Structural Design

Precast and Pre-stressed concrete

- Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in
a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment,
transported to the construction site and lifted into place ("tilt up"). ...
Compressed in concrete and stone, creating a solid but maneuverable wall
or face.
- for skilled workers on-site building construction is increasingly outrunning
the supply.
- Through industrialization of construction and substitution of site labor by
factory made pre-cast concrete developed rapidly and gained importance.
Pre-cast concrete – reinforced concrete cast elsewhere than its final position in
the structure.
- precast concrete consist of individual member such as columns, wall panels,
beams or joist erected and connected to form the structural frame

Advantage of Precast Concrete

1. Mass production of standardized and repetitive units
2. Least labor cost per unit due to mechanized series of production
3. Use of unskilled labor
4. Less construction time
5. Better quality control and higher strength of concrete
6. Construction free of defects and weather conditions.
Types of Precast Structures
a. Wall panel – used as curtain walls attached to columns, beams or sometimes
o bearing walls.

Types of precast concrete wall panels

1. Flat type
2. Double Tee Type
3. Ribbed Type
4. Window or mullion type

b. Roof and Floor Members – are made in wide variety of design to suit the
different conditions of span, magnitude of load, fire ratings and appearance
1. Flat slab
2. Hollow plank
3. Double Tee
4. Single Tee
Precast Beam
- Shape of a precast beam depends upon the manner of framing
Various shapes
1. Rectangular Beam- where the floor and roof members are supported
on top of the beam
2. Ledger Beam – is designed to reduce the height of the floor and roof
construction
3. L-Beam – is used to provide bearing, the beam is designed in a form of L.
4. AASHTO Bridge Girder – this type of girder is named after the Association
of American State Highway and Transportation Officials

Precast Column – size ranges from 30 to 60 cm. Multi storey construction,

columns are made continuous up to four stories using corbels to provide bearing
for the beam. Sometimes column is used directly to support double Tee floor
members without the used of intermediate members.

Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a

reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment,
transported to the construction site and lifted into place ("tilt up"). In contrast,
standard concreteis poured into site-specific forms and cured on site.

Precast concrete beam and block is the rapid solution to high quality,

economical concrete floor construction. Concrete beam and block floors are
constructed using prestressed concrete beams supporting standard concrete
blocks spanning between 'T' beams.
Definition. The precast concrete pile is a prefabricated, high-strength
prestressedconcrete column, impact driven into the soil by means of an adjustable
hydraulic or diesel hammer.. Construction sequence.

The precast concrete pile is a prefabricated, high-strength

prestressedconcrete column, impact driven into the soil by means of an adjustable
hydraulic or diesel hammer.. Construction sequence.

Precast concrete composite flooring is a high quality, economical concrete

floorconstruction where long spans and/or high load bearing capacities are
required. Suspended concrete floors are constructed using prestressed planks
supported by either masonry walls or a supporting steel frame structure.

Driven Prestressed Concrete Piles. ... Bending stresses during driving are also
less likely to produce cracking than in conventional precast concrete
piles.Prestressed concrete piles are made from high-strength concrete, typically
50 MPa or more. As they are factory cast curing conditions can be strictly
regulated.
A wall panel is single piece of material, usually flat and cut into a rectangular
shape, that serves as the visible and exposed covering for a wall. Wall
panels are functional as well as decorative, providing insulation and
soundproofing, combined with uniformity of appearance, along with some
measure of durability or ease of ...
Wall panel
Prestressed Concrete
Early concept of prestressing was suggested by P.H. Jackson and G.R. Stener
of USA, J. Manli of Austria and J. Koenen of Germany between the year 1886
to 1908.
In 1923, F Von Emperger of Austria suggested the use of high strength steel.
R.H. Dell of USA proposed full prestressing to eliminate cracks completely
but their good ideas ended only on paper.
The actual development of prestressed concrete maybe accredited to E
Freysinet and Y Guyon of France. E. Hoyer of Germany and G. Magnel of
Belgium.
In 1923, M.H. Hewitt introduced the circular prestressing cylindrical tank
and pipes
In 1950, T.Y. Lin introduced many types of prestressed concrete structure
design in the United States

• The basic Principle in prestressing concrete is to let the steel reinforcement

counteract tension forces and concrete to resist compression stresses.
Prestressing is applied for two main purposes:
1. To transmit stresses and strain in the structure
2. To counterbalance undesirable strain and stresses
In a prestressed concrete, the steel reinforcement is prestressed to avoid later
excessive lengthening of the structute when subjected to severe loads.
The concrete is precompressed to prevent later cracking under tensile stresses.
This is an ideal combination of concrete compressive strength and the tensile
strength of steel responsible for the basic desirability of prestressed concrete.
Prestressing has made possible longer span of concrete member in bridges, roofs
, floors and others. The design of small, lighter and more graceful concrete
structures become possible with the introduction of prestressed conceret.

Methods of Prestressing
Two Methods used in prestressing concerete
1. Pre-tensioning method- The steel wire cables are stretched between two
abutments to a predetermined stress. Concrete is then placed around the steel
wire cables and is allowed to hardened. Tensile forces in the steel are
transferred to the concrete by bonding between the steel and the concrete.
After the concrete has reached a predetermined strength level, the cabless are
cut off at the ends of the concerete member.

2. Post tensioning method- Fresh concrete is placed inside the form with ducts
mounted for the steel wire cables. After the concrete has settled and reached a
predetermined strength level, the steel wire cable through the ducts left inside
the concrete member are threaded, then stretched to a predetermined tension
stress with hydraulic Jack. And finally, attached to the anchorage at the
At the end of the concrete member transferring the stresses to the concrete.
Bending between the cable and concrete could be prevented by greasing or
wrapping the cables that reacts in post tensioning.

Thermal Pre-stressing – under this process, the steel is pre heated by means of
electric power which is anchored against the opposite end of the concrete beam.
The cooling process produces prestress force through strained contraction

Volumetric Expansion – is the use of expanding cement strained by the steel

strand or by fixed abutments producing prestressed force.

Concrete for Prestressing

Concrete of higher compressive strength is specified for prestressing structure.

Most of the prestressed construction specify a compressive strength of
concrete between 280 to 422 kg/cm2 (4,000 to 6,000)psi due to the following
advantages:
a. High strength concrete has higher modulus of elasticity. It minimizes the
reduction of prestress loss.
b. Increasing the compressive strength of the concrete means higher bearing
stress at the ends of post and beam where the prestressing force is
Transferred from the tendon to the anchorage dowels.
c. High strength concrete develops stronger bond prestresses to pre-tentioning
construction.
d. High strength concrete gives higher strength to precast construction when
curing is carefully controlled.

Metal reinforcement

The ACI Code on metal reinforcement for prestressed concrete provides that:
Wire and strand for tendons in prestressed concrete shall conform to
the specifications for uncoated Seven-Wire. Stress-Relieved Strand
Prestressed concrete. ... The essence of prestressed concrete is that once the
initial compression has been applied, the resulting material has the characteristics
of high-strength concrete when subject to any subsequent compression forces,
and of ductile high-strength steel when subject to tension forces.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE  Prestressed concrete, invented by Eugene
Frevssinet in 1928 is amethod for overcoming concrete''s natural weakness in
tension . It can be used to produce beams , floors or bridges with a longer span
than is practical with ordinary reinforced concrete.

The principle behind prestressed concrete is that compressive stresses induced

by high-strength steel tendons in a concrete member before loads are applied will
balance the tensile stresses imposed in the member during service.

Post-tension (PT) cables are used in concrete construction to allow thinner slabs

and greater span lengths between support columns. These cables, composed of
steel wires inserted into a plastic sheath, are subsequently “tensioned” and
grouted after the concrete is poured

Post tensioning is a technique for reinforcing concrete. Post-tensioning tendons,

which are prestressing steel cables inside plastic ducts or sleeves, are positioned
in the forms before the concrete is placed.
Advantages of Pre-stressed concrete
1. Since prestressing utilize the entire cross sections of members to resist
loads, Then smaller members can be used to support the same loads or the
same size members can be used for longer span
2. Pre stress memebers are crack free under working loads, as a result took
better and more watertight, thus providing better corrosion protection for
steel
3. Crack face prestressed member require less maintenance and last longer
than cracked reinforced concrete members
4. It provides the lowest first-cost solution and when is reduced maintenance
is considered. It provides the lowest overall cost for many additional cases
5. The negative moments caused by prestressing produce comber in the
members thus reducing total deflections
6. Reduction in diagonal tension stresses, sections with greater stiffness under
working loads, and increase fatigue and impact resistance as compared to
ordinary reinforce concret.

Disadvantages of Prestressed Concrete

7. It requires the use of higher strength concrete and steel
8. It requires complicated formwork which ultimately increase the labor cost
9. Closer control is required in manufacture.
4. Losses in the initial prestressing force, additional streesconditions must be
carefully checked in designing the section
5. End anchorages and end bearing plates required must be carefully checked
Purpose of Building
-provide shelter for the performance of human shelter
-shelter is one of the major needs for protection against the elements of weather.
-it embraces all of man’s effort to control his environment and direct natural forces
according to his needs.
It includes other structures like roads, canals, bridges, dams, aqueducts and others
Scientific basis for the design of buildings as human shelter and other civil engineering
works for human purposes are practically similar in principle but developed along a
separate path or ways.
- Construction of modern building is under the collective talents and efforts of a team.
- Form of a building is an outgrowth of
1. Function-
2. Environment
3. Various Socio Economic Factors
Definition of Terms
Example: Design the rafter of a roof truss with the following data
Span of truss = 18m
Height of truss = 4.5 m
Spacing of trusses = 3.6 m
Spacing of purlins = 1.675m
Snow load = 1.0 kPa of horizontal projection
Wind load = 1.5 kPa of vertical projection
Weight of slate = 400 N/m2
Weight of sheathing = 150 N/m2

Allowable stresses:
Bending = 12.10 MPa
Shearing parallel to the grain = 1.45 MPa
Longitudinal shear = 0.725 MPa
Compression parallel to the grain = 11.84 MPa
Compression perpendicular to the fiber = 2.63 MPa
Compression in columns = 8.88 MPa
Steel tie rods and bolts in tension = 124 MPa
Bending of steel = 124 MPa
Rivets in shear = 83 MPa
Rivets in bending = 166 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity E = 11100 MPa
Weight of wood = 7.5 kN/m3
  θ = 24’
Tan
Design of rafters
Let x – the spacing of rafters
Assume wt. of rafter = 100N/m 2
Tributary = 1.675 x sq. m
Dead loads a snow load
Slate = (0.40)(1.675x) = 0.67x KN
Sheathing = (0.15)(1.675x) = 0.25x KN
Rafter = (0.10)(1.675x) = 2.59x KN
Total vertical load = 2.59x KN
Wind Load

Pn = where P wind load

=
= 1.118 kPa
Wind load on rafter = (1.118)(1.675x) = 1.87 x KN
 Normal Component of dead and snow load
= (2.59 x) cos 24’ = 2.32 x KN
Total normal load = 1.87 x + 2.32 x = 4.19 x KN

Bending moment =

M = = 877.3x N.m
f = =
12.10 =

bd2 = 435,025 x try 50mm x 100mm

(50)(100)2 = 435,025 x

x = 1.15m

use 50mm x 100mm @ 1.15m o.c.

Total normal load = 4.19 (1.15) =

 Check shear:
v =

V =

= 0.723 Mpa < 0.725 Mpa (safe)

Check deflection:
y= < allow deflection = L/360
W = 2DL + LL
Dead Load = (0.67 + o.25 + 0.17)(1.15) = 1.25 kN
Snow load = 1.50(1.15) = 1.72 kN
Wind load = 1.87(1.15) = 2.15 kN
W = 2(1.25) + 1.72 + 2.15
= 6.37 kN
 

I =
= 4,166,667 mm4

y=
=
= 8.4 x 10 4 mm

Allowable deflection = = 4.65mm

Find the moments at supports and its reactions if they have equal spans of 10m
and carries a uniform load of 100 kg/m.

Using Three moment equation:

M1 L1 + 2M2 (L1 + L2) + M3L3 +( WL13/4) +(WL23/4) = 0

0+ 2M2 (10 + 10) + M3 (10) + 100(10)3/4 + 100(10)3/4 = 0

40M2 + 10M3 = - 50000

4M2 + M3 = -5000 --------(1)

M2 L2 + 2M3 (L2 + L3) + M4L4 +( WL23/4) +(WL33/4) = 0

M2 (10) + 2M3(20) + 0 = - 50000

M2 + 4M3 = -5000 --------(2)

(1)And (2)
4M2 + M3 = -5000 --------(multiply eq 1 by 4)

16M2 + 4M3 = -20000

M2 + 4M3 = -5000
15M2 = - 15000
M2 = -1000 kg.m
From (2)
-1000 + 4M3 = -5000
4M3 = -4000
M3 = -1000
M1 = 0 M4 = 0

10R1 – 100(10) (5) = M2

10R1 – 100(10) (5) = -1000
R1 = 400 kg
R4 = 400kg

R2 = 1100kg
R3 = 1100kg
M3 = 20R1 + 10R2 -100(20)(10) -1000
-1000 = 20(400) + 10R2 - 20000
-R2 =-20000 + 8000 +1000
R2 = 1100kg
 
Investigate the adequacy of the joint shown. Allowable compressive stress
perpendicular to grain is 2.62 MPa and compressive stress parallel to grain is
11.18 MPa, shearing stress parallel to grain is 1.45 MPa and longitudinal shear is
0.72MPa. Use Jacoby’s Formula.
 
Solution:
Plane AB
r = ρ sin2θ + q cos2θ
r = 11.81 sin2 45o + 2.62 cos2 45o
r = 7.215 MPa

Actual bearing stress:

fp = = 2.17 MPa < 7.215 MPa (safe)

Horizontal component of wind load = 65 cos 45o - 45 cos 45o = 14.14 KN

Actual compressive stress:

14.14 x 1000 = s (200)(13)
S = 5.44 MPa < 11.81 MPa (safe)
T = C1 sin 45o + C2 sin 45o
T = 65 sin 45o + 45 sin 45o
T = 77.78 KN
 
Diameter of hole, Ø
Ø = 38 + 3 = 41 mm
Bearing Area = (400)(200) - (41)
Bearing stress =
fp = 0.99 MPa < 2.62 MPa (safe)

Shearing Force = 14.14 KN

Shearing Area, As
As = (200) (400) - (38)2
As = 7886 mm2

Shear stress =
Ss = 0.18 MPa < 1.45 MPa (safe)

Washers:
Bearing Area = (190) (190) - (41)2 = 34780 mm2
Actual Stress = = 2.24 MPa < 2.62 (safe)
Therefore the joint is safe to carry the load
The joist supporting a warehouse floor has a span of 5.4 m and spaced 0.6m
on centers. The max. practical depth of joist is 400mm. The floor must
support a live load of 9200 N/m 2 plus 800 N/m2 for the dead weight of the
heavy plank sub floor and the top floor. Determine the most economical joist.
Allowable stress are 8.30 Mpa in bending and 0.83 Mpa in shear.