SAMPLING METHOD

LECTURE 2
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Sampling is very often used in our daily life. For example:
• Buying tomatoes from a wet market we usually examine a
handful from a pile to assess the quality of the
commodity.
• A doctor examines a few drops of blood as sample and
draws conclusion about the blood constitution of the
whole body.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Population or Universe - a complete set of all possible
observations of the type which is to be investigated.
Census Method – examination of every person or item in
the population we wish to describe.
Sampling Method – utilized when it is not possible to
measure every item in the population.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Merits and limitations of Census method:
Merits:
1. The data are collected from each and every item of the population
2. The results are more accurate and reliable, because every item of the universe is
required.
3. Intensive study is possible.
4. The data collected may be used for various surveys, analyses etc.
Limitations:
1. It requires a large number of enumerators, and it is a costly method
2. It requires more money, labour, time energy etc.
3. It is not possible in some circumstances where the universe is infinite.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Sample - a portion chosen from the population.
Sample size - the number of units in a sample.
Sampling unit - the constituents of a population which are
individuals to be sampled from the population and cannot
be further subdivided for the purpose of the sampling at a
time are called sampling units.
Example: to know the average income per family, the
head of the family is a sampling unit.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Sampling frame - a list identifying each sampling unit by a
number.
Example: A list of voters, a list of house holders, a list of
villages in a district, a list of farmers etc.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Reasons for selecting a sample:
Sampling is inevitable in the following situations:
1. Complete enumerations are practically impossible when the
population is infinite.
2. When the results are required in a short time.
3. When the area of survey is wide.
4. When resources for survey are limited particularly in respect of
money and trained persons.
5. When the item or unit is destroyed under investigation.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Parameters - terms describe the characteristics of a
population.
Statistics - terms describe the characteristics of a sample.
Note:
1. A parameter is a characteristic of a population, and a statistic is a
characteristic of a sample.
2. Use Greek or capital letters for population parameters and lower-
case Roman letters to denote sample statistics.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Principles of Sampling:

Samples have to provide good estimates. The following principle tell

us that the sample methods provide such good estimates.

1. Principle of statistical regularity:

A moderately large number of units chosen at random from a large

group are almost sure on the average to possess the characteristics
of the large group.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Principles of Sampling:

Samples have to provide good estimates. The following principle tell

us that the sample methods provide such good estimates.

2. Principle of Inertia of large numbers:

Other things being equal, as the sample size increases, the results
tend to be more accurate and reliable.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Principles of Sampling:

Samples have to provide good estimates. The following principle tell

us that the sample methods provide such good estimates.

3. Principle of Validity:

This states that the sampling methods provide valid estimates about
the population units (parameters).
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Principles of Sampling:

Samples have to provide good estimates. The following principle tell

us that the sample methods provide such good estimates.

4. Principle of Optimization:

This principle takes into account the desirability of obtaining a

sampling design which gives optimum results. This minimizes the risk
or loss of the sampling design.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Principles of Sampling:

The foremost purpose of sampling is to gather maximum information

about the population under consideration at minimum cost, time and
human power. This is best achieved when the sample contains all
the properties of the population.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Sampling errors and non-sampling errors:
The two types of errors in a sample survey are sampling errors and
non – sampling errors.
1. Sampling errors:
Although a sample is a part of population, it cannot be expected
generally to supply full information about population. So, there may
be in most cases difference between statistics and parameters. The
discrepancy between a parameter and its estimate due to sampling
process is known as sampling error.
2. Non-sampling errors:
In all surveys some errors may occur during collection of actual
information. These errors are called non-sampling errors.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Advantages and Limitation of Sampling:

There are many advantages of sampling methods over census

method. They are as follows:
1. Sampling saves time and labor.
2. It results in reduction of cost in terms of money and manhour.
3. Sampling ends up with greater accuracy of results.
4. It has greater scope.
5. It has greater adaptability.
6. If the population is too large, or hypothetical or destroyable
sampling is the only method to be used.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Advantages and Limitation of Sampling:

The limitations of sampling are given below:

1. Sampling is to be done by qualified and experienced persons.

Otherwise, the information will be unbelievable.

2. Sample method may give the extreme values sometimes instead

of the mixed values.

3. There is the possibility of sampling errors. Census survey is free

from sampling error.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Types of Sampling:
1. Probability sampling or random sampling.
2. Non-probability sampling.
3. Mixed sampling.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Probability sampling (Random sampling):
A probability sample is one where the selection of units
from the population is made according to known
probabilities. (eg.) Simple random sample, probability
proportional to sample size etc.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Non-Probability sampling:
It is the one where discretion is used to select
‘representative’ units from the population (or) to infer that a
sample is ‘ representative’ of the population. This method
is called judgement or purposive sampling.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Mixed Sampling:
Samples are selected partly according to some probability
and partly according to a fixed sampling rule; they are
termed as mixed samples and the technique of selecting
such samples is known as mixed sampling.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Methods of selection of samples:
1. Simple random sampling.
2. Stratified random sampling.
3. Systematic random sampling.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
› Method of Selection of Samples
– Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
› Unrestricted SRS – sample selected such that each possible sample
combination has equal probability of being chosen
› SRS without replacement - population elements can enter the sample only
once that is the units once selected is not returned to the population
before the next draw
› SRS with replacement - population units may enter the sample more than
once
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
› Method of Selection of Samples
– Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
› Lottery Method
› Table of Random Numbers
› Random Number Selections Using Calculators or Computers
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
› Method of Selection of Samples
– Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
Merits of using random numbers:
1. Personal bias is eliminated as a selection depends
solely on chance .
2. A random sample is in general a representative
sample for a homogenous population.
3. There is no need for the thorough knowledge of the
units of the population.
4. The accuracy of a sample can be tested by
examining another sample from the same universe
when the universe is unknown.
5. This method is also used in other methods of
sampling.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
› Method of Selection of Samples
– Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
Limitations of using random numbers:
1. Preparing lots or using random number tables
is tedious when the population is large.
2. When there is large difference between the
units of population, the simple random
sampling may not be a representative sample.
3. The size of the sample required under this
method is more than that required by stratified
random sampling.
4. It is generally seen that the units of a simple
random sample lie apart geographically. The
cost and time of collection of data are more.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
› Method of Selection of Samples
– Stratified Random Sampling
› Stratification means division into groups
› Types of Stratified Sampling
› Proportional - equal and proportionate representation is given to
subgroups or strata
› Non-proportional - equal representation is given to all the sub-strata
regardless of their existence in the population
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
› Method of Selection of Samples:
– Stratified Random Sampling
Merits:
1. It is more representative.
2. It ensures greater accuracy.
3. It is easy to administer as the universe is sub - divided.
4. Greater geographical concentration reduces time and expenses.
5. When the original population is badly skewed, this method is
appropriate.
6. For non-homogeneous population, it may field good results.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
› Method of Selection of Samples:
– Stratified Random Sampling
Limitations:
1. To divide the population into homogeneous strata, it requires
more money, time and statistical experience which is a difficult
one.
2. Improper stratification leads to bias, if the different strata
overlap such a sample will not be a representative one.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
› Method of Selection of Samples
– Systematic Sampling
› frequently used method of sampling when a complete list of the
population is available
› also called Quasi-random sampling
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
› Method of Selection of Samples:
– Systematic Sampling
Merits:
1. This method is simple and convenient.
2. Time and work is reduced much.
3. If proper care is taken result will be accurate.
4. It can be used in infinite population.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
› Method of Selection of Samples:
– Systematic Sampling
Limitations:
1. Systematic sampling may not represent the whole population.
2. There is a chance of personal bias of the investigators.

Note:
Systematic sampling is preferably used when the information is to
be collected from trees in a forest, house in blocks, entries in a
register which are in a serial order etc.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
› Method of Selection of Samples:
– Systematic Sampling
Limitations:
1. Systematic sampling may not represent the whole population.
2. There is a chance of personal bias of the investigators.

Note:
Systematic sampling is preferably used when the information is to
be collected from trees in a forest, house in blocks, entries in a
register which are in a serial order etc.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Steps or procedures of selection of samples for simple,
stratified, and systematic random sampling.
Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
• Lottery Method
• Table of Random Numbers

Stratified Random Sampling

Systematic Sampling Method.

Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Lottery Method Procedure:
1. Number all the items of the population on separate slips of paper
of same size, shape and color.
2. Fold and mix it up in a container.
3. Draw or select the required number of slips at random for the
desired sample size
4. If the universe is infinite of the population is very large this
method is inapplicable.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
How to Use the Table of Random Numbers:
1. Select a random number table.
2. Check the size of the population and the random number table
available before proceeding to your convenience.
3. #digit of N = #digit of the random number
4. Start at any place and go on in any direction such as column-
wise or row- wise in a random number table. But consecutive
numbers are to be used.
5. If any random number is greater than the population size N, then
subtract N from the random number drawn.
6. Repeat until the desired sample size is obtained.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
In an area there are 500 families. Using the following
extract from a table of random numbers select a sample
of 15 families to find out the standard of living of those
families in that area.

4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203

Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203, 023

Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203, 023, 277

Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203, 023, 277, 353
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203, 023, 277, 353, 600
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203, 023, 277, 353, 600, 794
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203, 023, 277, 353, 600, 794, 109
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203, 023, 277, 353, 600, 794, 109,
179
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203, 023, 277, 353, 600, 794, 109,
179, 272
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203, 023, 277, 353, 600, 794, 109,
179, 272, 284
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203, 023, 277, 353, 600, 794, 109,
179, 272, 284, 450
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203, 023, 277, 353, 600, 794, 109,
179, 272, 284, 450, 641
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203, 023, 277, 353, 600, 794, 109,
179, 272, 284, 450, 641, 148
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203, 023, 277, 353, 600, 794, 109,
179, 272, 284, 450, 641, 148, 908
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
4652 3819 8431 2150 2352 2472 0043 3488

9031 7617 1220 4129 7148 1943 4890 1749

2030 2327 7353 6007 9410 9179 2722 8445

0641 1489 0828 0385 8488 0422 7209 4950

Now we start from the third row: 203, 023, 277, 353, 600, 794, 109,
179, 272, 284, 450, 641, 148, 908, 280
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Using the Table of Random Numbers
203 023 277 353 600 794 109 179
272 284 450 641 148 908 280
Since some numbers are greater than 500, we subtract 500 from
those numbers and we rewrite the selected numbers as follows:

203 023 277 353 100 294 109 179

272 284 450 141 148 408 280
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Stratified Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling Procedure:
1. Select a random number table.
2. Check the size of the population and the random number table
available before proceeding to your convenience.
3. #digit of N = #digit of the random number
4. Start at any place and go on in any direction such as column-
wise or row- wise in a random number table. But consecutive
numbers are to be used.
5. If any random number is greater than the population size N, then
subtract N from the random number drawn.
6. Repeat until the desired sample size is obtained.
Lecture 2 - Sampling Method
Stratified Random Sampling

The sample sizes are 20 from A and 30 from B. Then the units from each institution are to be selected
by simple random sampling.
Lecture 3 - Sampling Method
Systematic Random Sampling
Steps in Systematic Sampling:
1. Calculate the sampling interval “K”. (𝐾 = 𝑁Τ𝑛)
N = population size
n = sample size
2. Pick a random number “𝑖” (called a random start).
3. Take note: 𝑖 ≤ 𝐾
4. Collect the samples using the following pattern:
a. Sample 1=𝑖
b. Sample 2 = 𝑖+𝐾
c. Sample 3 = 𝑖 + 2𝐾
d. Sample n = 𝑖 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐾