Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0 3.5 ROOF DECKS
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems Reinforced concrete roof slabs (roof decks) are formed and sitecast in
the same manner as concrete floor systems. Roof decks are normally
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction, covered with a type of membrane roofing for insulation and
Cisterns waterproofing.
Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks 3.5

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks 3.5

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0 3.6 WALLS AND STRUCTURAL WALLS
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems 3.6.1 TYPES OF WALLS

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction, 1. Bearing wall. A wall on which either floor or roof construction rests.
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete 2. Curtain wall. The enclosing wall of an iron or steel framework or the
Columns non-bearing portion of an enclosing wall between piers.
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems 3. Foundation wall. That portion of an enclosing wall below the first tier
Roof Decks of joists.
Walls & Structural Walls 3.6
4. Retaining wall. A subsurface wall built to resist the lateral pressure of
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor internal loads.
Systems

5. Spandrel wall. The space between any arch and the beam over the
same; or an exterior non-bearing wall in skeleton construction built
between columns or piers and wholly supported at each story.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
3.6.2 CURTAIN WALLS
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems
1. Panel walls are exterior non-load bearing walls whose outer surface
may or may not form the exterior facing of the building and whose
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
interior surface may or may not form the interior finish. It may rest on
Cisterns the building structure or may be hung from the structure.
Reinforced Concrete
Columns Masonry panel walls are exterior non-load bearing walls whose outer
Reinforced Concrete
surface may form the exterior building face or it may be used as a back-
Floor Systems up wall of a panel curtain wall.
Roof Decks
a) Stone Masonry Panels
b) Pre-cast Masonry Panels
Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor 2. Panel curtain walls are exterior non-load bearing walls made up of
Systems
panels attached directly to the building structure with an adjustable
attachment or mounted on supports (subframe), which in turn, are
attached to the building structure by adjustable attachments. Exterior
face of panels form the face of the building; interior face may or may not
form the interior finish.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
TYPES OF MASONRY PANEL WALLS
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems
a) Stone Masonry Panels. Natural or artificial stone slabs which are
anchored to the building structure by masonry anchors
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
b) Pre-cast Masonry Panel. Ordinary reinforced or pre-stressed
Steel Construction concrete wall units which may be one or several stories high
Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
TYPES OF PANEL CURTAIN WALLS
Steel Construction
1. Stick System. The Stick System refers to the method of installation where the
Foundations Systems
mullions and horizontal rails (gutter section and window sill section) are installed
Foundation Walls, first before installation of the window and wall panels. In terms of appearance it
Basement Construction, is called the Unit and Mullion System.
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction
2. Unit and Mullion System. The Unit and Mullion System refers to
the wall’s appearance where the supports (or the mullions) are
Foundations Systems
clearly expressed. Vertical lines are therefore dominant.
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre- 3. Unit System (Grid Type System). The Grid Type System also refers to the
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction method of installation where the frames, both mullions and rails are installed first
and are equally dominantly expressed. In the Unit System wall panels come as
Foundations Systems preassembled framed units where the supports (vertical and horizontal
Foundation Walls, members) are clearly expressed. Vertical and horizontal lines equally dominant
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre- 4. Panel System (Sheathed Type). Supports not expressed. Non-lineal pattern.
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction Joints vertical and horizontal usually without trim.

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre- 5. Spandrel System. The supports are not a primary element of expression in
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction this type of wall. Horizontal lines are dominant and the length of spandrel is
unlimited.
Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
3.6.3 PRESSURE EQUALIZED DESIGN FOR CURTAIN WALLS
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems
Pressure differential between the outside atmosphere and an interior
environment can cause rainwater to migrate through even the smallest
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
openings in wall joints. Pressure-equalized design can significantly
Cisterns reduce this cause of water leakage in wall construction by employing
Reinforced Concrete
the rainscreen principle.
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
TYPES OF METAL PANELS
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems
1. Skin type panel. Panel made up of one material
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
2. Sandwich type panel. Panel made up of assembly of several
Cisterns materials
Reinforced Concrete
a. Open Sandwich type. Sandwich panel with top and bottom
Columns edges closed
Reinforced Concrete
b. Closed Sandwich type. Sandwich panel in which all edges of
Floor Systems panel are closed except for weep holes and vents
Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
3.6.4 RETAINING WALLS, BREAST WALLS & VAULT WALLS
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems
A retaining wall is a wall whose purpose is to resist the thrust of a bank
of earth or other material. It is differentiated from breast walls which is
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
similar to the retaining wall, in that in the retaining the earth or other
Cisterns filling is deposited behind it after it is built, while the breast wall (or face
Reinforced Concrete
wall) is built to prevent the fall of earth which is in its undisturbed,
Columns natural position, but from which part has been excavated, leaving a
Reinforced Concrete
vertical or inclined face.
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Retaining walls are of three
Steel Construction types:
Foundations Systems
a. Gravity wall. This is a type of
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
wall which is constructed of such
Cisterns proportions that its weight alone
Reinforced Concrete
resists the thrust of the earth.
Columns Low walls are invariably gravity
Reinforced Concrete
walls constructed of brick, stone
Floor Systems masonry or concrete.
Roof Decks
b. Cantilever wall. The cantilever
Walls & Structural Walls 3.6
wall is constructed of reinforced
Pre-Cast Concrete Floor concrete and makes use of the
Systems
weight of the earth in resisting
the tendency to overturn at the
outer edge. The vertical wall,
supported on a horizontal base,
serves as a cantilever beam in
resisting the earth pressure.
Walls of intermediate height are
generally of the cantilever type.
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
c. Counterfort wall. It is similar to the cantilever wall with the exception
Steel Construction that the vertical wall is tied to the base at regular intervals with
Foundations Systems
triangular-shaped walls called counterforts ( a counterfort is similar to a
buttress, but where a buttress is placed on the side of the wall opposite
Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
the pressure acting on it, a counterfort is placed on the same side of the
Cisterns wall ). It is usually more economical to use the counterfort wall for
Reinforced Concrete
heights of 20 ft. or over.
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls 3.6

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0 3.8 PRE-CAST CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems Pre-stressed concrete is used where spans and loads cannot be
Foundation Walls, adequately designed in reinforced-concrete, and for deckings, beams,
Basement Construction, girders and other prefabricated units where greater spans and loads
Cisterns
with thinner, stronger, and in some cases, lighter members are required.
Reinforced Concrete
Columns
APPLICATIONS
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor 3.8

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction 3.8.1 TYPES OF PRE-CAST CONCRETE FLOOR UNITS
Foundations Systems
1. Solid Flat Slabs
Foundation Walls, 2. Hollow Core Slabs
Basement Construction,
Cisterns 3. Single Tees
4. Double Tees
Reinforced Concrete
Columns 5. Rectangular, L-Shaped and Inverted Tee Beams
6. AASHTO Girders
Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor 3.8

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor 3.8

Systems
 Heavy Reinforced
Concrete, Pre-
Stressed Concrete & 3.0
Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,
Basement Construction,
Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete
Columns

Reinforced Concrete
Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural Walls

Pre-Cast Concrete Floor

3.8
Systems
END