CSE333 LAB

Linux Commands & Shell Programming

Mehmet Kaya
mehmet.kaya@marmara.edu.tr
Fall 2023

[Slides by Dr. Sanem Arslan Yılmaz]

Lab Information
• Teaching Assistant:
• Mehmet Kaya mehmet.kaya@marmara.edu.tr
•
• Lab Sections : (Online)
• Section I : Wednesday 15:00-17:00
• Section II : Thursday 13:00-15:00

• If you have any problem, please contact!

• Office Hours: Monday 13:00-15:00
• You can also make an assignment via email.

• Please subscribe and follow the mail group!

• cse3033@googlegroups.com
Overview
• Course web page:
https://mimoza.marmara.edu.tr/~zuhal.altuntas/
• Lab content is not similar with lecture content.
• 70% attendance is mandatory!
• Attend to all lectures/labs on time !!!

• There will be 3 Programming Projects

• Get a Linux distrubition as soon as possible! (Fedora, Ubuntu,
etc.)
• The weights of programming projects may vary.
• No late homework will be accepted.
Policy on Projects:
• All projects will be done within a group.
• You will select your group and the group will not be changed throughout the
semester.
• It is not acceptable of a partner team to work with other teams.
• It is NOT acceptable to copy solutions from other students.
• It is NOT acceptable to copy (or start your) solutions from Web.
• In case of any forms of cheating or copying, the penalties will be severe.
• Both Giver and Receiver are equally culpable and suffer equal penalties.
Lab Content:
• Overview on Linux and Shell Programming
• Process Management in Linux
• Interprocess Communication Techniques in Linux
• POSIX Threads and Thread Synchronization
• File System in Linux & Advanced File Handling
Linux Commands
• What is the «Shell»?
• A program that takes commands from the keyboard and gives
them to the operating system to perform.
• A program called bash (Bourne Again SHell) acts as the shell
program.

• What is the «Terminal»?

• It’s a program called a terminal emulator.
• This is a program that opens a window and lets you interact
with the shell.
File System Organization
• The files on a Linux system are arranged in a hierarchical
directory structure.
• The first directory (called folders in other systems) in the file
system is called the root directory.

• One important difference between the legacy operating system

and Linux is that:
• Linux does not employ the concept of drive letters.
• While drive letters split the file system into a series of different trees (one
for each drive), Linux always has a single tree.
• Different storage devices may contain different branches of the tree, but
there is always a single tree.
Linux Commands
• pwd - (Print Working Directory)
• The directory you are standing in is called the working
directory.
• To find the name of the working directory, use the pwd
command.
• When you first log on to a Linux system, the working directory
is set to your home directory.
• /home/your_user_name
Linux Commands
• cd - (Change Directory)
• To change your working directory you use the cd command.
• Type cd followed by the pathname of the desired working
directory.
• Syntax:
• cd pathname
Linux Commands
• cd - (Change Directory)
• To change your working directory you use the cd command.
• Type cd followed by the pathname of the desired working
directory.
• Syntax:
• cd pathname

• Absolute pathnames: begins with the root directory and

follows the tree branch by branch until the path to the desired
directory or file is completed.
• [sanem@localhost ~]$ cd /home/sanem/Desktop
•
Linux Commands
• cd - (Change Directory)
• To change your working directory you use the cd command.
• Type cd followed by the pathname of the desired working
directory.
• Syntax:
• cd pathname

• Absolute pathnames: begins with the root directory and

follows the tree branch by branch until the path to the desired
directory or file is completed.
• [sanem@localhost ~]$ cd /home/sanem/Desktop
•
• Relative pathnames: starts from the working directory and
leads to its destination.
• [sanem@localhost Desktop]$ cd New_Dir
Linux Commands
• cd - (Change Directory)
• To change your working directory you use the cd command.
• Type cd followed by the pathname of the desired working
directory.
• Syntax:
• cd pathname
• Absolute pathnames: begins with the root directory and follows the tree branch by
branch until the path to the desired directory or file is completed.
• [sanem@localhost ~]$ cd /home/sanem/Desktop
•
• Relative pathnames: starts from the working directory and leads to its destination.
• [sanem@localhost Desktop]$ cd New_Dir

Special notations:
. – current directory
.. – parent directory
/ – root
Linux Commands
• ls - (List)
• To list the files in the working directory, use the ls command.
Most commands operate like this:
command -options arguments

Command Result
ls List the files in the working directory
ls /bin List the files in the /bin directory (or any other directory
you care to specify)
ls -l List the files in the working directory in long format
ls -l /etc /bin List the files in the /bin directory and the /etc directory in
long format
ls -al List all files (including hidden files) in the working
directory in long format
A Closer Look At Long Format
• If you use the -l option with ls you will get a file listing
that contains a wealth of information about the files
being listed.
Manipulating Files
• cp - (Copy)
• Copy files and directories
• mv - (Move)
• Move or rename files and directories
• rm- (Remove)
• Remove files and directories
• mkdir- (Make Directory)
• Create directories
• rmdir- (Remove Directory)
• Remove directories
Wildcards
• Wildcards allow you to select filenames based on patterns of characters.
* - Matches any characters
? - Matches any single character
[characters] - Matches any character that is a member of the set characters.
[!characters] - Matches any character that is not a member of the set characters

Pattern Matches
* All filenames
a* All filenames that begin with the character "a"
b*.txt All filenames that begin with the character "b" and end
with the characters ".txt"
Data??? Any filename that begins with the characters "Data"
followed by exactly 3 more characters
[abc]* Any filename that begins with "a" or "b" or "c" followed
by any other characters
cp - Copy
Syntax:
cp Source Destination

Command Result
cp file1 file2 Copies the contents of file1 into file2. If file2 does not
exist, it is created; otherwise, file2 is silently
overwritten with the contents of file1.
cp -i file1 file2 Like above however, since the "-i" (interactive) option is
specified, if file2 exists, the user is prompted before it is
overwritten with the contents of file1.
cp file1 dir1 Copy the contents of file1 (into a file named file1) inside
of directory dir1.
cp -R dir1 dir2 Copy the contents of the directory dir1. If
directory dir2 does not exist, it is created. Otherwise, it
creates a directory named dir1 within directory dir2.
mv - Move
Syntax:
mv Source Destination

Command Result
mv file1 file2 If file2 does not exist, then file1 is
renamed file2. If file2 exists, its contents are silently
replaced with the contents of file1.
mv -i file1 file2 Like above however, since the "-i" (interactive) option is
specified, if file2 exists, the user is prompted before it is
overwritten with the contents of file1.
mv file1 file2 file3 The files file1, file2, file3 are moved to directory dir1.
dir1 If dir1 does not exist, mv will exit with an error.
mv dir1 dir2 If dir2 does not exist, then dir1 is renamed dir2.
If dir2 exists, the directory dir1 is moved within
directory dir2.
rm - Remove
Command Result
rm file1 Delete file1
rm file1 file2 Delete file1 and file2.
rm -i file1 file2 Like above however, since the "-i" (interactive) option is
specified, the user is prompted before each file is deleted.
rm -r dir1 dir2 Directories dir1 and dir2 are deleted along with all of their
contents.
rm - Remove Be careful with rm!

Command Result
rm file1 Delete file1
rm file1 file2 Delete file1 and file2.
rm -i file1 file2 Like above however, since the "-i" (interactive) option is
specified, the user is prompted before each file is deleted.
rm -r dir1 dir2 Directories dir1 and dir2 are deleted along with all of their
contents.
rm - Remove Be careful with rm!

Command Result
rm file1 Delete file1
rm file1 file2 Delete file1 and file2.
rm -i file1 file2 Like above however, since the "-i" (interactive) option is
specified, the user is prompted before each file is deleted.
rm -r dir1 dir2 Directories dir1 and dir2 are deleted along with all of their
contents.

• mkdir- (Make Directory)

• mkdir dirName
rm - Remove Be careful with rm!

Command Result
rm file1 Delete file1
rm file1 file2 Delete file1 and file2.
rm -i file1 file2 Like above however, since the "-i" (interactive) option is
specified, the user is prompted before each file is deleted.
rm -r dir1 dir2 Directories dir1 and dir2 are deleted along with all of their
contents.

• mkdir- (Make Directory)

• mkdir dirName

• rmdir- (Remove Directory)

• rmdir dirName
 Using Commands With Wildcards..
Command Result

cp *.txt text_files

mv my_dir ../*.bak my_new_dir

rm *~
 Using Commands With Wildcards..
Command Result
Copy all files in the current working directory with names ending with the
cp *.txt text_files
characters ".txt" to an existing directory named text_files .

mv my_dir ../*.bak my_new_dir

rm *~
 Using Commands With Wildcards..
Command Result
Copy all files in the current working directory with names ending with the
cp *.txt text_files characters ".txt" to an existing directory named text_files .

Move the subdirectory my_dir and all the files ending in ".bak" in the current
working directory's parent directory to an existing directory named
mv my_dir ../*.bak my_new_dir
my_new_dir .

rm *~
 Using Commands With Wildcards..
Command Result
Copy all files in the current working directory with names ending with the
cp *.txt text_files
characters ".txt" to an existing directory named text_files .

Move the subdirectory my_dir and all the files ending in ".bak" in the current
mv my_dir ../*.bak my_new_dir working directory's parent directory to an existing directory named
my_new_dir .

Delete all files in the current working directory that end with the character "~".
rm *~
File Permissions & chmod
chmod - change the permissions of a file.
Syntax:
chmod Permissions FileName
File Permissions & chmod
chmod - change the permissions of a file.
Syntax:
chmod Permissions FileName

rwx rwx rwx = 111 111 111

rw- rw- rw- = 110 110 110
rwx --- --- = 111 000 000

rwx = 111 in binary = 7

rw- = 110 in binary = 6
r-x = 101 in binary = 5
r-- = 100 in binary = 4
File Permissions & chmod
chmod - change the permissions of a file.
Syntax:
chmod Permissions FileName

rwx rwx rwx = 111 111 111

rw- rw- rw- = 110 110 110
rwx --- --- = 111 000 000

rwx = 111 in binary = 7

rw- = 110 in binary = 6
r-x = 101 in binary = 5
r-- = 100 in binary = 4

chmod 765 a.txt

Some useful commands..
• man - Display an on-line command reference
• man ls

• clear - Clear the terminal screen.

find / -name foo

• find - Search for files in a directory hierarchy

• find where-to-look criteria what-to-do
• find / -name *.jpg
I/O Redirection
• Standard Output
• To redirect standard output to a file, the ">" character is used.
• ls > file_list.txt
• Each time the command above is repeated, file_list.txt is
overwritten from the beginning with the output of the
command ls.
I/O Redirection
• Standard Output
• To redirect standard output to a file, the ">" character is used.
• ls > file_list.txt
• Each time the command above is repeated, file_list.txt is
overwritten from the beginning with the output of the
command ls.
• If you want the new results to be appended to the file instead,
use ">>".
• ls >> file_list.txt
I/O Redirection
• Standard Output
• To redirect standard output to a file, the ">" character is used.
• ls > file_list.txt
• Each time the command above is repeated, file_list.txt is
overwritten from the beginning with the output of the
command ls.
• If you want the new results to be appended to the file instead,
use ">>".
• ls >> file_list.txt

• Standard Input
• To redirect standard input from a file instead of the keyboard,
the "<" character is used.
• sort < file_list.txt
• sort command is used for sorting the contents of file_list.txt.
I/O Redirection
• Standard Output
• To redirect standard output to a file, the ">" character is used.
• ls > file_list.txt
• Each time the command above is repeated, file_list.txt is overwritten from
the beginning with the output of the command ls.
• If you want the new results to be appended to the file instead, use ">>".
• ls >> file_list.txt

• Standard Input
• To redirect standard input from a file instead of the keyboard, the "<"
character is used.
• sort < file_list.txt
• sort command is used for sorting the contents of file_list.txt.

• We can redirect both standart input and outputs :

• sort < file_list.txt > sorted_file_list.txt
Pipelines
• The standard output of one command is fed into the
standard input of another with pipelines.
• ls -l | sort
•
Pipelines
• The standard output of one command is fed into the
standard input of another with pipelines.
• ls -l | sort  ls -l > file_list.txt
• sort < file_list.txt
Pipelines
• The standard output of one command is fed into the
standard input of another with pipelines.
• ls -l | sort  ls -l > file_list.txt
• sort < file_list.txt

• ls -l | sort | wc -l

wc - print the number of bytes, words, and lines in files. -l

option counts the lines!
Shell Programming
• What Are Shell Scripts?
• A shell script is a file containing a series of commands.

• To successfully write a shell script, you have to do:

• Open an editor like gedit.
• Write down any commands to your script.
• Give permissions to execute it.
Example 1
#
# My first shell script
#
clear
echo "Knowledge is
Power"
echo command simply prints its arguments on the display.
Example 1
#
# My first shell script
#
clear
echo "Knowledge is
Power"
echo command simply prints its arguments on the display.

Give permissions as:

$ chmod 755 Example1.sh
OR
$ chmod +x Example1.sh
Example 1
#
# My first shell script
#
clear
echo "Knowledge is
Power"
echo command simply prints its arguments on the display.

Give permissions as:

$ chmod 755 Example1.sh
OR
$ chmod +x Example1.sh
Execute script as:
$ ./Example1.sh
Example 2
#
#
# Script to print user information who currently login , current date & time
#
clear
echo "Hello $USER"
echo "Today is ";date
echo "Number of user login : " ; who | wc -l
echo "Calendar"
cal
exit 0
Example 2
#
#
# Script to print user information who currently login , current date & time
#
clear
echo "Hello $USER"
echo "Today is ";date
echo "Number of user login : " ; who | wc -l
echo "Calendar"
cal
exit 0

Execute script as:

$ chmod 755 Example2.sh
$ ./Example2.sh
Variables in Shell
In Linux (Shell), there are two types of variable:,
1. System variables - Created and maintained by Linux itself. This type of variable
defined in CAPITAL LETTERS.
2. User defined variables (UDV) - Created and maintained by user. This type of
variable defined in lower letters.
Variables in Shell
In Linux (Shell), there are two types of variable:,
1. System variables - Created and maintained by Linux itself. This type of variable
defined in CAPITAL LETTERS.
2. User defined variables (UDV) - Created and maintained by user. This type of
variable defined in lower letters.

System Variable Meaning

BASH=/bin/bash Our shell name

HOME=/home/std Our home directory

PWD=/home/std/Common Our current working directory

SHELL=/bin/bash Our shell name

USERNAME=std User name who is currently login to this PC
Variables in Shell
In Linux (Shell), there are two types of variable:,
1. System variables - Created and maintained by Linux itself. This type of variable defined in CAPITAL
LETTERS.
2. User defined variables (UDV) - Created and maintained by user. This type of variable defined in lower
letters.
System Variable Meaning
BASH=/bin/bash Our shell name

HOME=/home/std Our home directory

PWD=/home/std/Common Our current working directory

SHELL=/bin/bash Our shell name

USERNAME=std User name who is currently login to this PC
• You can print any of the above variables contains as follows:
• $ echo $USERNAME
$ echo $HOME
User Defined Variables (UDV)
To define UDV use following syntax
Syntax:
• variable name=value

Example:
$ no=10 # this is ok
$ 10=no # Error, NOT Ok, Value must be on right side of = sign.

To define variable called 'vech' having value Bus

$ vech=Bus

To define variable called n having value 10

$ n=10
Rules for Naming variable name
1. Variable name must begin with Alphanumeric
character or underscore character (_), followed by one
or more Alphanumeric character.
2. Don't put spaces on either side of the equal sign when
assigning value to variable.
3. Variables are case-sensitive, just like filename in
Linux.
4. You can define NULL variable as follows:
$ vech=""
How to print or access value of UDV
• Define variable vech and n as follows:
$ vech=Bus
$ n=10

• To print contains of variables:

$ echo $vech
$ echo $n
Example 3
#
#
# Script to test MY knowledge about variables!
#
myname=Vivek
myos = TroubleOS
myno=5
echo "My name is $myname "
echo "My OS is $myos "
echo "My number is myno, can you see this number?"
Example 3
#
#
# Script to test MY knowledge about variables!
#
myname=Vivek
myos = TroubleOS
myno=5
echo "My name is $myname "
echo "My OS is $myos "
echo "My number is myno, can you see this number?"

Execute script as:

$ chmod 755 Example3.sh
$ ./Example3.sh
 Shell Arithmetic
Syntax:
• expr op1 math-operator op2

• Examples:
$ expr 1 + 3
$ expr 2 – 1
$ expr 10 / 2
$ expr 20 % 3
$ expr 10 \* 3
$ echo `expr 6 + 3` # Use before and after expr keyword
` (back quote) sign
not the (single quote i.e. ') sign.
 Exit Status
• By default in Linux if particular command/shell script is executed,
it return two type of values which is used to see whether command
or shell script executed is successful or not.
1. If return value is zero (0), command is successful.
2. If return value is nonzero, command is not successful or some sort of error
executing command/shell script.
 Exit Status
• By default in Linux if particular command/shell script is executed,
it return two type of values which is used to see whether command
or shell script executed is successful or not.
1. If return value is zero (0), command is successful.
2. If return value is nonzero, command is not successful or some sort of error
executing command/shell script.

• How to find out exit status of command or shell script?

• Use $? special variable of shell.
 Exit Status
• By default in Linux if particular command/shell script is executed,
it return two type of values which is used to see whether command
or shell script executed is successful or not.
1. If return value is zero (0), command is successful.
2. If return value is nonzero, command is not successful or some sort of error
executing command/shell script.

• How to find out exit status of command or shell script?

• Use $? special variable of shell.

• Examples:
• $ ls
$ echo $? # It will print 0 to indicate command is successful.
$ rm unknownfile
$ echo $? # It will print nonzero value to indicate error.
The read Statement
• Use to get input (data from user) from keyboard and store (data)
to variable.
• Syntax:
read variable1, variable2,...variableN
The read Statement
• Use to get input (data from user) from keyboard and store (data)
to variable.
• Syntax:
read variable1, variable2,...variableN

Example4:
#
# Script to read your name from key-board
#
echo "Your first name please: "
read fname
echo "Hello $fname, Lets be friend!"
The read Statement
• Use to get input (data from user) from keyboard and store (data)
to variable.
• Syntax:
read variable1, variable2,...variableN

Example4:
#
# Script to read your name from key-board
#
echo "Your first name please: "
read fname
echo "Hello $fname, Lets be friend!"
Execute script as:
$ chmod 755 Example4.sh
$ ./Example4.sh
Command Line Arguments

Shell Script name i.e. myshell (myshell is $0)

First command line argument passed to myshell i.e. foo (foo is $1)
Second command line argument passed to myshell i.e. bar (bar it is $2
)

Shell Script Name ($0),

No. of Arguments (i.e. $#),
Actual argument (i.e. $1,$2 etc),
$* -> `$1,$2...$9`
Example 5
#
# Script that demos, command line args
#
echo "Total number of command line argument are $#"
echo "$0 is script name"
echo "$1 is first argument"
echo "$2 is second argument"
echo "All of them are :- $* or $@"
Example 5
#
# Script that demos, command line args
#
echo "Total number of command line argument are $#"
echo "$0 is script name"
echo "$1 is first argument"
echo "$2 is second argument"
echo "All of them are :- $* or $@"

Execute script as:

$ chmod 755 Example5.sh
$ ./Example5.sh Hello World
 Conditions in Shell
• if Condition
Syntax:
if condition
then
command1 if condition is true or if exit status of condition is 0 (zero)
...
...
fi
 Conditions in Shell
• if Condition
Syntax:
if condition
then
command1 if condition is true or if exit status of condition is 0 (zero)
...
...
fi
• if...else...fi Condition
Syntax:
if condition
then
condition is zero (true - 0)
execute all commands up to else statement
else
if condition is not true then
execute all commands up to fi
fi
 Conditions in Shell
• if Condition
Syntax:
if condition
then
command1 if condition is true or if exit status of condition is 0 (zero)
...
...
fi
• if...else...fi Condition
Syntax:
if condition
then
condition is zero (true - 0)
execute all commands up to else statement
else
if condition is not true then
execute all commands up to fi
fi
• test command or [ expr ]
• Syntax:
test expression OR [ expression ]
Comparion in Shell
For Mathematics, use following operator in Shell Script
Mathematical Meaning For test statement For [ expr ]
Operator in Shell with statement with if
Script if command command
-eq is equal to if test 5 -eq 6 if [ 5 -eq 6 ]
-ne is not equal to if test 5 -ne 6 if [ 5 -ne 6 ]
-lt is less than if test 5 -lt 6 if [ 5 -lt 6 ]
-le is less than or equal if test 5 -le 6 if [ 5 -le 6 ]
to
-gt is greater than if test 5 -gt 6 if [ 5 -gt 6 ]
-ge is greater than or if test 5 -ge 6 if [ 5 -ge 6 ]
equal to
Comparion in Shell
For Mathematics, use following operator in Shell Script
Mathematical Meaning For test statement For [ expr ]
Operator in Shell with statement with if
Script if command command
-eq is equal to if test 5 -eq 6 if [ 5 -eq 6 ]
-ne is not equal to if test 5 -ne 6 if [ 5 -ne 6 ]
-lt is less than if test 5 -lt 6 if [ 5 -lt 6 ]
-le is less than or equal if test 5 -le 6 if [ 5 -le 6 ]
to
-gt is greater than if test 5 -gt 6 if [ 5 -gt 6 ]
-ge is greater than or if test 5 -ge 6 if [ 5 -ge 6 ]
equal to

For string Comparisons use

Operator Meaning
string1 = string2 string1 is equal to string2
string1 != string2 string1 is NOT equal to string2
-n string1 string1 is NOT NULL and does exist
-z string1 string1 is NULL and does exist
Example 6:
#
# Script to see whether argument is positive or negative
#
if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
echo "$0 : You must give/supply one integers"
exit 1
fi
if test $1 -gt 0
then
echo "$1 number is positive"
else
echo "$1 number is negative"
fi
Example 6:
#
# Script to see whether argument is positive or negative
#
if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
echo "$0 : You must give/supply one integers"
exit 1
fi
if test $1 -gt 0
then
echo "$1 number is positive"
else
echo "$1 number is negative"
fi

Execute script as:

$ chmod 755 Example6.sh
$ ./Example6.sh 10
$ ./Example6.sh -5
$ ./Example6.sh Hello
Conditions in Shell
• Multilevel if-then-else
Syntax:
if condition
then
condition is zero (true - 0)
execute all commands up to elif statement
elif condition1
condition1 is zero (true - 0)
execute all commands up to else statement
else
None of the conditions are true
execute all commands up to fi
fi
Example 7:
#!/bin/sh
# Script to test if..elif...else
#
if [ $1 -gt 0 ];
then
echo "$1 is positive"
elif [ $1 -lt 0 ]
then
echo "$1 is negative"
elif [ $1 -eq 0 ]
then
echo "$1 is zero"
else
echo "Opps! $1 is not number, give number"
fi
Example 7:
#!/bin/sh
# Script to test if..elif...else
#
if [ $1 -gt 0 ];
then
echo "$1 is positive"
elif [ $1 -lt 0 ]
then
echo "$1 is negative"
elif [ $1 -eq 0 ]
then
echo "$1 is zero"
else
echo "Opps! $1 is not number, give number"
fi

Execute script as:

$ chmod 755 Example7.sh
$ ./Example7.sh 10
$ ./Example7.sh -5
$ ./Example7.sh 0
$ ./Example7.sh Hello
Loops in Shell Scripts
• for Loop
Syntax:
for { variable name } in { list }
do
execute one for each item in the list until the list is not finished
(And repeat all statement between do and done)
done
Loops in Shell Scripts
• for Loop
Syntax:
for { variable name } in { list }
do
execute one for each item in the list until the list is not finished
(And repeat all statement between do and done)
done

Example 8
#
# Script to test for loop
#
for i in 1 2 3 4 5
do
echo "Welcome $i times"
done
Loops in Shell Scripts
• Even you can use following syntax:
Syntax:
for (( expr1; expr2; expr3 ))
do
repeat all statements between do and
done until expr2 is TRUE
done
Loops in Shell Scripts
• Even you can use following syntax:
Syntax:
for (( expr1; expr2; expr3 ))
do
repeat all statements between do and
done until expr2 is TRUE
done

Example 9
#
# Script to test for loop
#
for (( i = 0 ; i <= 5; i++ ))
do
echo "Welcome $i times"
done
Loops in Shell Scripts
• while Loop
Syntax:
while [ condition ]
do
command1
command2
....
....
done
Loops in Shell Scripts
• while Loop Example 10:
Syntax:
while [ condition ] #
do #Script to test while statement
command1 #
command2 #
.... if [ $# -eq 0 ]
.... then
echo "Error - Number missing form command line argument"
done
echo "Syntax : $0 number"
echo " Use to print multiplication table for given number"
exit 1
fi
n=$1
i=1
while [ $i -le 10 ]
do
echo "$n * $i = `expr $i \* $n` "
i=`expr $i + 1`
done
The case Statement
Syntax:
case $variable-name in
pattern1) command
...
...
command ;;
pattern2) command
...
...
command ;;
patternN) command
...
...
command ;;
*) command
...
...
command ;;
esac
Example 11:
#
#
# Script to test case statement
#
#

if [ -z $1 ]
then
rental="*** Unknown vehicle ***"
elif [ -n $1 ]
then
# otherwise make first arg as rental
rental=$1
fi
case $rental in
"car") echo "For $rental Rs.20 per k/m";;
"van") echo "For $rental Rs.10 per k/m";;
"jeep") echo "For $rental Rs.5 per k/m";;
"bicycle") echo "For $rental 20 paisa per k/m";;
*) echo "Sorry, I can not gat a $rental for you";;
esac
Example 11:
# Execute script as:
# $ chmod 755 Example11.sh
# Script to test case statement $ ./Example11.sh car
# $ ./Example11.sh van
# $ ./Example11.sh jeep
$ ./Example11.sh Maserati
if [ -z $1 ]
then
rental="*** Unknown vehicle ***"
elif [ -n $1 ]
then
# otherwise make first arg as rental
rental=$1
fi
case $rental in
"car") echo "For $rental Rs.20 per k/m";;
"van") echo "For $rental Rs.10 per k/m";;
"jeep") echo "For $rental Rs.5 per k/m";;
"bicycle") echo "For $rental 20 paisa per k/m";;
*) echo "Sorry, I can not gat a $rental for you";;
esac
More Examples:

• Menu.sh
• ArabicToRoman.sh