctional facility or detention center exceeds its intended
capacity, often leading to overcrowding and associated challenges.

70. Cultural competence: The ability to effectively and respectfully interact with individuals from
different cultural backgrounds, understanding and valuing diversity.
71. Cultural diversity: The presence of a variety of cultural groups within a society, including differences
in language, customs, beliefs, and traditions.

72. Cybercrime: Criminal activities or offenses that involve the use of computers, networks, or digital
technologies.

73. Data analysis: The process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data in order to
discover useful information, draw conclusions, and support decision-making.

74. Data-driven policing: A law enforcement approach that relies on the analysis of data and information
to guide decision-making and resource allocation.

75. Death penalty: A legal punishment, typically reserved for the most serious crimes, in which a person
is sentenced to death.

76. Decentralization: The distribution of power, authority, or decision-making to lower levels or local
entities within an organization or government.

77. Decentralization: The process of transferring power, authority, or decision-making from a central
authority or government to lower levels or local entities.

78. Defensible space: The design and organization of physical environments to discourage crime and
enhance feelings of safety and security.

79. Delinquency prevention: Strategies and interventions aimed at preventing and reducing juvenile
delinquency and promoting positive youth development.

80. Detective: A law enforcement officer who is trained and assigned to investigate and solve crimes,
often specializing in specific types of cases.

81. Differential reinforcement: A behavioral theory that explains how positive and negative
consequences can shape and influence behavior.

82. Digital evidence: Electronic information or data that is collected and analyzed as evidence in criminal
investigations or legal proceedings.

83. Directed patrol: A law

84. 83. Directed patrol: A law enforcement strategy where officers are assigned to specific areas or
activities with the goal of preventing and deterring crime.

84. Discretion: The power or authority of a law enforcement officer to make decisions based on their
judgment and interpretation of the law in specific situations.

85. Discipline: The enforcement of rules and regulations within a law enforcement organization to
maintain order, professionalism, and accountability among its members.
86. Dispute resolution: The process of resolving conflicts or disagreements between individuals or
groups through negotiation, mediation, or other peaceful means.

87. DNA evidence: Biological material, such as blood or saliva, that contains an individual’s unique
genetic information and can be used as evidence in criminal investigations.

88. Domestic extremism: The involvement of individuals or groups in activities that promote or advocate
for extremist ideologies or engage in acts of violence within their own country.

89. Domestic violence: Any form of abusive behavior, including physical, emotional, or sexual violence,
that occurs within a domestic or intimate relationship.

90. Due process: A legal principle that ensures individuals are treated fairly and have their rights
protected during legal proceedings, including the right to a fair trial and the presumption of innocence.

91. Early intervention: A proactive approach to addressing potential problems or risks by identifying and
providing support or services at an early stage.

92. Early intervention systems: Programs or systems designed to identify individuals or situations that
may be at risk and intervene early to prevent further escalation or harm.

93. Education and training: The process of acquiring knowledge, skills, and competencies through formal
instruction or practical experience to enhance professional development.

94. Effective policing: The implementation of strategies and practices that have been proven to achieve
desired outcomes in crime prevention, community safety, and public trust.

95. Electronic monitoring: The use of technology, such as GPS tracking or surveillance systems, to
monitor the activities or location of individuals, usually as part of a criminal justice or correctional
program.

96. Emergency management: The planning, coordination, and response efforts to mitigate the impact of
natural or man-made disasters or emergencies on public safety and welfare.
97. Emergency response: The immediate actions taken by law enforcement, fire, medical, or other
emergency personnel to address and mitigate threats or hazards during a crisis or emergency situation.

98. Emotional intelligence: The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one’s own emotions and
effectively navigate and respond to the emotions of others.

99. Employee relations: The management of relationships between an employer or organization and its
employees, including addressing issues, ensuring fair treatment, and promoting positive workplace
environments.

100. Environmental crimes: Criminal activities that harm or violate environmental laws and regulations,
such as illegal dumping, pollution, or destruction of natural resources.

101. Ethics: Moral principles or values that guide behavior and decision-making, particularly in
professions like law enforcement, emphasizing integrity, honesty, and fairness.

102. Evidence: Any information, materials, or objects that are presented or used to establish facts in a
legal proceeding.

103. Evidence-based policing: The use of scientific research and empirical evidence to inform and guide
law enforcement strategies, policies, and practices.

104. Executive order: A directive or command issued by a government executive, such as a president or
governor, that has the force of law and directs the actions of government agencies or officials.

105. Excessive force: The use of more physical or legal force than is reasonably necessary in a given
situation, often resulting in injury or harm to individuals.

106. Extradition: The legal process of transferring a person who has been accused or convicted of a crime
from one jurisdiction to another for trial or punishment.
107. Facial recognition: The technology and process of identifying or verifying individuals by analyzing
and comparing their facial features with stored or captured images.

108. Facility management: The management and maintenance of physical buildings, facilities, and
infrastructure, including law enforcement facilities such as police stations, jails, and training centers.

109. Federal law: Laws enacted by the federal government that apply to the entire country, often dealing
with matters beyond the scope of individual states or local jurisdictions.

110. Federalism: A system of government in which power is divided and shared between a central
authority (federal government) and individual states or regions.

111. Felony: A serious criminal offense typically punishable by imprisonment for more than one year, as
opposed to a misdemeanor which carries a lesser penalty.

112. Field training officer: An experienced law enforcement officer who provides guidance, instruction,
and mentorship to new or probationary officers during their on-the-job training.

113. Field training officer: An experienced law enforcement officer who provides guidance, instruction,
and mentorship to new or probationary officers during their on-the-job training.

114. Financial crimes: Criminal activities involving fraud, embezzlement, money laundering, or other
illegal actions related to financial transactions or assets.

115. Firearms: Portable weapons that use explosive propellants to expel projectiles, such as bullets,
typically used for self-defense, law enforcement, or sporting purposes.

116. Firearms regulations: Laws or regulations that govern the possession, purchase, sale, and use of
firearms, intended to promote public safety and reduce gun-related violence.

117. Forensic accounting: The application of accounting principles, investigative techniques, and financial
analysis to uncover and document evidence of financial crimes or fraud.
118. Forensic psychology: The application of psychological principles and techniques to criminal
investigations and legal proceedings, such as assessing the mental state of suspects or witnesses.

119. Forensic science: The application of scientific techniques and methods to analyze and interpret
physical evidence in criminal investigations.

120. Fraud: Deceptive or dishonest behavior intended to gain an unfair advantage, typically involving
financial or personal gain at the expense of others.

121. Fractured community: A community characterized by division, conflict, or lack of cohesion, often
resulting from social, economic, or cultural differences.

122. Gangs: Organized groups or associations of individuals engaged in criminal activities, often
characterized by a shared identity, territorial control, and involvement in violence.

123. Gender-based violence: Acts of violence, discrimination, or oppression that are directed specifically
at individuals because of their gender, often impacting women, girls, or individuals who do not conform
to traditional gender norms.

124. Geographic information systems (GIS): Computer-based systems used to capture, analyze, and
visualize spatial or geographic data, often used in law enforcement for crime mapping or analysis.

125. Geographic profiling: A technique used in criminal investigations to analyze the spatial patterns of
crimes and offender behavior to generate hypotheses about the offender’s likely residence or base of
operations.

126. Global policing: Collaborative efforts and cooperation between law enforcement agencies and
organizations across national borders to address transnational crime, terrorism, and other global security
threats.

127. Globalization: The increasing interconnectedness and integration of countries and societies through
economic, political, and cultural exchanges and interactions.
128. Grants: Financial assistance provided by government agencies, foundations, or other organizations
to support specific projects, initiatives, or programs, often awarded through a competitive application
process.

129. Grievance procedure: A formal process or mechanism within an organization for employees to
address and resolve complaints, disputes, or grievances related to their employment.

130. Hate crime: Criminal acts motivated by bias, prejudice, or hostility towards a particular individual or
group based on their race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or other protected characteristics.

131. Hate crime legislation: Laws enacted to specifically address and punish hate crimes, often providing
enhanced penalties or legal protections for victims.

132. Hate speech: Verbal or written expressions that promote or incite hatred, discrimination, or
violence against individuals or groups based on their race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or other
protected characteristics.

133. High policing: A concept of policing that focuses on proactive and intelligence-led approaches to
prevent and address serious crimes, terrorism, or other significant threats to public safety.

134. Homeland security: The efforts and strategies aimed at protecting and securing a nation’s borders,
infrastructure, and citizens from threats, such as terrorism, natural disasters, or other emergencies.

135. Hostage negotiation: The process of communicating and negotiating with individuals or groups who
have taken hostages in order to reach a peaceful resolution and the safe release of hostages.

136. Hostage rescue: Tactical operations conducted by specialized law enforcement or military units to
rescue hostages or resolve hostage situations, often involving the use of force.

137. Human rights: Universal rights and freedoms that are inherent to all individuals, regardless of their
nationality, race, religion, gender, or other characteristics, and protected by international law.
138. Human trafficking: The illegal trade or exploitation of individuals, often involving forced labor, sexual
exploitation, or other forms of coercion for financial gain.

139. Identity theft: The fraudulent acquisition and use of another person’s personal information, such as
their name, social security number, or financial accounts, for financial or other unlawful purposes.

140. Immigration enforcement: The enforcement of immigration laws and regulations by government
agencies to control the entry, stay, and removal of foreign nationals within a country.

141. Immigration policies: Laws, regulations, and practices established by a government to regulate and
manage the movement of individuals across national borders.

142. Incident command system: A standardized management system and organizational structure used
to coordinate and respond to emergencies or large-scale incidents involving multiple agencies or
jurisdictions.

143. Incident response: The immediate actions taken by law enforcement, emergency personnel, or
other responders to address and mitigate an incident or emergency situation.

144. Incident-driven policing: A reactive approach to policing in which law enforcement resources and
actions are primarily determined and directed by specific incidents or calls for service.

145. Informant: A person who provides information to law enforcement or investigative agencies about
criminal activities or individuals, often in exchange for protection, immunity, or financial compensation.

146. Information management: The process of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and disseminating
information within an organization to support decision-making and operational activities.

147. Informed policing: The use of accurate and timely information, data analysis, and research to guide
and inform law enforcement strategies, policies, and operations.

148. Inspection: The process of examining and evaluating the compliance, performance, or condition of
individuals, organizations, or facilities to ensure adherence to regulations, standards, or expectations.
149. Initiative: A proactive action or project undertaken voluntarily to address a specific issue, solve a
problem, or achieve a desired outcome.

150. Interagency cooperation: Collaboration and coordination between different agencies or

organizations, often from different jurisdictions or sectors, to achieve common goals or address shared
challenges.

151. Interpersonal communication: The exchange of information, ideas, and emotions between
individuals through verbal and nonverbal means, often involving listening, speaking, and understanding.

152. Interrogation: The questioning of individuals, typically suspects or witnesses, by law enforcement or
intelligence personnel to obtain information, gather evidence, or elicit confessions.

153. Investigation: The systematic process of gathering, analyzing, and evaluating evidence and
information to determine the facts and circumstances of a criminal offense or incident.

154. Juvenile justice: The system of laws, policies, and practices that govern the handling of juvenile
offenders, with a focus on rehabilitation and treatment rather than punishment.

155. Joint task force: A temporary or permanent collaborative effort between multiple law enforcement
agencies or organizations to address specific issues, crimes, or threats that require combined resources
and expertise.

156. Jurisdiction: The geographical or legal boundaries within which a particular authority, such as a law
enforcement agency or court, has the power to enforce laws or make decisions.

157. K9 unit: A specialized unit within a law enforcement agency that utilizes trained dogs, often referred
to as K9s or police dogs, for various tasks such as tracking, searching, or detecting substances.

158. Knowledge management: The process of capturing, organizing, storing, and sharing knowledge and
expertise within an organization to facilitate learning, decision-making, and innovation.
159. Labor relations: The management and regulation of relationships between employers or
management and employees or labor unions, including negotiations, collective bargaining, and
resolution of disputes.

160. Labor relations: The management and regulation of relationships between employers or
management and employees or labor unions, including negotiations, collective bargaining, and
resolution of disputes.

161. Leadership: The ability to inspire, guide, and motivate individuals or groups towards a common
goal, often involving decision-making, influencing others, and fostering a positive organizational culture.

162. Legal authority: The power or right conferred by law or a legal system that enables individuals or
entities, such as law enforcement officers or government agencies, to exercise certain rights, duties, or
responsibilities.

163. Legal pluralism: The coexistence and interaction of multiple legal systems or sources of law within a
society, often involving both formal legal systems and customary or traditional practices.

164. Legislation: Laws or statutes enacted by a legislative body, such as a parliament or congress, that
establish rules, rights, obligations, or procedures to govern a particular jurisdiction or issue.

165. Liability: Legal responsibility or obligation for one’s actions or debts.

166. Liability: In the context of insurance, it refers to the state of being legally responsible for damages or
injuries.

167. Line of duty deaths: Deaths that occur while an individual is engaged in their official duties or
responsibilities, typically used in the context of law enforcement or military personnel.

168. Local policing: Law enforcement activities and services provided at the local level, usually carried
out by municipal or county police departments.
169. Management: The process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources and activities
within an organization to achieve specific goals and objectives.

170. Management: Referring to a group of individuals who have the authority and responsibility to
oversee and direct the activities of an organization.

171. Mass media: Forms of communication, such as television, radio, newspapers, and the internet, that
reach a large audience and have the potential to shape public opinion.

172. Media relations: The strategic management of relationships between an organization or individual
and the media, including the dissemination of information and the handling of media inquiries.

173. Mediation: A process in which a neutral third party facilitates communication and negotiation
between individuals or groups in conflict, with the goal of reaching a mutually acceptable resolution.

174. Mental health: The state of emotional, psychological, and social well-being, in which an individual
can cope with the normal stresses of life and function effectively.

175. Mentoring programs: Programs that provide guidance, support, and advice to individuals, usually
less experienced, by matching them with more experienced individuals who can share their knowledge
and expertise.

176. Minority communities: Communities composed of individuals who belong to racial, ethnic,
religious, or other social groups that are numerically smaller or have historically faced systemic
disadvantages or discrimination.

177. Miranda rights: Legal rights that must be read to individuals in police custody before they are
interrogated, including the right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney present.

178. Miranda warning: The verbal notification given by law enforcement to individuals in custody,
informing them of their Miranda rights.
179. Missing persons: Individuals who have disappeared and their whereabouts are unknown, often
involving concerns for their safety or well-being.

180. Missing persons: The state or condition of being absent or not present when expected or desired.

181. Mobile data terminal: A computerized device used by law enforcement personnel in their vehicles
to access and input data, communicate with dispatch, and perform various functions.

182. Mobile data terminal: The physical device or system that enables the use of mobile data terminals.

183. Modern policing: Contemporary approaches, strategies, and practices in law enforcement that
reflect the evolving needs and challenges of society.

184. Motivation: The internal or external factors that drive or influence an individual’s behavior, actions,
or decisions.

185. Municipal law: Laws and regulations enacted by local governments, such as cities or towns, that
govern activities within their jurisdiction.

186. Narcotics: Drugs, typically illegal substances, that have the potential for abuse or dependence and
are used for recreational or medicinal purposes.

187. National security: The protection and defense of a nation’s interests and assets against internal and
external threats, including terrorism, espionage, and other risks to its sovereignty.

188. Neighborhood watch: A community-based crime prevention program in which residents actively
participate in monitoring and reporting suspicious activities in their neighborhoods.

189. Non-lethal force: The use of techniques, weapons, or tactics that are intended to temporarily
incapacitate or subdue individuals without causing death.
190. Occupational safety: The practice of ensuring the health and well-being of workers by identifying
and minimizing workplace hazards and promoting safe working conditions.

191. Offender profiling: The process of creating a psychological and behavioral profile of an unknown
criminal based on evidence and patterns from crime scenes and other sources of information.

192. Officer-involved shooting: A term used to describe incidents where law enforcement officers
discharge their firearms while on duty, potentially resulting in injury or death.

193. Organized crime: Criminal activities carried out by structured groups or organizations, often
involved in illegal enterprises such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and racketeering.

194. Organized crime: The existence and operation of criminal networks or syndicates engaged in
coordinated criminal activities.

195. Over-policing: The excessive or disproportionate presence, surveillance, or enforcement actions by

law enforcement in certain communities or against certain groups, often leading to negative
consequences or violations of civil rights.

196. Pandemic response: The collective efforts and measures taken by governments, organizations, and
individuals to address and mitigate the impact of a widespread and infectious disease outbreak.

197. Patrol: The routine and proactive surveillance, monitoring, and enforcement activities carried out
by law enforcement officers in specific areas or jurisdictions.

198. Patrol: The act or process of patrolling or conducting patrols.

199. Pedestrian stops: Encounters initiated by law enforcement officers with individuals on foot, typically
for investigative or enforcement purposes.

200. Personal communication: The exchange of information, ideas, or emotions between individuals
through direct and interpersonal interactions.
201. Personal identification: The process of establishing or confirming the identity of an individual,
usually through the use of identification documents, biometric data, or personal information.

202. Physical evidence: Tangible objects, materials, or traces left at a crime scene or related to a criminal
investigation that can provide factual information or support in establishing facts or identifying
perpetrators.

203. Police academy: A training institution or program that prepares individuals for a career in law
enforcement by providing instruction in relevant knowledge, skills, and practices.

204. Police corruption: The abuse of authority or the misuse of power by law enforcement personnel for
personal gain or other illegitimate purposes.

205. Police discretion: The freedom or authority granted to law enforcement officers to make decisions
and exercise judgment in carrying out their duties, within the bounds of legal and ethical guidelines.

206. Police legitimacy: The perception or belief by the public that law enforcement agencies and their
actions are fair, just, and appropriate, thereby gaining their trust and cooperation.

207. Police officer: A sworn law enforcement professional who is authorized to enforce laws, maintain
public order, and protect lives and property.

208. Police reform: Efforts and initiatives aimed at improving or changing the practices, policies, and
structures of law enforcement agencies to enhance accountability, transparency, and community
relations.

209. Police subculture: The shared values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that are unique to law
enforcement personnel and influence their professional identity and interactions.

210. Police technology: The tools, equipment, systems, and technologies used by law enforcement
agencies to enhance their operational effectiveness, efficiency, and communication.
211. Policing philosophy: The underlying principles, ideologies, or approaches that guide the actions and
decisions of law enforcement agencies and personnel in carrying out their duties.

212. Political climate: The prevailing political attitudes, ideologies, and conditions within a given society
or community, which influence policy-making, public opinion, and social dynamics.

213. Political influence: The ability or power of individuals, groups, or institutions to affect or shape
political decisions, policies, and outcomes.

214. Polygraph: A device used to measure and record physiological responses, such as heart rate and
perspiration, to detect deception or truthfulness in individuals undergoing questioning.

215. Polygraph: The test or examination administered using a polygraph device to assess the credibility
or truthfulness of individuals.

216. Predictive policing: The use of data analysis, statistical modeling, and technology to identify
patterns, trends, or individuals who are likely to engage in criminal activity, with the goal of preventing or
deterring crimes.

217. Prejudice: Preconceived opinions or attitudes, often negative, that are not based on reason or
personal experience but on stereotypes, bias, or discrimination.

218. Privacy: The right to be free from unwanted intrusion or surveillance, as well as the protection of
personal information and autonomy.

219. Privacy: The state or condition of being free from public attention or scrutiny.

220. Problem-oriented policing: An approach to law enforcement that focuses on identifying and
addressing the underlying causes and factors contributing to recurring or persistent problems in
communities.
221. Procedural justice: The fairness and transparency of the processes, procedures, and interactions
between law enforcement officers and individuals, which can influence the perceived legitimacy of law
enforcement actions.

222. Professionalism: The conduct, attitudes, and qualities expected of individuals in a particular
profession, characterized by competence, adherence to ethical standards, and a commitment to
excellence.

223. Property crime: Offenses that involve the theft, damage, or destruction of property, such as
burglary, theft, arson, or vandalism.

224. Property rights: Legal rights and protections granted to individuals or entities over their property,
including ownership, possession, and the ability to use, transfer, or exclude others from their property.

225. Prosecution: The legal process by which a government brings criminal charges against an individual
or entity and seeks to prove their guilt in a court of law.

226. Prostitution: The exchange of sexual services or acts for money or other forms of compensation.

227. Public administration: The implementation and management of government policies, programs, and
services, typically involving the coordination of resources, decision-making, and public engagement.

228. Public corruption: The abuse or misuse of public office or resources by government officials for
personal gain, often involving bribery, embezzlement, or fraud.

229. Public disorder: Disruptions, disturbances, or behaviors that violate social norms, order, or public
peace, often requiring law enforcement intervention.

230. Public relations: The practice of managing and promoting a positive image, reputation, and
communication between an organization or individual and the public.

231. Public safety: The condition or state of being safe from harm, danger, or threats to the well-being
and security of individuals and communities.
232. Public trust: The confidence, faith, or reliance placed by the public in the integrity, competence, and
accountability of government institutions and officials.

233. Quality assurance: The systematic processes and activities implemented to ensure that products,
services, or processes meet established standards and fulfill customer or stakeholder expectations.

234. Racial profiling: The practice of targeting individuals for suspicion or law enforcement actions based
on their race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than actual evidence of criminal activity.

235. Racial profiling: The act or process of engaging in racial profiling.

236. Racial tension: The strained or hostile relations between individuals or groups of different racial or
ethnic backgrounds, often resulting from social, economic, or political factors.

237. Radicalization: The process by which individuals or groups adopt extreme ideologies, beliefs, or
behaviors, often leading to involvement in terrorism or other forms of violent extremism.

238. Rape: The act of non-consensual sexual intercourse or penetration, typically involving force,
coercion, or incapacity.

239. Re-entry: The process of reintegrating individuals who have been incarcerated or involved in the
criminal justice system back into society, often involving support, services, and supervision.

240. Recruitment: The process of attracting, assessing, and selecting individuals for employment or
membership in an organization, typically involving the identification of suitable candidates and the
evaluation of their qualifications.

241. Recruitment: The act or process of recruiting or seeking new members or employees.

242. Reducing fear of crime: Strategies and initiatives aimed at alleviating or mitigating the perception or
fear of crime within communities, often involving community engagement, education, and crime
prevention efforts.
243. Rehabilitation: The process of restoring or improving the physical, mental, or social well-being of
individuals who have engaged in criminal behavior, typically through therapeutic interventions,
education, and support.

244. Rehabilitation programs: Programs and interventions designed to facilitate the rehabilitation and
reintegration of individuals involved in the criminal justice system, often focusing on addressing
underlying causes of criminal behavior and providing support services.

245. Research: The systematic investigation and study of a subject or topic to discover new knowledge,
gather information, or test hypotheses.

246. Research: The act or process of conducting research.

247. Resource allocation: The distribution and management of resources, such as personnel, funds, or
equipment, to meet specific needs and priorities.

248. Restorative justice: An approach to criminal justice that focuses on repairing harm caused by crime
and promoting healing and reconciliation, often involving direct involvement of victims, offenders, and
the community.

249. Restorative justice: The philosophy, principles, and practices associated with restorative justice.

250. Retaliation: The act or process of seeking revenge or inflicting harm on someone in response to
perceived wrongdoing or injury.

251. Riot control: The measures, tactics, and strategies employed by law enforcement agencies to
prevent or control riots, protests, or civil unrest, often involving crowd management and the use of non-
lethal force.

252. Risk assessment: The systematic process of identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing potential risks or
hazards to determine the likelihood and potential impact of adverse events.
253. Risk management: The process of identifying, analyzing, and mitigating risks to minimize their
potential impact on individuals, organizations, or communities.

254. Robbery: The act of taking or attempting to take property from another person by force, threat, or
intimidation.

255. Routine activity theory: A criminological theory that suggests that the occurrence of crime is
influenced by the convergence of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable
guardians in a particular time and place.

256. Safe schools: Efforts and strategies aimed at creating and maintaining a safe and secure learning
environment for students and staff, often involving preventive measures, emergency preparedness, and
collaboration with law enforcement.

257. Safety: The condition or state of being protected from harm, injury, or danger.

258. Safety: Measures or precautions taken to ensure safety.

259. School resource officer: A law enforcement officer assigned to work in schools to promote safety,
provide security, and build positive relationships with students and staff.

260. Search and seizure: The legal process by which law enforcement officers search for and confiscate
evidence or property in connection with a criminal investigation, typically requiring a warrant or
probable cause.

261. Search and seizure: The act or process of conducting a search and seizing evidence or property.

262. Secrecy: The state or condition of being hidden, concealed, or kept confidential or secret.

263. Security: The measures, practices, and systems implemented to protect individuals, assets,
information, or organizations from threats or risks.
264. Security: The state or condition of being safe and free from harm or danger.

265. Self-defense: The use of force or actions to protect oneself from harm or danger when faced with
an imminent threat or attack.

266. Senior citizens: Individuals who are of advanced age, typically referring to those who are 65 years or
older.

267. Sentencing: The process of determining and imposing a punishment or penalty for a crime
committed by a convicted individual.

268. Sentencing alternatives: Options or alternatives to traditional imprisonment as a form of

punishment, such as probation, community service, or rehabilitation programs.

269. Sentencing guidelines: Established rules or recommendations that assist judges in determining
appropriate sentences for specific crimes, taking into account factors such as the severity of the offense
and the offender’s background.

270. Sexual assault: Any non-consensual sexual act or behavior inflicted upon an individual, including
rape, molestation, or unwanted sexual touching.

271. Sexual harassment: Unwanted and offensive sexual advances, comments, or behavior in a
workplace or educational setting that creates a hostile or intimidating environment for the victim.

272. Sexual violence: Any form of violence, coercion, or non-consensual sexual activity, including rape,
sexual assault, and sexual harassment.

273. Shoplifting: The act of stealing merchandise from a store without paying for it.

274. Social control: Mechanisms, practices, and processes used by society to maintain order, conformity,
and adherence to societal norms and rules.
275. Social media: Online platforms and websites that allow users to create and share content, interact
with others, and participate in virtual communities.

276. Special operations: Military or law enforcement activities that involve highly trained personnel and
specialized tactics to carry out missions beyond the scope of regular operations.

277. Speedy trial: The right of an individual accused of a crime to have their case heard and resolved
quickly, without unnecessary delays.

278. Staffing: The process of recruiting, hiring, and managing personnel or employees within an
organization.

279. Stakeholder engagement: Involving and communicating with individuals or groups who have an
interest or stake in a particular organization, project, or decision-making process.

280. Standards: Established criteria or benchmarks used to measure or assess the quality, performance,
or compliance of something.

281. State law: Laws enacted by a state government that apply within the boundaries of that specific
state.

282. State police: Law enforcement agencies at the state level responsible for enforcing state laws,
maintaining public order, and providing assistance to local law enforcement agencies.

283. Stereotyping: Making assumptions or generalizations about individuals or groups based on

preconceived notions or beliefs, often resulting in unfair or biased judgments.

284. Strategic planning: The process of setting goals, defining strategies, and allocating resources to
achieve long-term objectives or desired outcomes for an organization.

285. Strategic planning: The process of setting goals, defining strategies, and allocating resources to
achieve long-term objectives or desired outcomes for an organization.
286. Stress management: Techniques and practices aimed at reducing or coping with the negative effects
of stress on one’s mental and physical well-being.

287. Stress management: Techniques and practices aimed at reducing or coping with the negative effects
of stress on one’s mental and physical well-being.

288. Structural inequality: Systemic and persistent disparities or inequalities in opportunities, resources,
and power between different social groups, often based on factors such as race, gender, or socio-
economic status.

289. Substance abuse: The excessive and harmful use of drugs, alcohol, or other substances that
negatively impact an individual’s physical and mental health, relationships, and overall functioning.

290. Suicide prevention: Efforts and strategies aimed at reducing the occurrence of suicide and providing
support and resources to individuals at risk.

291. Surveillance: The monitoring, observation, or tracking of individuals, activities, or locations, often
for the purpose of gathering information, maintaining security, or preventing crime.

292. Surveillance: The monitoring, observation, or tracking of individuals, activities, or locations, often
for the purpose of gathering information, maintaining security, or preventing crime.

293. Surveillance ethics: Ethical considerations and principles related to the use of surveillance
techniques and technologies, such as privacy rights, consent, and the responsible use of collected
information.

294. SWAT: Special Weapons and Tactics. A specialized unit within law enforcement agencies trained to
handle high-risk situations, such as hostage rescue, terrorism incidents, or armed confrontations.

295. SWAT: Special Weapons and Tactics. A specialized unit within law enforcement agencies trained to
handle high-risk situations, such as hostage rescue, terrorism incidents, or armed confrontations.
296. Tactical operations: Military or law enforcement activities that involve specific actions, strategies, or
maneuvers to achieve a particular objective or outcome.

297. Task force: A temporary or specialized group of individuals from different agencies or departments
working together on a specific project, investigation, or problem-solving effort.

298. Technology: Tools, devices, or systems created or used to solve problems, improve efficiency, or
accomplish tasks.

299. Technology: Tools, devices, or systems created or used to solve problems, improve efficiency, or
accomplish tasks.

300. Terrorism: Acts of violence, intimidation, or destruction committed by individuals or groups with
political, ideological, or religious motives, often targeting civilians or non-combatants.

301. Terrorism: Acts of violence, intimidation, or destruction committed by individuals or groups with
political, ideological, or religious motives, often targeting civilians or non-combatants.

302. Terrorism financing: The provision or collection of funds or resources to support terrorist activities,
including the financing of weapons, training, or recruitment.

303. Testimonial evidence: Evidence presented in court in the form of statements or testimony given by
witnesses who have direct knowledge or information relevant to a case.

304. Testimony: Statements or evidence given by a witness under oath in a court of law.

305. Traffic enforcement: The enforcement of traffic laws and regulations to ensure safe and orderly
movement of vehicles and pedestrians on roadways.

306. Traffic enforcement: The enforcement of traffic laws and regulations to ensure safe and orderly
movement of vehicles and pedestrians on roadways.
307. Traffic management: The planning, coordination, and control of traffic flow to maximize safety,
efficiency, and convenience for road users.

308. Training: The process of educating and developing individuals or groups to acquire knowledge, skills,
or competencies for a specific job, task, or role.

309. Training: The process of educating and developing individuals or groups to acquire knowledge, skills,
or competencies for a specific job, task, or role.

310. Training academy: An institution or facility that provides training programs and courses, often for
law enforcement, military, or other professional fields.

311. Transnational crime: Criminal activities that occur across national borders, often involving organized
crime syndicates, smuggling, human trafficking, or drug trafficking.

312. Transnational crime: Criminal activities that occur across national borders, often involving organized
crime syndicates, smuggling, human trafficking, or drug trafficking.

313. Transportation security: Measures and practices implemented to protect transportation systems,
infrastructure, and passengers from security threats, such as terrorism or sabotage.

314. Underage drinking: The consumption of alcoholic beverages by individuals who are below the legal
drinking age.

315. Uniforms: Standardized clothing or attire worn by individuals in a particular profession,

organization, or group to represent their role, identity, or affiliation.

316. Use of force: The application of physical or lethal force by law enforcement or military personnel in
carrying out their duties, typically as a means of self-defense or to overcome resistance.

317. Use of force: The application of physical or lethal force by law enforcement or military personnel in
carrying out their duties, typically as a means of self-defense or to overcome resistance.
318. Use of less lethal weapons: The deployment of weapons or tools that are designed to incapacitate
or subdue individuals without causing lethal injuries, such as tasers or rubber bullets.

319. Vandalism: The deliberate and malicious destruction, damage, or defacement of property, often
done without the owner’s consent.

320. Victim advocacy: Support, assistance, and representation provided to crime victims to ensure their
rights, well-being, and access to justice throughout the legal process.

321. Victimology: The scientific study of victims of crime, including their experiences, needs, and the
impact of victimization on individuals and society.

322. Violence prevention: Strategies, programs, and initiatives aimed at reducing or eliminating violence
in communities, schools, or other settings through education, intervention, and community engagement.

323. Violent crime: Criminal acts that involve the use or threat of physical force or violence against
individuals, resulting in injury, death, or psychological harm.

324. Virtual policing: The use of online platforms, technologies, or methods to prevent, investigate, and
address criminal activities or behaviors in virtual or digital environments.

325. Visible policing: The presence of law enforcement officers or patrols in public spaces to deter crime,
maintain order, and provide a sense of security to the community.

326. Volunteerism: The practice of individuals offering their time, skills, or services voluntarily and
without payment to support and contribute to community or charitable organizations.

327. Vulnerability assessment: The process of identifying and evaluating potential weaknesses or
vulnerabilities within a system, organization, or infrastructure that could be exploited by threats or risks.

328. Warrant: A legal document issued by a judge or magistrate authorizing law enforcement to perform
a specific action, such as making an arrest or conducting a search.
329. Whistleblower: An individual who exposes or reports illegal, unethical, or wrongful activities within
an organization or institution, often in the public interest.

330. Witness: An individual who has information or knowledge about a crime or event and is called upon
to provide testimony or evidence in a legal proceeding.

331. Witness protection: Measures and programs implemented to ensure the safety, security, and
anonymity of witnesses who may be at risk or face threats due to their involvement in criminal cases.

332. Workforce diversity: The representation and inclusion of individuals from various backgrounds,
cultures, or demographics within an organization or workplace.

333. Workplace harassment: Unwelcome or offensive behavior, comments, or actions directed at an

employee in a work environment, creating a hostile or intimidating atmosphere.

334. Workplace violence: Acts of physical or verbal aggression, harassment, or assault that occur within a
workplace setting, posing a threat to the safety and well-being of employees.

335. Written communication: The exchange of information, ideas, or messages through written or
printed words, such as letters, reports, emails, or memos.

336. Youth offenders: Individuals who are below a certain age and have committed criminal offenses,
typically falling under the jurisdiction of juvenile justice systems.

337. Youth violence: Acts of aggression, harm, or abuse committed by or against individuals who are in
their adolescence or young adulthood.

338. Zero tolerance policing: A law enforcement approach that strictly enforces minor offenses and
adopts a no-tolerance policy towards any form of criminal activity, regardless of severity.