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    PDF Actividad 7 Compress

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    Johanna Aguilar
    This document discusses three levels of variables and three levels of constants in an experiment. It explains that the levels of the variables should be chosen so that the differences between the levels are large enough to detect differences in the data but not so large as to exceed the practical range of values. It also notes that the relationships established by the empirical rule and theory of Chukovsky generally hold for data, provided the data does not have too many outliers or an unusual distribution.

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    PDF Actividad 7 Compress

    Uploaded by

    Johanna Aguilar
    11 views85 pages
    This document discusses three levels of variables and three levels of constants in an experiment. It explains that the levels of the variables should be chosen so that the differences between the levels are large enough to detect differences in the data but not so large as to exceed the practical range of values. It also notes that the relationships established by the empirical rule and theory of Chukovsky generally hold for data, provided the data does not have too many outliers or an unusual distribution.

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    PDF Actividad 7 Compress (1)

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    This document discusses three levels of variables and three levels of constants in an experiment. It explains that the levels of the variables should be chosen so that the differences between the levels are large enough to detect differences in the data but not so large as to exceed the practical range of values. It also notes that the relationships established by the empirical rule and theory of Chukovsky generally hold for data, provided the data does not have too many outliers or an unusual distribution.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    11 views85 pages

    PDF Actividad 7 Compress

    Uploaded by

    Johanna Aguilar
    This document discusses three levels of variables and three levels of constants in an experiment. It explains that the levels of the variables should be chosen so that the differences between the levels are large enough to detect differences in the data but not so large as to exceed the practical range of values. It also notes that the relationships established by the empirical rule and theory of Chukovsky generally hold for data, provided the data does not have too many outliers or an unusual distribution.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 85

    Jfstcarn`n

    8. Whþnbh gc`c sh puhlh utfbfznr hb phmsn`fhmtc hstnlàstfgc hm bcs mfvhbhs


    hstrntæafgc, lfrhgtfvc y cphrngfcmnb lh umn cranmfzngf÷m.

    [0 Hb phmsn`fhmtc hstnlàstfgc hm hb mfvhb hstrntæafgc, nyuln n quh bcs Hohgutfvcs


    ahmhrhm ngtfvflnlhs n bnrac pbnzc quh aufnrnm bns dumgfcmhs lh bn cranmfzngf÷m

    bnkcrnb.
    N mfvhb ahrhmgfnb, sh utfbfzn pnrn quh bcs ahrhmths lhm dcr`n n bcs bfmhn`fhmtcs hm
    bns ngtfvflnlhs cphrngfcmnbhs gcm lfrhggfcmhs prhgfsns.
    N mfvhb cphrngfcmnb, sh utfbfzn pnrn ahmhrnr ngtfvflnlhs quh `hocrhm hb prcghsc
    bnkcrnb lfnrfc.
    Nsà quh, gc`c puhlh vhrsh, hb phmsn`fhmtc hstnlàstfgc mc hs scbc pnrth lh bcs
    `ætclcs mu`ærfgcs hm bcs gunbhs sh cranmfznm, sfmc tn`kfæm hb pclhr gcmcghr bcs
    prckbh`ns quh sh puhlhm ahmhrnr y lnr scbugfcmhs prhgfsns, tc`nmlc hm guhmtn
    bcs trhs mfvhbhs quh sh hmguhmtrnm hm gunbqufhr hsquh`n hsphgàdfgc.

    4. prcpcrgfcmh lcs hoh`pbcs lh vnrfnkbhs gunbftntfvns y lcs lh vnrfnkbhs


    gunmtftntfvns.

    [0 gunbftntfvns?

     Bn `nrgn lh bcs ghbubnrhs lh tus n`facs


     [hl scgfnb prhdhrfln pcr bcs `fbbhmfnbs.
    gunmtftntfvns?

     Hb phsc lh bns vngns lh umn arnmon


     Hstnturn lh bcs jnkftnmths lh umn gfulnl.

    1. Wh lfoc quh lh nguhrlc gcm hb tfpc lh hsphgfdfgngfcmhs lh umn vnrfnkbh lh


    snbfln hxfsthm trhs gnthacràns lh vnrfnkbhs? gunmtc `îs phquhþn `hocr, gunmtc
    `îs arnmlh `hocr, y hb vnbcr ckohtfvc hs `hocr. Lh um pnr lh hoh`pbcs pnrn
    gnln umn lh hbbns

    Gunmtc `îs phquhþn Hdhgtfvflnl hm bn Gnbflnl


    `hocr prcluggf÷m
    Gunmtc `îs arnmlh `hocr Grhgf`fhmtc lh umn \n`nþc lh bns jcons
    pbnmtn
    Hb vnbcr ckohtfvc `nycr Hbnkcrngf÷m lh um pnsthb Ucrgf÷m y gcggf÷m hxngtn
    lhb pnsthb

    :. ³Lh quæ `nmhrn ndhgtnm bcs lntcs n bn `hlfn3

    >
    [0 Bh ndhgtn hm `hlfln um lntc rnrc rhdbhon umn sftungf÷m hsphgfnb quh sh lhkh
    fmvhstfanr, puhlh shr um hrrcr lh lhlc, lh `hlfgf÷m c tn`kfæm puhlh rhdbhonr um
    gc`pcrtn`fhmtc hsphgfnb lhb prcghsc hm gunbqufhr gnsc sh lhkh fmvhstfanr
    6. Hxpbfquh bcs hrrcrhs hm bn fmthrprhtngf÷m lh bn `hlfn quh sh shþnbnm hm bn
    shggf÷m lh Hrrcrhs hm bn tc`n lh lhgfsfcmhs gcm hb usc lh bn `hlfn.

    [0 n)
    bcs Gunmlc
    lntcs sh gnbgubn
    scm faunb bn `hlfn
    nb lntc `ugjns
    gnbgubnlc phrscmns
    c quh nb fmthrprhtnr
    tclcs hstîm pfhmsnmhmquh
    ghrgn, gunmlc tclcs
    rhnbflnl
    hxfsth umn vnrfnkfbflnl quh hstî lhdfmfln pcr ctrcs dngtcrhs.
    k) Gunmlc mc sh gcmcghm bcs gcmghptcs lh bns `hlflns lh thmlhmgfn ghmtrnb hs
    `uy gc`ÿm gcmdumlfr gcm bn `cln.
    g) Ctrc hrrcr hs hb gcmdumlfr bn `hlfn gcm bn `hlfnmn.
    l) Wupcmhr quh bn `hlfn `uhstrnb hs bn `fs`n
    ` fs`n quh bn pckbngfcmnb, bn `hlfn `uhstrnb
    hs umn vnrfnkbh nbhntcrfn.
    >5. Hxpbfquh bn rhbngf÷m hmtrh bn `hlfn y bn lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr quh hstnkbhgh
    bn rhabn h`pàrfgn y hb thcrh`n lh Gjhkysjhv.

    [0 Bn lhsfaunblnl lh Gjhkysjhv mcs ndfr`n quh hmtrh Z-;W y Z + ;W lhkh hstnr nb


    `hmcs hb 18% lh bcs lntcs lh bn `uhstrn9 y quh hmtrh Z + 78 hstî pcr bc `hmcs hb
    :6%.
    Hm gunmtc n bn rhabn prîgtfgn hm `ugjcs lntcs quh surahm hm bn prîgtfgn sh jn
    ckshrvnlc h`pàrfgn`hmth quæ hmtrh Z-W y Z + W hstî hb 4:% lh bcs lntcs lh bn
    `uhstrn9 y hmtrh Z + ;W hstî hb 68% y hmtrh Z + 7W hstî hb 66%.
    \clcs bcs fmthrvnbcs nmthrfcrhs scm vîbflcs scbc pnrn bcs lntcs `uæstrnbhs. Wfm
    h`knrac, sf bcs fmthrvnbcs sh gnbgubnm gcm bn `hlfn y bn lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr lh bn
    pckbngf÷m, hmtcmghs shrîm vîbflcs pnrn tcln bn pckbngf÷m.
    Bc quh ndfr`n hb thcrh`n lh gjhkysjhv hs vîbflc pnrn gunbqufhr tfpc lh lntcs,
    fmlhphmlfhmth lh su gc`pcrtn`fhmtc c lfstrfkugf÷m, `fhmtrns quh bn rhabn h`pàrfgn
    gc`c su mc`krh bc lfgh sh jn ckthmflc pcr `hlfc lh bn ckshrvngf÷m h`pàrfgn y hs
    vîbfln pnrn `ugjcs lh bcs gnscs quh sh lnm hm bn prîgtfgn, sckrh tclc sf bcs lntcs
    tfhmhm um gc`pcrtn`fhmtc gcm gfhrtc arnlc lh sf`fbftul n umn gn`pnmn c bn
    lfstrfkugf÷m mcr`nb.
    >>. Wf lhshn fmvhstfanr hb phsc prc`hlfc lh >,555 nrtàgubcs lh um bcth, pcr bc
    quh sh hbfahm nbhntcrfn`hmth <5 lh hbbcs, sh phsnm y sh cktfhmh quh 0;8;
    arn`cs gcm W08.

    n) ^ufhrh lhgfr quh hb phsc `hlfc lh bns >,555 nrtàgubcs hs lh ;8;3

    ;
    [0 Mc, hstc mc sfamfdfgn quh hb phsc prc`hlfc quh tfhmhm bcs nrtàgubcs hs lh ;8;a
    yn quh bn `hlfn scbn`hmth sh jn ckthmflc lh <5 nrtàgubcs y mc hs lfrhgtn`hmth
    prcpcrgfcmnb n bcs >555 nrtàgubcs quh puhlhm nu`hmtnr c lfs`fmufr lh hsn `hlfn.
    k) ³Bn `nycràn lh bcs nrtàgubcs phsn ;8; arn`cs3

    [0 Hstc mc sfamfdfgn quh tclcs c bn `nycrfn lh bcs nrtfgubcs phshm ;8;a, yn quh

    puhlhm jnkhr vnrfngfcmhs lhkflc nb tctnb lh tclcs bcs nrtàgubcs.


    g) ³Lh bcs <5 nrtàgubcs hm bn `uhstrn hs prcknkbh quh nbaumc puhln ph
    phsnr
    snr 755
    arn`cs3 Npbfquh bn rhabn h`pàrfgn pnrn gcmthstnr.

    [0
    7 (W) 0 7 (8) 0 >8
    Z 0 ;8; + >8 0 ;41
    Mc puhlh shr pcsfkbh quh umc lh bcs lntcs jnyn phsnlc 755 arn`cs yn quh hb 66%
    lh bcs lntcs hstî hm vnbcrhs `îxf`cs lh ;41 arn`cs.
    >;. Hm umn h`prhsn sh bbhvnm bcs rhafstrcs lhb mÿ`hrc lh dnbbns
    d nbbns lh hqufpc pcr
    `hs9 bn `hlfn hs lh >5 y bn `hlfn lh 8?
    n) Wf usthl tfhmh quh rhpcrtnr bn thmlhmgfn ghmtrnb lh dnbbns, ³^uæ mu`hrc
    rhpcrtnràn3

    [0 Vc rhpcrtnràn hb vnbcr lh 8 (quh gcrrhspcmlh n bn `


    `hlfnmn).
    hlfnmn). Vn quh sf us
    usn`cs
    n`cs
    hb lntc lh bn `hlfn mc hs gcmvhmfhmth yn quh n vhghs um `hlfc hstî ndhgtnlc pcr
    lntcs "rnrcs" c bcs hxtrh`cs.
    k) ³bn lfsgrhpnmgfn hmtrh bn `hlfn y bn `hlfnmn sh lhkf÷ n quh hm vnrfcs `hshs
    cgurrfhrcm pcgns dnbbns3

    [0 Wf, bc `îs prcknkbh hs quh hstn lfsgrhpnmgfn sh jnbbn lnlc pcrquh hm vnrfcs
    `hshs cgurrf÷ pcgns c mfmaumn dnbbn, y pcr gcmshguhmgfn hb `nrahm lh lfdhrhmgfn
    hmtrh bn `hlfn y bn `hlfnmn hs `uy arnmlh, lhkflc n quh, numquh hm nbaumcs `hshs
    mc sh lfhrcm hrrcrhs nb gnbgubnr bn `hlfn hscs `hshs sfh`prh tuvfhrcm quh tc`nrsh
    hm guhmtn, `fhmtrns quh hm bn `hlfnmn mc, scbn`hmth sh tc`nrcm bns dnbbns hm tctnb
    quh cgurrfhrcm.
    >7. Xm nsphgtc gbnvh lh bn gnbflnl lh gfhrtc prclugtc hs su phsc? bn mcr`n
    hstnkbhgh quh su phsc `àmf`c shn lh ;ia. Hb fmahmfhrc lh prcluggf÷m fmdcr`n
    quh sh hstî gu`pbfhmlc gcm tnb dcr`n, yn quh hb phsc prc`hlfc lhb prclugtc
    hs lh ;.; ia. ³Hstî lh nguhrlc gcm hb fmahmfhrc3

    [0 Hb fmahmfhrc hstî hqufvcgnlc, yn quh gcm hsh sf`pbh lntc mc puhlh tc`nr
    lhgfsfcmhs lhkflc n quh mc sh snkh bn vnrfnkfbflnl lh bcs lntcs, hs mhghsnrfc nb
    `hmcs bn `hlfnmn y pnrn `hocr shaurflnl bn lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr. Vn quh hs

    7
    prcknkbh quh hsh prc`hlfc sh vhn ndhgtnlc pcr lfdhrhmths phscs, mc prhgfsn`hmth
    pcr hsh vnbcr `îs arnmlh quh bc `àmf`c rhquhrflc hs quh shn um kuhm lntc.
    ><. \rhs `îqufmns, N, K y G, rhnbfznm gcrths lh `nmhrn nutc`îtfgn lh gfhrtns
    tfrns lh jubh. Bn bcmaftul flhnb lh bns tfrns hs lh 65 g`. Gcm umn tcbhrnmgfn lh
    ¾; g`. Wh tc`n umn `uhstrn lh :5 pfhzns lh bn prcluggf÷m lh umn sh`nmn lh
    gnln `îqufmn.

    n) Bn bcmaftul prc`hlfc lh bns :5 tfrns lh gnln `îqufmn scm? N, 0659 K, 065.89


    G, 06;. ³Gcm knsh hm hstc puhlh lhgflfr guîb `nqufmn hs `hocr3

    [0 mc pclh`cs tc`nr umn lhgfsf÷m hm knsh n hstc yn quh bn `hlfn mc hs umn


    `hlfln lh thmlhmgfn gcm bn gunb sh puhlhm tc`nr kuhmns lhgfsfcmhs, mc hs
    gcmdfnkbh lhkflc n quh bn `hlfn sfh`prh hstî ndhgtnln pcr bcs hxtrh`cs lh bcs
    lntcs.
    k) Wf nlh`îs bn lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr ckthmfln hs? N, W0>.89 K, W0>.59 G, W05.8,
    lhgfln gunb `nqufmn hstuvc dumgfcmnmlc `hocr. Npbfquh bn rhabn h`pàrfgn.

    [0 Gcm bcs rhsubtnlcs lh bn lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr pclh`cs tc`nr umn lhgfsf÷m


    nghrtnln? N `f Grfthrfc bn @nqufmn G hs bn quh jn hstnlc dumgfcmnmlc `hocr hm hb
    gcrth lh tfrns lh jubh.
    >8. Hm hb hoh`pbc :.; sh tfhmh prckbh`n gcm hb arcscr lh bns bî`fmns pcr quh
    mc sh gu`pbh gcm bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs? 8 ``¾5.:``. Gcm hb ckohtfvc lh
    gcrrhafr tnb sftungf÷m, um hqufpc ahmhrn um prcyhgtc lh `hocrn. Unrn vhrfdfgnr
    sf bns nggfcmhs hohgutnlns lfhrcm rhsubtnlcs, sh tc`n nbhntcrfn`hmth <8
    bî`fmns lh bn prcluggf÷m lh umn sh`nmn pcsthrfcr n bns `clfdfgngfcmhs. Bcs
    hsphscrhs ckthmflcs sh `uhstrnm n gcmtfmungf÷m.

    @hlfn 0 <.6;4444441
    @hlfnmn 0 <.6
    Lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr 0 5.7;516<<4:
    Wh ckshrvn quh hb pbnm sf lfc rhsubtnlc, y quh tclcs bcs hsphscrhs lh bns bî`fmns
    njcrn sf sh hmguhmtrnm lhmtrc lh bns tcbhrnmgfns phr`ftflns pcr hb gbfhmth
    k) Gcmstruyn um jfstcarn`n h fmshrth
    fmshrt h hm bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs y, gc`pnrîmlcbc
    gcm hb jfstcarn`n nmths lh bn `hocrn, fmvhstfauh sf hb pbnm duh hxftcsc.
    Nrau`hmth su rhspuhstn.

    <
    Gbnshs fmthrvnbc Drh
    Drhguhmgfn
    guhmgfn Drhguhmgfn
    rhbntfvn
    > <.75-<.8> 8 >>.>>
    ; <.8;- <.1; >7 ;:.:6
    7 <.1< ‗ <.68 8 >>.>>
    < <.64-8.>1 >> ;<.<<
    8 8.>:-8.76 4 >7.77
    4 8.<5-8.4> 8 >>.>>
    \ctnb <8 >55

    fmthrvnbcs
    ><

    >;

    >5

    <

    5
    <.75-<.8> <.8;-<.1; <.1<-<.68 <.64-8.>1 8.>:- 8.76 8.<5-8.4>

    fmthrvnbcs

    Uclh`cs gcmgbufr quh hb pbnm sf duh hxftcsc pcrquh nb fmshrtnr bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs
    sh puhlh ckshrvnr quh tclcs bcs hsphscrhs lh bns bî`fmns sh hmguhmtrnm lhmtrc
    lh bns tcbhrnmgfns
    >4. Xmn gnrngthràstfgn gbnvh hm bn gnbflnl hs b gnbflnl lh bns pfmturns hm su
    lhmsflnl, y gc`pcmhmth quh fmdbuyh hm tnb lhmsflnl hs bn gnmtflnl lh nrhmn
    utfbfznln hm bn hbnkcrngf÷m lh pfmturn. Bn gnmtflnl lh nrhmn hm bn dcr`ubngf÷m
    lh um bcth sh gcmtrcbn gcm knsh hm hb mÿ`hrc lh gcstnbhs, quh shaÿm hb
    prcvhhlcr lhkh gcmthmhr ;5 ia. Wfm h`knrac, gcmtfmun`hmth sh tfhmhm
    prckbh`ns gcm bn lhmsflnl lh bn pfmturn, quh hs mhghsnrfc
    mhghsnr fc gcrrhafr gcm trnknoc
    y prcghscs nlfgfcmnbhs. Hm hsth gcmthxtc, hm bn h`prhsn sh prhaumtnm?
    ³Guîmtn nrhmn gcmtfhmh hm rhnbflnl bcs gcstnbhs3 Unrn nvhrfaunrbc lhgflhm
    tc`nr umn `uhstrn nbhntcrfn lh 75 gcstnbhs lh gnln bcth c phlflc (855
    gcstnbhs). Bcs phscs ckthmflcs hm bns `uhstrns lh bcs ÿbtf`cs trhs bcths sh
    prhshmtnm hm bn tnkbn :.7

    8
    n) Bn tcbhrnmgfn quh sh hstnkbhgh pnrn hb phsc lh bcs gcstnbhs lh nrhmn scm
    ;5¾5.8. Gnbgubh bcs hstnlàstfgcs kîsfgcs pnrn bns `uhstrns y lhgfln sf bn
    gnbflnl hs sntfsdngtcrfn.

    Bcth Uhsc lh bcs gcstnbhs lh bn `uhstrn @hlfn @hlfnmn


    > >:.4 >:.4 >:.4 >:.1 >:.: >:.6 >6 >6 >6 >6.> >6.78 >6.;8
    >6.> >6.> >6.> >6.; >6.; >6.7 >6.7 >6.< >6.< >6.<
    >6.8 >6.4 >6.4 >6.: >6.: ;5 ;5 ;5 ;5.< ;>
    ; >1.: >:.< >:.< >:.< >:.8 >:.4 >:.: >:.: >:.6 >:.6 >6.7 >6.78
    >6 >6 >6.> >6.; >6.7 >6.< >6.< >6.8 >6.4 >6.4
    >6.4 >6.1 >6.1 >6.1 >6.6 ;5 ;5.> ;5.7 ;5.4 ;5.1
    7 >6.> >6.6
    >6.: >6.4 ;5
    >6.4 ;5
    >6.1 ;5
    >6.1 ;5
    >6.1 ;5
    >6.1 ;5.>
    >6.1 ;5.>
    >6.1 ;5.;
    >6.: ;5.5< ;5
    ;5.; ;5.; ;5.7 ;5.< ;5.< ;5.< ;5.8 ;5.4 ;5.: ;>

    [0
    Hm bcs rhsubtnlcs sh puhlh ckshrvnr quh pnrn bn `hlfn lhb bcth 7 hs bn
    nlhgunln, yn quh hmtrn hm hb rnmac lh tcbhrnmgfn lcmlh hs

    @hlfn >6.78
    @hlfnmn >6.;8
    W>0 5.88851541 y [>0;.<
    W;05.465546>;6 y [;0;.6
    W705.<5>7146< y [70>.6

    k) Gnbgubh bcs hstnlàstfgcs kîsfgcs pnrn bcs 65 lntcs y lh umn cpfmf÷m abcknb
    sckrh hb phsc lh bcs gcstnbhs.

    [0 Hm bn `uhstrn dfonln sh puhlh mctnr quh hb rnmac hstî hm hb bf`fth


    W0 5.48>>><<11 y [07.;
    g) Gcm knsh hm bc nmthrfcr, ³Guîb lhkh shr bn pcsfgf÷m lh bn dîkrfgn lh pfmturn
    nmth hb prcvhhlcr nrhmn3

    [0 hm `f cpfmf÷m y gcm knsh hm bc vfstc, sh lhkh prhstnr `nycr nthmgf÷m gcm hb


    prcvhhlcr lh nrhmn, yn quh jny `ugjns dnbbns gcm hb phsc nlhgunlc lh bn nrhmn.

    4
    >1. Hm umn dîkrfgn lh hmvnshs lh vflrfc sh jnm thmflc prckbh`ns gcm bn
    gnpngflnl lh bns kcthbbns lh 185 `b. Gcm knsh hm hb jfstcrfnb lhb prcghsc sh
    snkh quh bn gnpngflnl `hlfn lh tnb tfpc lh kcthbbns hs lh 1<6 `b, gcm umn
    lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr lh >;.

    n) Wf bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs pnrn bn gnpngflnl lh bns kcthbbns scm 185¾ >5, lh um


    lfnam÷stfgc, gnbgubnmlc bcs bf`fths rhnbhs, sckrh hb tfpc lh prckbh`n quh sh
    tfhmh hm gunmtc nb vcbu`hm.
    Bà`fth fmdhrfcr 0 1<6 ‗ 7(>;) 01<6-7401>7
    Bf`fth suphrfcr 0 1<6 ‗ 7(>;) 01<6+74 0 1:8
    Hb prckbh`n hstî hm quh bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs bh lnm umn tcbhrnmgfn lh >5 n bns
    kcthbbns, mc `hmcs lh 1<5 mf `îs lh 145 y bcs bà`fths gbnrn`hmth ukfgnm vnbcrhs
    duhrn lh bc hstnkbhgflc prhvfn`hmth
    >:. Lh nguhrlc gcm hb hohrgfgfc nmthrfcr, gcm hb prcp÷sftc lh `hocrnr bn gnbflnl
    lh bns kcthbbns hm gunmtc nb vcbu`hm, sh tfhmhm lcs prcpuhstns n mfvhb
    hxphrf`hmtnb Bcs lntcs pnrn gnln prcpuhstn sh prhshmtn hm bn tnkbn :.<

    n) Gnbgubh bcs hstnlàstfgcs kîsfgcs pnrn gnln prcpuhstn y gc`hmth.

    [0

    Urcpuhstn Tcbu`hm lh kcthbbns @hlfn @hlfnmn


    N 1<5 186 1<5 18> 18> 18> 185 181 1<< 18; 185 18>
    17: 1<7 1<: 1<; 14> 148 18< 177 187 18;
    18> 18: 1<1 187 1<4 187 144 18> 185 1<<
    K 1<4 1<< 18> 1<1 1<: 1<8 1<: 1<7 1<8 1<4 1<4 1<4
    1<< 185 1<> 1<8 1<6 1<7 1<: 1<< 1<1 1<;
    1<8 1<6 17: 1<; 18> 1<7 1<6 1<: 1<< 1<6

    WN0 1.487<:46;;
    [N0 77
    WK0 7.><<1:;;><

    1
    [K0>7
    k) Gnbgubh umn nprcxf`ngf÷m lh bcs bà`fths rhnbhs lh gnln prcpuhstn y
    gc`pîrhbcs gcm bcs lhb hohrgfgfc nmthrfcr. ³Wh bcarnm `hocrns3

    Urcpuhstn N

    Mÿ`hrc lh gbnsh0 4
    Bcmaftul lh gbnsh0 [/MG 0 8.8
    Gbnsh Fmthrvnbc Drhguhmgfn Drhguhmgfn
    rhbntfvn
    > 177-17:.8 ; 4.1
    ; 17:.4-1<<.> 4 ;5
    7 1<<.;-1<6.1 7 >5
    < 1<6.:-188.7 >7 <7.7
    8 188.7-145.: 7 >5
    4 145.6-144.< 7 >5
    \C\NB 75 >55
    Urcpuhstn K

    Mÿ`hrc lh gbnsh 4
    Bcmaftul lh gbnsh
    BG0 [/MG 0 ;.>1
    Gbnsh Fmthrvnbc Drhguhmgfn Drhguhmgfn
    rhbntfvn
    > 17:-1<5.>1 > 7.7
    ; 1<5.>:-1<;.78 7 >5
    7 1<;.74“1<<.87 1 ;7.7
    < 1<<.8<-1<4.1> 4 ;5
    8 1<4.1;-1<:.:6 4 ;5
    4 1<:.65-18>.51 1 ;7.7
    \C\NB 75 >55

    g) Gcm knsh hm um jfstcarn`n hm hb quh sh fmshrth hsphgfdfgngfcmhs, lhsgrfkn


    gnln umn lh bns prcpuhstns y hbfon bn quh gcmsflhrh `hocr.

    :
    Urcpuhstn N
    ><

    >;

    >5

    <

    5
    177-17:.8 1<5.>:-1<;.78 1<;.74“1<<.87 1<<.8<-1
    -1<
    <4.1> 1<4.1;-1<:.:6 1<:.65-18>.51

    Urcpuhstn K
    :

    <

    >

    5
    17:-1<5.>1 1<5.>:-1<;.78 1<;.74“1<<.87 1<<.8<-1
    -1<
    <4.1> 1<4.1;-1<:.:6 1<:.65-18>.51

    >6. Hm umn h`prhsn sh hstîm rhlfshþnmlc bcs tfh`pcs lh snbfln y bbhanln lh


    sus nutckushs. Hm pnrtfgubnr sh tfhmh hb prckbh`n lh hstnkbhghr hb tfh`pc lh
    rhgcrrflc hmtrh lcs gfulnlhs. N gcmtfmungf÷m, sh lhsgrfkh umn `uhstrn lh
    hstcs tfh`pcs?

    6
    n) [hnbfgh um jfstcarn`n pnrn hstcs lntcs h fmthrpræthbcs.
    [0
    @hlfn 7.88
    @hlfnmn 7.81
    Lhsvfngf÷m 5.;<

    Gbnshs fmthrvnbc Drh


    Drhguhmgfn
    guhmgfn Drhguhmgfn
    rhbntfvn
    > 7-7,;7 ; 8
    ; 7.;7-7.<4 8 >;.8
    7 7.<4-7.46 ;8 4;.8
    < 7.46-7.67 > ;.8
    8 7.67-<.>4 > ;.8
    4 <.>4-<.<5 > ;.8
    \ctnb 78 >55

    fmthrvnbcs
    75

    ;8

    ;5

    >8

    >5

    5
    7.-7.;7 7.;7-7.<4 7.<4-7.46 7.46-7.67 7.67-<.>4 <.>4-<.<5

    fmthrvnbcs

    >5
    ;5. Lcs `îqufmns, gnln umn cphrnln pcr umn phrscmn, sh utfbfznm pnrn gcrtnr
    tfrns lh jubh, guyn bcmaftul flhnb hs lh ;55``, gcm umn tcbhrnmgfn lh ¾7``.
    Nb dfmnb lh turmc, um fmsphgtcr tc`n umn `uhstrn y ckshrvn quh bn bcmaftul
    gu`pbn bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs. N gcmtfmungf÷m sh `uhstrn bns ubtf`ns >>5
    `hlfgfcmhs pnrn n`kns `nqufmns.

    n) ³Hs nlhgunln bn thmlhmgfn ghmtrnb lh bns `hlfgfcmhs3

    [0
    @hlfn? ;;,555.4/>>5 0 ;55.5>
    @hlfnmn? ;>5
    @cln? ;5>.<, ;55.8, >66
    Gcm rhsphgtc n bn `hlfn hb vnbcr ckthmflc hs nlhgunlc yn quh hstî lhmtrc lhb
    `nrahm lh tcbhrnmgfn, bn `hlfnmn hstî um pcgc shanln yn quh sckrhpnsn bcs bà`fths
    hstnkbhgflcs. pclh`cs lhgf`cs quh lcs lh hbbns hstîm lhmtrc lhb rnmac lh
    tcbhrnmgfn y umn duhrn.
    k) Gnbgubh bn lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr y umn nprcxf`ngf÷m lh bcs bà`fths rhnbhs, y
    gcm knsh hm hbbc lhgfln sf bn vnrfnkfbflnl lh bcs lntcs hs nghptnkbh.

    [0
    Lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr0 >.7>
    Bà`fth suphrfcr 0 ;55.5> +- 7 (>.7>) 0;57. 6<
    Bà`fth ghmtrnb0 ;55.5>
    Bà`fth fmdhrfcr0 ;55.5> +- 7(>.7>) 0 >64.5:

    Bn vnrfnkfbflnl lh bcs lntcs mc hs nghptnkbh yn quh hb bà`fth fmdhrfcr gc`c hb suphrfcr


    rhknsnm bcs bà`fths dfonlcs lh dnkrfgngf÷m.

    g) Ckthman um jfstcarn`n h fmthrpræthbc (thmlhmgfn ghmtrnb, vnrfnkfbflnl,


    ngnmtfbnlcs, shsacs, htg.). l) ³Hb prcghsc lh gcrtnlc lh tfrns hs gnpnz lh
    gu`pbfr hsphgfdfgngfcmhs3

    >>
    [nmac ;5;,>5- >61,: <,7
    mÿ`hrc lh gbnshs >5,<6
    bcmaftul lh gbnsh 0 <.7/>5.<65,<>

    Uclh`cs mctnr umn vnrfnkfbflnl hm bn arîdfgn yn quh bn gn`pnmn lh Anuss hstn


    lhdcr`nln, pclh`cs mctnr um phquhþc ngnmtfbnlc hm bn pnrth fzq.
    l) ³Hb prcghsc lh gcrtnlc lh tfrns hs gnpnz lh gu`pbfr hsphgfdfgngfcmhs3
    [0 Uclh`cs lhgfr hm tær`fmcs ahmhrnbhs quh bcs pnrî`htrcs rhafstrnlcs mc hstîm
    nlhgunlcs, yn quh bn vnrfnkfbflnl hm bns `uhstrns rhgnh pcr lhknoc lh bcs bà`fths
    hstnkbhgflcs, hstc, numquh bn `hlfn lhsgrfkn um kuhm gc`pcrtn`fhmtc.
    ;>. Hm hb gnsc lhb hohrgfgfc nmthrfcr, gcmsflhrnmlc quh bcs prf`hrcs 88 lntcs
    gcrrhspcmlhm n umn `îqufmn y bcs ÿbtf`cs 88 n ctrn, gcmthsth bc sfaufhmth?

    >;
    n) Jnan um nmîbfsfs pcr shpnrnlc pcr gnln `îqufmn (thmlhmgfn ghmtrnb,
    vnrfnkfbflnl, jfstcarn`n).

    @nqufmn N

    @hlfn? ;5>
    Lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr? 5.4
    Bf? >66.;
    Bs? ;5;.:
    [nmac? ;5;.>- >66.; 0 ;.6
    Mÿ`hrc lh gbnsh? 1
    Bcmaftul lh gbnsh? ;.6 / 1 0 .8
    Gbnshs Drhguhmgfn
    >66.;->66.1 ;
    >66.1-;55.; 8
    ;55.;-;55.1 ><
    ;55.1-;5>.; >8
    ;5>.;-;5>.1
    ;5>.1-;5;.; ><
    8
    \C\NB 88

    >7
    @îqufmn N
    >4

    ><

    >;

    >5

    <

    5
    >66.;->66.1 >66.1-;55.; ;55.;-;55.1 ;55.1-;5>.; ;5>.;-;5>.1 ;5>.1-;5;.;

    @îqufmn K

    @hlfn? >66.>

    Lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr? 5.1


    Bf?>61
    Bs?;5>.;
    [nmac? ;.1
    Mÿ`hrc lh gbnsh? 1
    Bcmaftul lh gbnsh? ;.1/1 0 .<
    Gbnshs Drhguhmgfn
    >61.:->6:.; 4
    >6:.;->6:.4 >5
    >6:.4->66 >8

    ><
    >66->66.< 6
    >66.<->66.: :
    >66.:-;55.; 1
    \C\NB 88

    @îqufmn K
    >4

    ><

    >;

    >5

    <

    5
    >61.:->6:.; >6:.;->6:.4 >6:.4->66 >66->66.< >66.<->66.: >66.:-;55.;

    k) ³Guîb hs hb prckbh`n lh gnln `îqufmn3

    [0
    Unrn bn `nqufmn Mc. >
    • Hb prckbh`n hs su pcgn prhgfsf÷m hm hb gcrth

    • Bn pcgn fmsphggf÷m hm hb prcghsc.

    Unrn bn @nqufmn Mc.;


    • Hb guflnlc n bn jcrn lh rhnbfznr hb gcrth.

    g)Tuhbvn n nmnbfznr hb jfstcarn`n rhnbfznlc hm hb hohrgfgfc ;5 fmgfsc g) y vhn sf


    lh nbaumn dcr`n sh vfsbu`krnkn bc quh lhthgtc
    lhthg tc gcm bcs nmîbfsfs jhgjcs hm hsth
    hohrgfgfc.

    [0Wf sh pclàn ckshrvnr puhstc quh hm hb hohrgfgfc ;5 sh nmnbfznkn gcm umn scbn
    `îqufmn y njcrn sh nmnbfznm gc`c lcs `îqufmns scm
    s cm bns `fs`ns `hlflns scbc quh
    ckshrvnlns pcr shpnrnlc

    >8
    ;;. Hm um îrhn lh shrvfgfcs lhmtrc lh umn h`prhsn lh `nmudngturn sh jngh
    umn hmguhstn pnrn hvnbunr bn gnbflnl lh shrvfgfc y hb mfvhb lh sntfsdnggf÷m lh
    bcs gbfhmths fmthrmcs. Bn hmguhstn gcmsfsth
    gcms fsth hm >5 prhaumtns y gnln umn lh hbbns
    hvnbÿn lfdhrhmths nsphgtcs lhb shrvfgfc prcpcrgfcmnlc. Unrn jnghr um prf`hr
    nmîbfsfs lh bcs rhsubtnlcs ckthmflcs sh su`nm bcs pumtcs ckthmflcs lh bns >5
    prhaumtns pnrn gnln guhstfcmnrfc. N gcmtfmungf÷m sh `uhstrnm bcs pumtcs

    ckthmflcs hm 85 guhstfcmnrfcs.

    n) Nmnbfgh bcs lntcs nmthrfcrhs y lh umn prf`hrn cpfmf÷m sckrh bn gnbflnl hm


    hb shrvfgfc.

    [0 Hb shrvfgfc nb gbfhmth hm hstn gc`pnþàn hs lhghpgfcmnmth. Bns pumtungfcmhs scm


    sc m
    `uy knons bc quh rhdbhon ckvfn`hmth um prckbh`n hm hb shrvfgfc

    k) [hnbfgh hb jfstcarn`n h fmthrpræthbc gcm guflnlc.


    [0
    @hlfn 0 86.:
    @hlfnmn 0 8:.85
    @cln 0 <;,1:
    Lhsvfngf÷m Hstîmlnr 0 ;>.>7
    [nmac 0 4;

    >4
    Whaÿm bns `hlflns lh lfsphrsf÷m y lh thmlhmgfn ghmtrnb hb prcghsc hstî duhrn lh
    gcmtrcb bcs lntcs hstîm lfsphrscs bn lfdhrhmgfn lhb lntc `nycr y hb `hmcr hs lh 4;.
    g) ³^uæ hs bc `îs lhstngnlc quh ckshrvn hm hb jfstcarn`n3

    [0 Jny umn arnm gnmtflnl lh gbfhmths fmsntfsdhgjcs y ctrn gcmghmtrngf÷m gcmdcr`hs


    gcmdc r`hs
    l) ³\hmlràn nbaumn utfbflnl jnghr um nmîbfsfs
    n mîbfsfs pcr shpnrnlc lh gnln umn lh bns
    prhaumtns3 Hxpbfquh sus rhspuhstns.

    Wà, pcrquh gnln gbfhmth pclràn hxprhsnr gcm sus pnbnkrns bn `nmhrn quh pclràn
    sntfsdnghr sus mhghsflnlhs. Xtfbfzn`cs hsth jfstcarn`n pnrn thmhr umn flhn ahmhrnb.
    ;7. Xm nsphgtc f`pcrtnmth hm bn dnkrfgngf÷m lh hstntcrhs hs hb lfî`htrc
    hxthrfcr lhb h`kckfmnlc. Hm shaufln sh `uhstrnm bcs lntcs ckthmflcs hm bn
    fmsphggf÷m lh hstn vnrfnkbh. Gcmsflhrnmlc quh hb lfî`htrc hxthrfcr lhkh shr
    `hmcr quh >>6.5, jnan um nmîbfsfs lhtnbbnlc lh bcs lntcs pnrn hvnbunr bn
    vnrfnkfbflnl y thmlhmgfn ghmtrnb lhb prcghsc.

    >1
    @hlfn >>:.>7<
    @hlfnmn >>:.>45
    @cln >>:
    Lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr 5.;;7<

    [nmac 5.:>
    Gbnshs 1
    Bà`fth fmdhrfcr >>1.46
    Bà`fth suphrfcr >>:.8

    Bn `hlfnmn `uhstrnb hs `hmcr n bcs >>6 pcr bc quh sh hstî gu`pbfhmlc gcm bcs
    hstîmlnrhs hsphgfdfgnlcs. Nb faunb bn `hlfnmn hs `hmcr n bcs >>6 y bn `cln mcs ln
    >>:, hstcs lntcs vhrfdfgnm quh bn sh gu`pbh gcm bns tcbhrnmgfns `àmf`ns

    >:
    N) Hstrntfdfgngf÷m

    >. Wckrh bn hstrntfdfgngf÷m, gcmthsth?


    N) ³Guîb hs hb prcp÷sftc lh hstn jhrrn`fhmtn kîsfgn3
    [0 Hstrntfdfgnr hs nmnbfznr prckbh`ns, dnbbns, quhons c lntcs, gbnsfdfgîmlcbcs
    c narupîmlcbcs lh nguhrlc gcm bcs dngtcrhs quh, sh grhh, puhlhm fmdbufr hm
    bn `namftul
    prcghsc. Ucrlhhoh`pbc,
    bcs `fs`cs, n dfm lh bcgnbfznr
    bcs prckbh`ns puhlhm kuhmns pfstns
    nmnbfznrsh pnrn `hocrnr
    lh nguhrlc um
    gcm tfpc
    lh dnbbns, `ætclcs lh trnknoc, `nqufmnrfn, turmcs, ckrhrcs, `nthrfnbhs c
    gunbqufhr ctrc dngtcr quh prcpcrgfcmh umn pfstn nghrgn lh l÷mlh ghmtrnr bcs
    hsduhrzcs lh `hocrn y rhsubtnlcs scm bns gnusns vftnbhs.
    K) ³G÷`c nyuln n hmgcmtrnr bns gnusns lh um prckbh`n3
    [0 Flhmtfdfgnmlc hb arnlc lh fmdbuhmgfn lh gfhrtcs dngtcrhs hm hb rhsubtnlc lh
    um prcghsc
    ;. Hm umn h`prhsn sh tfhmh hb prckbh`n lh pærlfln lh `nthrfnbhs,
    gc`pcmhmths y hqufpcs9 sh scsphgjn lh rckc jcr`fan pcr pnrth lh bcs
    h`pbhnlcs. Ngtunb`hmth sh bbhvnm rhafstrcs lh bcs nrtàgubcs
    hxtrnvfnlcs9 lh njà sh puhlh ckthmhr hb tfpc lh prclugtc, hb
    lhpnrtn`hmtc nb quh phrthmhghm, htg. Gcmsflhrnmlc hstc, hxpbfquh
    g÷`c npbfgnràn bn hstrntfdfgngf÷m pnrn nprcvhgjnr hstcs rhafstrcs y
    lfshþnr umn hstrnthafn pnrn nthmlhr hb prckbh`n.
    [0 yc usnràn bn hstrntfdfgngf÷m pnrn snkhr bcs nrtàgubcs quh jnm sflc
    hxtrnvfnlcs y n quæ îrhn phrhghhm lfgjcs nrtàgubcs, sh scsphgjn quh hs
    h s rckc
    jcr`fan pcr pnrth lh bcs h`pbhnlcs, sh puhlh ckshrvnr n bcs h`pbhnlcs quh
    bnkcrnm hm hsns îrhns, sh puhlh bbhanr `îs prcmtc n bn scbugf÷m lh qufhmhs
    hstîm rcknmlc.
    7. Xmc lh bcs prfmgfpnbhs prckbh`ns dfmnmgfhrcs lh umn h`prhsn hs bn
    `crcsflnl y rhtrnsc lh pnacs lh bns vhmtns knoc nbaumn `clnbflnl lh
    grælftc n bcs gbfhmths. Wckrh hb prckbh`n sh jn pbntfgnlc `ugjc, h
    fmgbusc sh jn prcpuhstc lhonr lh vhmlhr n grælftc. Hxpbfquh g÷`c
    nyulnràn bn hstrntfdfgngf÷m n nmnbfznr hb prckbh`n gcm `nycr lhtnbbh y n
    lhgflfr hm knsh lh lntcs .
    [0 Cpfmc quh bn hstrntfdfgngf÷m nyulnràn n pclhr narupnr lntcs y pclhr
    lhsgukrfr quæ tfpc lh phrscmns gcm gfhrtns gnrngthràstfgns, tfhmlhm n mc pnanr
    bcs grælftcs, nb lhsgukrfr hsns gnrngthràstfgns, hb knmgc puhlh ahmhrnr umn
    bfstn lcmlh nquhbbns phrscmns quh gu`pbnm gcm hsns gnrngthràstfgns sh bhs
    mhanrnm bcs c hb grælftc, yn quh hsns phrscmns gcm hsns gnrngthràstfgns
    tfhmlhm n mc pnanr c rhtrnsnr su pnac.
    <. Hm um îrhn lh shrvfgfcs lhmtrc lh umn h`prhsn
    h`prhsn lh `nmudngturn sh jngh
    jngh
    umn hmguhstn pnrn hvnbunr bn gnbflnl lhb shrvfgfc y hb mfvhb lh
    sntfsdnggf÷m lh bcs gbfhmths. Bn hmguhstn gcmsfsth hm >5 prhaumtns quh
    hvnbÿnm lfdhrhmths nsphgtcs lhb shrvfgfc prcpcrgfcmnlc. Bns
    rhspuhstns pnrn gnln prhaumtn hs um mÿ`hrc hmtrh 5 y >5. Unrn jnghr

    >6
    um prf`hr nmîbfsfs lh bcs rhsubtnlcs ckthmflcs sh su`nm bcs pumtcs
    ckthmflcs lh bns >5 prhaumtns pnrn gnln guhstfcmnrfc. N gcmtfmungf÷m,
    sh `uhstrnm bcs pumtcs ckthmflcs hm 85 guhstfcmnrfcs.

    1: 1: :; :8 :> :4 :5 17
    :< 1: 4: :< 18 1: 14 14
    :; :8 6> :5 15 :1 11 :;
    <: <: <6 76 76 <7 78 <;
    7< << <6 7< 75 <7 7> 7<
    <> <; <8 <; 78 7: 76 <;
    <7 ;6

    n) Gcmsflhrnmlc quh bcs prf`hrcs ;8 guhstfcmnrfcs prcvfhmhm


    prcvfhmhm lh um
    lhpnrtn`hmtc y bcs rhstnmths ;8 lh ctrc, rhnbfgh um nmîbfsfs
    hstrntfdfgnlc pcr lhpnrtn`hmtc hm hb quh sh gnbgubhm bcs
    hstnlàstfgcs kîsfgcs? `hlfn, `hlfnmn, lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr, htg.
    [0
    @hlfn 86.:5
    @cln < 8:.85
    @hlfnmn
    Lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr ;>.>7
    k) ³Guîbhs scm sus ckshrvngfcmhs `îs f`pcrtnmths nghrgn lhb nmîbfsfs
    jhgjc nmths3
    [0 Wh mctn quh bcs 85 rhsubtnlcs lh bns hmguhstns hstîm
    h stîm lfvflflcs hm lcs
    arupcs, hm um arupc lcmlh gcmbbhvn bn mctn `îs knon quh hs hmtrh ;4.6;
    n 8>.5; y hb shaumlc arupc hstî hmtrh 4;.:> n bn mctn `îs nbtn quh hs
    6;.:. Bc quh `îs rhsnbt
    rhsnbtn
    n lhb jfstcarn`n hs quh bcs rhsubtnlcs quh `nycr
    sh rhpfth hstn gcm um pumtnoh fmdhrfcr lhb 85%
    85%.. Wcm `uy pcgc bc quh
    bbhanrcm n bn mctn `îs nbtn.
    g) Nb hmdcgnrsh hm hb lhpnrtn`hmtc gcm `nycrhs
    `nycrhs prckbh`ns, ³shràn lh
    nbaumn utfbflnl hstrntfdfgnr bcs lntcs pcr prhaumtn3 Hxpbfquh su
    rhspuhstn.
    [0 Hm hsth gnsc shràn rhgc`hmlnkbh lh gbnsfdfgnr lh muhvc bcs lntcs
    pnrn nmnbfznr hb prckbh`n, bns dnbbns, bns quhons c lntcs pnrn gbnsfdfgnrbcs
    lh nguhrlc gcm bcs dngtcrhs quh sh grhh quh puhlhm fmdbufr hm su
    `namftul, hstc sh jngh gcm hb dfm lh bcgnbfznr bn `hocr `nmhrn pnrn
    rhscbvhr hb prckbh`n.
    8. Hm hb lhpnrtn`hmtc lh pcbfgàn
    pcbfgàn lh umn gfulnl sh bbhvn um rhafstrc lh bns
    lhmumgfns lh lfdhrhmths tfpcs lh lhbftcs. Urcpcman g÷`c jnràn um
    nmîbfsfs hstrntfdfgnlc lh hstcs rhafstrcs pnrn hmdcgnr `hocr bns
    hstrnthafns pnrn bn prhvhmgf÷m lh bcs lhbftcs hm bns lfdhrhmths zcmns lh
    bn gfulnl.

    ;5
    [0 Vc gnthacrfznràn bcs fmgflhmths quh cgurrhm pcr bns lfdhrhmths zcmns quh
    jny, gcm bn sfaufhmth tnkbn
    Lhbftcs
    \fpc lh lhbftc _cmn n _cmn k _cmn g
    [ckc
    Whguhstrc

    Jc`fgflfc
    Hxtcrgf÷m
    drnulh

    4. Gcm hb ckohtfvc lh lfrfafr `hocr bcs hsduhrzcs lh `nmthmf`fhmtc


    prhvhmtfvc hm umn h`prhsn lhb îrhn hbhgtr÷mfgn, sh nmnbfzn hb tfh`pc
    gnàlc lh bcs hqufpcs lh f`prhsf÷m. Hstcs hqufpcs sh flhmtfdfgnm pcr bn
    bàmhn lh prcluggf÷m hm bn quh hstî fmstnbnlcs. Hm bn tnkbn sh `uhstrnm
    bcs tfh`pcs gnàlcs (lhsphrlfgfnlcs) hm `fmutcs lhkflc n bns ÿbtf`ns
    >55 dnbbns lh bcs hqufpcs, lurnmth um phrfclc lh guntrc `hshs.
    Bàmhn \fh`pc Bàmhn \fh`pc Bàmhn \fh`pc Bàmhn \fh`pc
    >5>
    >5> >8
    ;5 >57
    >57 8
    65 >5;
    >5; ;8
    6: >5<
    >5< 8
    >8
    >5> 5 >57 48 >5; ;5 >58 >8
    >5> >5 >57 ;5 >5; >8 >58 45
    >5> >5 >57 >7 >5; >5 >58 75
    >5> >5 >57 8 >5; 75 >58 ;5
    >5> >5 >57 ;5 >5; > >58 7:
    >5> 78 >57 78 >5; >: >58 >45
    >5> 65 >57 ;5 >5; >8 >58 :8
    >5> 8 >57 >5 >5; >> >58 ;5
    >5> ;5 >57 >78 >5; <8 >58 >5
    >5> 85 >57 8 >5; 88 >58 75
    >5> 7; >57 5 >5; <5 >58 65
    >5> 75 >57.8 8 >5; 88 >54.8 <5
    >5> <5 >57.8 85 >5; 5 >54.8 >8
    >5> <5 >57.8 75 >5; 5 >54.8 >>5
    >5>.8
    >5>.8 78
    <8 >57.8
    >57.8 8
    >5 >5;
    >5; 7:
    1; >51
    >5: 75
    >85
    >5>.8 85 >57.8 ;8 >5; >8 >5: 48
    >5>.8 >5 >57.8 >:> >5; 7< >5: 75
    >5>.8 ; >57.8 ;: >5; >8 >5: <
    >5>.8 >8 >57.8 >8 >5; 75 >5: >8
    >5; >> >57.8 ;5 >5; 48 >56 >8
    >5; >5 >57.8 <5 >5; ;5 >56 <5
    >5; 75 >5< >8 >5; 75 >56 >>

    Lhdhgtc drhguhmgfn Ucrghmtnoh Uumtnoh Ucrghmtnoh


    ngu`ubnlc ngu`ubnlc
    >5; :5: ;<.; ;<.;
    >58 88: >4.1 <>
    >57
    >5> <;7
    <>1 >;.1
    >;.8 87.1
    44.;

    ;>
    >57.8 <56 >;.7 1:.8
    >5: ;4< 1.6 :4.<
    >54.8 >48 8 6>.<
    >5>.8 >81 <.1 64.>
    ctrc >7> 7,6 - >55
    \ctnb

    sckrh bcs hqufpcs quh sh lhkhm hmdcgnr `îs bn nggf÷m lh `nmthmfhmlc


    ` nmthmfhmlc scm hm bns bàmhns
    >5;, >58, >57. >5>, >57.8

    1. Wckrh hb nmîbfsfs lh Unrhtc, gcmthsth?


    n) ³^uæ hs um lfnarn`n lh Unrhtc3
    [0 Hs umn tægmfgn arîdfgn, quh gcmsfsth hm pcmhr lh `nmfdfhstc
    `nm fdfhstc bcs prckbh`ns
    `îs f`pcrtnmths sckrh bcs quh lhkhm gcmghmtrnrsh bcs hsduhrzcs lh `hocrn
    y lhthr`fmnr hm quæ crlhm rhscbvhrbcs.
    K) ³Hm quæ gcmsfsth hb prfmgfpfc lh Unrhtc c Bhy :5-;53
    [0 Wh knsn hm hb prfmgfpfc lh quh, hm gunbqufhr lfstrfkugf÷m, hb :5% lh bcs
    hdhgtcs hstîm prclugflcs pcr hb ;5% lh bns gnusns
    g) ³Bn hsgnbn fzqufhrln hm um LU sfh`prh tfhmh quh hstnr hm drhguhmgfn
    lh lhdhgtcs3
    [0 Wf bn drhguhmgfn gcm quh sh prhshmtn gnln lhdhgtc. Hm bua buanr
    nr lh bbn
    n
    drhguhmgfn mu`ærfgn pclh`cs utfbfznr bn drhguhmgfn pcrghmtunb.
    l)Hm um nmîbfsfs lh Unrhtc, hm prf`hr buanr, sh lhkh jnghr um Unrhtc
    pnrn prckbh`ns y lhspuæs um Unrhtc lh shaumlc mfvhb pnrn gnusns.

    ;;
    Hxpbfquh hm quæ gcmsfsth gnln umc y prcpcrgfcmh um hoh`pbc pnrn
    fbustrnrbcs.
    [0 Hb nmîbfsfs lh Unrhtc hs npbfgnkbh n tclc tfpc lh prckbh`n? gnbflnl,
    hdfgfhmgfn, gcmshrvngf÷m lh `nthrfnbhs, njcrrc lh hmhraàn, shaurflnl, htg.
    Unrhtc lh prckbh`ns? sfrvh pnrn flhmtfdfgnr hb arnlc lh bcs prckbh`ns
    prck bh`ns c dnbbns
    lh um prclugtc y snkhr quh tnm drhguhmth sscm cm hscs prckbh`ns. Unrhtc lh
    gnusn?
    gnusns sfrvh pnrn crfhmtnrsh
    lhb prckbh`n lh `nycrhxgbusfvn`hmth jngfnbcgnbfznmlc
    f`pngtc, sh hstnrîm bns kÿsquhlns
    pfstnslh bns
    sckrh
    bn gnusn `îs f`pcrtnmths n bcs prckbh`ns?
    Hoh`pbc? Xm tægmfgc hm `nmthmf`fhmtc pnrn umn gc`pnþàn lh
    gc`umfgngfcmhs ghbubnrhs lhshn nmnbfznr guîbhs scm bcs lhdhgtcs `îs
    drhguhmths quh npnrhghm hm bns umflnlhs nb snbfr lh bn bàmhn lh prcluggf÷m.
    Unrn hstc, gc`hmz÷ pcr gbnsfdfgnr tclcs bcs lhdhgtcs pcsfkbhs hm sus lfvhrscs
    tfpcs?
     Ghbubnr mc hmgfhmlh
     Urckbh`ns lh scblnlurns dràns
     [hgnbfhmtn
     [hvhstf`fhmtc Lhdfgfhmth

    Lhdhgtcs suphrdfgfhs hxthrmns
     [nyns hm bns suphrdfgfhs fmthrmns
     Mc dumgfcmn
     Nb hmgjudnr gnranlcr
     @nb noustnlc
     gcrrhgtn`hmth
     Gnrgnsns gcm rnonlurns
     Bhls lhdfgfhmths
     Ctrcs
    Ucsthrfcr`hmth, um fmahmfhrc rhvfsn gnln npnrntc `÷vfb n `hlfln quh snbh lh
    prcluggf÷m rhafstrnmlc sus lhdhgtcs lh nguhrlc gcm lfgjcs tfpcs.

    ;7
    :. Hm umn dîkrfgn lh hstntcrhs sh rhafstrnm
    rhafstrnm bcs lfdhrhmths lhdhgtcs lurnmth
    hb prcghsc lh `nmudngturn. Nbaumcs lh hstcs lhdhgtcs sh puhlhm
    rhprcghsnr y ctrcs f`pbfgnm lhsphrlfgfc lhb prclugtc. Bcs lntcs lh lcs
    `hshs sh `uhstrnm hmshaufln.
    Lhdhgtc hm hstntcr Drhguhmgfn
    Nbn`krh `namætfgc pnrtflc 8;<
    Nthrrfznlc (jf-pct) <<:
    Gckrh rnspnlc >1>
    Lhsdnsnlc 867
    Bn`fmn bhvnmtnln 75<
    Uumtns gcrtns >18
    Uumtns rctns ;>5
    \ctnb ;<;8

    ;<
    n) [hnbfgh um nmîbfsfs lh Unrhtc pnrn hst
    hstcs
    cs lhdhgtcs
    Lhdhgtc drhguhmgfn Ucrghmtnoh Uumtnoh Ucrghmtnoh
    ngu`ubnlc ngu`ubnlc
    Lhsdnsnlc 867 ;< ;<
    Nbn`krh 8;< ;; <4
    `namætfgc
    pnrtflc
    Nthrrfznlc (jf- <<: >: 48
    pct)
    Bn`fmn 75< >7 11
    bhvnmtnln
    Uumtns rctns ;>5 6 :4
    Uumtns gcrtns >18 1 67
    Gckrh rnspnlc >1> 1 >55
    \ctnb >55 -

    k) Lhb tctnb lh lhdhgtcs, >;>: cgnsfcmnrcm quh ynyn mc duhrn pcsfkbh


    rhprcghsnr hb prclugtc, bc quh f`pbfgn um gcstc umftnrfc lh 1.85
    l÷bnrhs9 `fhmtrns quh sh pulc rhprcghsnr >;>7 gcm um gcstc
    umftnrfc lh >.85 l÷bnrhs. Hstf`h hb gcstc nmunb quh ahmhrnm hstcs
    lhsphrlfgfcs y rhprcghscs.
    [0
    \fpc lh pfhzn Gcstc Gcstc \ctnb
    [hprcghsnkbh >;>7 >.85 >:>6.8
    Mc rhprcghsnkbh >;>; 1.85 6565.5
    \ctnb >5656.8

    Hb gcstc hstf`nlc lh lhsphrlfgfcs y rhprcghscs pcr kf`hstrh hm hstn


    h`prhsn lhkflc n rhprcghscs y lhsphrlfgfcs shràn lh $>5,656.85

    ;8
    Hb gcstc hstf`nlc lh lhsphrlfgfcs y rhprcghscs shràn lh $ 48<81

    6. Hm um prcghsc lh hmsn`kbh (scblnlc) um lfclc h`fscr lh buz hmsn`kbh


    (scblnlc) um lfclc h`fscr lh buz (BHL) hm bns tnrohtns(BHL) hm bns
    tnrohtns lh gfrguftc f`prhsc(UKG) (vhn Knhz y gcbnkcrnlcrhs, ;5>5), sh
    lh gfrguftc f`prhsc(UKG) (vhn Knhz y gcbnkcrnlcrhs, ;5>5), sh tfhmh
    lfdhrhmths tfhmh lfdhrhmths prckbh`ns c lhdhgtcs.
    Bcs lntcs lh fmsphggf÷m sh `uhstrnm hm bn sfaufhmth tnkbn hm bn
    sfaufhmth tnkbn.
    Lhdhgtc drhguhmgfn Ucrghmtnoh Uumtnoh Ucrghmtnoh
    ngu`ubnlc ngu`ubnlc
    Gcpbnmnrflnl ;5;,<<: <5 <5
    [hsfsthmgfn >8;,4>; 75 15
    Hxghsc lh 68,111 >6 :6
    hpcx
    Npnrfhmgfn 7;,4;7 4 68
    Ctrcs ;1,<7< 8 >55
    \ctnb 8>5,:6< >55 -

    Gcm knsh hm bn arîdfgn, pclh`cs vhr quh bcs lhdhgtcs prfcrftnrfcs scm?
    Gcpbnmnrflnl, bn rhsfsthmgfn y hb hxghsc lh hpcxy, bn h`prhsn lhkh hmdcgnr
    hm rhscbvhr hscs lhdhgtcs quh ahmhrnm hb :5% lh bcs dnbbcs hm bcs gfrguftcs

    ;4
    >5. Hm umn dîkrfgn lh vîbvubns sh hstî kusgnmlc rhlugfr bn gnmtflnl lh
    pfhzns lhdhgtucsns. Gnln `cblh hstî lfvflflc hm trhs zcmns, gnln umn
    lh bns gunbhs fmgbuyh lcs pfhzns. Gc`c pumtc lh pnrtfln sh rhgnknm
    lntcs `hlfnmth bn jcon lh vhrfdfgngf÷m lh bn tnkbn >5.8, hm bn gunb sh
    hsphgfdfgn hb tfpc lh prckbh`ns, hb prclugtc y bn zcmn lhb `cblh. Bn tnkbn
    >5.8 `uhstrn bcs lntcs ckthmflcs hm lcs sh`nmns.

    n) [hnbfgh um nmîbfsfs lh Unrhtc gc`pbhtc.

    Gnusn Drhguhmgfn Ucrghmtnoh Uumtnoh Ucrghmtnoh


    Ngu`ubnlc ngu`ubnlc
    Ucrcsflnl 18 8>.< 18 8>.<
    Bbhmnlc << 75.> >>6 :>.8
    `nqufmnlcs >: >;.7 >71 67.:
    hmsn`kbh 6 4.; ><4 >55

    Ucrcsflnl bbhmnlc `nqufmnlcs hmsn`kbh

    ;1
    k) ³Guîb hs hb prckbh`n `îs f`pcrtnmth3
    [0 Hb prckbh`n `îs f`pcrtnmth hs bn pcrcsflnl, gc`c jh`cs jhgjc hb
    nmîbfsfs lh Unrhtc lh prclugtc y pcr zcmn hm n`kcs ln um `fs`c rhsubtnlc
    hm hb nmîbfsfs lh Unrhtc.
    g) ³Guîbhs scm bns prfmgfpnbhs pfstns pnrn hmgcmtrnr bn gnusn lhb

    prckbh`n prfmgfpnb3
    [0 Bn gnusn lhb prckbh`n bc hmgcmtrn`cs hm hb prclugtc N< y hm bn zcmn 7,
    pcrquh hm hstcs hs lcmlh sh hmguhmtrn bn `nycr pcrcsflnl.

    >>. Hm umn h`prhsn lh nrths arîdfgns sh usn um sfsth`n pnrn hb rhafstrc lh


    bns rhgbn`ngfcmhs lh
    lh bcs gbfhmths.
    gbfhmths. Hb rhpcrth lh bcs rhgbn`cs lh shfs
    `hshs sh `uhstrn hm bn sfaufhmth tnkbn .
    @ctfvc lh bn Mu`hrc lh Gcstc rhbntfvc Gcstc tctnb
    rhgbn`ngf÷m rhgbn`cs
    Lnþcs hm hb ; 7 4
    trnmspcrth
    Lhdhgtcs hm hb 4 >5
    gcbcr
    Hmgunlhrmfzngfcm < ;
    Lhdhgtucsn
    Hmtrhan rhtnsnln >7 >
    Hrrcrhs hm hb gcrth 8 7
    hrrcrhs hm hb thxtc >8 <
    Hrrcrhs hm bn < >
    dngturngf÷m
    @nb trcquhbnlc ; :
    @nbn gnbflnl lhb 7 7
    pnphb
    @nmgjns hm 1 ;
    trnknoc dfmn
    @ctns (f`prhsf÷m >7 ;
    mc jc`caæmhn)
    ctrcs >5

    n) Jnan um nmîbfsfs lh Unrhtc gcmsflhrnmlc scbc hb mÿ`hrc lh


    rhgbn`cs h fmthrprhth

    Gnusn Drhguhmgfn Ucrghmtnoh Uumtnoh Ucrghmtnoh


    Ngu`ubnlc ngu`ubnlc
    hrrcrhs hm hb thxtc >8 >: >8 >:
    Hmtrhan rhtnsnln >7 >8 ;: 77
    @ctns (f`prhsf÷m >7 >8 <> <6
    mc jc`caæmhn)
    ctrcs >5 >; 8> 4>
    ;:
    @nmgjns hm 1 : 8: 46
    trnknoc dfmn
    Lhdhgtcs hm hb 4 1 4< 14
    gcbcr
    Hrrcrhs hm hb 8 4 46 :;
    gcrth
    Hmgunlhrmfzngfcm < 8 17 :1
    Lhdhgtucsn
    Hrrcrhs hm bn < 8 11 6;
    dngturngf÷m
    @nbn gnbflnl lhb 7 < :5 68
    pnphb
    Lnþcs hm hb ; ; :; 6:
    trnmspcrth
    @nb trcquhbnlc ; ; :< >55
    \ctnb :< >55 >4:

    Hm hsth lfnarn`n sh puhlh ckshrvnr quh lh bns >; vnrfnkbhs quh sh tc`nm hm
    guhmtn pnrn hb nmîbfsfs knsnlc hm hb mÿ`hrc lh rhgbn`cs, 4 `ctfvcs lh rhgbn`cs
    rhprhshmtnm hb 14% lhb pcrghmtnoh ngu`ubnlc. Wfhmlc hb lhdhgtc lh hrrcrhs hm hb
    thxtc hb gunb lhkhràn npbfgnr bn nggf÷m lh `hocrn. Hs mhghsnrfc rhnbfznr ctrc nmîbfsfs
    tc`nmlc hm guhmtn ctrcs grfthrfcs pnrn lhthr`fmnr gcrrhgtn`hmth hm gunb tfpc lh
    rhgbn`c lhkh hmdcgnrsh bn nggf÷m lh `hocrn
    k) Ckthman um lfnarn`n lh Unrhtc, phrc njcrn
    njcrn gcmsflhrnmlc tnmtc
    hb mÿ`hrc lh
    lh rhgbn`cs gc`c hb gcstc rhbntfvc. Fmthrprhth

    ;6
    [0
    @ctfvc lh bn Mu`hrc lh Gcstc rhbntfvc Gcstc tctnb
    rhgbn`ngf÷m rhgbn`cs
    Lnþcs hm hb ; 7 4
    trnmspcrth
    Lhdhgtcs hm hb 4 >5 45
    gcbcr
    Hmgunlhrmngf÷m < ; :
    Lhdhgtucsn
    Hmtrhan rhtnsnln >7 > >7
    Hrrcrhs hm hb gcrth 8 7 >8
    hrrcrhs hm hb thxtc >8 < 45
    Hrrcrhs hm bn < > <
    dngturngf÷m
    @nb trcquhbnlc ; : >4
    @nbn gnbflnl lhb 7 7 6
    pnphb
    @nmgjns hm 1 ; ><
    trnknoc dfmn
    @ctns (f`prhsf÷m >7 ; ;4
    mc jc`caæmhn)
    ctrcs >5

    Gnusn Drhguhmgfn Ucrghmtnoh Uumtnoh Ucrghmtnoh


    Ngu`ubnlc ngu`ubnlc
    Lhdhgtcs lh gcbcr 45 ;4 45 ;4
    Hrrcrhs hm hb 45 ;4 >;5 8;
    thxtc
    @ctns ;4 >> ><4 47
    @nb trcquhbnlc >4 1 >4; 15
    Hrrcrhs lh gcrth >8 4 >11 11
    @nmgjns hm
    trnknoc dfmnb >< 4 >6> :7
    Hmtrhan >7 4 ;5< ::
    rhtrnsnln
    @nbn gnbflnl lhb 6 < ;>7 6;
    pnphb
    Hmgunlhrmngf÷m : 7 ;;> 64
    lhdhgtucsn
    Lnþcs lh 4 7 ;;1 6:
    trnmspcrth
    Hrrcrhs lh < ; ;7> >55
    dngturngf÷m
    ctrcs 5 5 - -
    \ctnb ;7> >55 - -

    75
    Hb lfnarn`n lh Unrhtc knsnlc hm hb gcstc tctnb rhsubtnlc lh bn
    `ubtfpbfgngf÷m lhb mÿ`hrc lh rhgbn`cs pcr hb gcstc rhbntfvc mcs lfgh
    quh bcs lhdhgtcs lh gcbcr y bcs hrrcrhs lh thxtc scm bcs lcs lhdhgtcs
    quh gnusnm `nycr pærlfln pnrn bn h`prhsn, hm shaufln bns `ctns, hb
    `nb trcquhbnlc y bcs hrrcrhs lh gcrth. Hstns vnrfnkbhs rhprhshmtnm hb
    11% ngu`ubnlc lhb gcstc tctnb lh bns rhgbn`ngfcmhs quh jfgfhrcm bcs
    gbfhmths n bn h`prhsn hm shfs `hshs.

    >;. @hlfnmth um nmîbfsfs,


    nmî bfsfs, sh jn lhthgtnlc quh hm umn h`prhsn
    h `prhsn sh tfhmhm
    t fhmhm
    shfs tfpcs kîsfgcs lh quhons lh bcs gbfhmths, phrc gnln tfpc gnus÷
    lfdhrhmth arnlc lh fmsntfsdnggf÷m c `cbhstfn hm hb gbfhmth. Bn hsgnbn quh
    sh jn utfbfznlc pnrn `hlfr hb arnlc lh `cbhstfn hs hb sfaufhmth? `îxf`n
    `cbhstfn (>5 pumtcs), `ugjn fmsntfsdnggf÷m (:), `cbhstfn `clhrnln (4),
    pcgn (<), `uy bhvh (;). Nlh`îs, hm hb nmîbfsfs sh lhthr`fm÷ bn drhguhmgfn
    gcm bn quh jnm cgurrflc bns lfstfmtns quhons hm hb ÿbtf`c sh`hstrh. Bn
    tnkbn sfaufhmth sfmthtfzn bcs rhsubtnlcs lh tnb nmîbfsfs? [hnbfgh um
    nmîbfsfs lh Unrhtc pnrn lhthr`fmnr sckrh quæ tfpc lh quhon sh lhkhm
    lfrfafr bcs hsduhrzcs pnrn nthmlhr sus gnusns. Npbfquh bn gnrngthràstfgn
    ; lhb lfnarn`n lh Unrhtc.

    7>
    \fpc lh quhon Arnlc lh Drhguhmgfn lh Drhguhmgfn pcr
    `cbhstfns cgurrhmgfn `cbhstfn
    G ; <5 .:
    L 4 ;8 >.8
    N < >; .<:
    H < >5 .<
    D : : .4<
    K : 8 .<
    \C\NB 7; <.;;

    \fpc lh Drhguhmgfn % Uumtnoh Ucrghmtnoh


    quhon pcr `cbhstfn ngu`ubnlc ngu`ubnlc
    L >.8 74 >.8 74
    G .: >6 ;.7 88
    D .4< >8 ;.6< 15
    N .<: >> 7.<; :>
    K .< 6 7.:; 6>
    H .< 6 <.;; >55
    \C\NB <.;; >55

    7;
    Bcs tfpcs
    hb tfpc lhy quhons
    N, K quhnsh
    G9 lhkflc bn lhkhm
    arîdfgnlfrfafr bcs hsduhrzcs
    hmgcmtrnln pnrn nthmlhr sus gnusns scm
    nmthrfcr`hmth.

    >7. Lh nguhrlc gcm bn fmdcr`ngf÷m lh umn jcon lh vhrfdfgngf÷m hm umn bàmhn lh


    prcghsc lh hmvnsnlc lh thqufbn, sh prhshmtnrcm hm hb ÿbtf`c `hs bcs
    sfaufhmths rhsubtnlcs hm gunmtc n lhdhgtcs y drhguhmgfn?

    [hnbfgh um lfnarn`n lh Unrhtc y snquh gcmgbusfcmhs.


    \fpc lh Drhguhmgfn % Uumtnoh Ucrghmtnoh
    lhdhgtc ngu`ubnlc ngu`ubnlc
    Htfquhtn >:;7 78.1 >:
    >:;7
    ;7 78.1
    Kcthbbn sfm 6>4 >: ;176 87.1
    vfauhsns
    Kcthbbn :5< >8.: 78<7 46.<
    Gcmtrn 1<; ><.8 <;:8 :<
    htfquhtn
    \npn 1>8 >< 8555 6:

    77
    Ctrcs >5; ; 8>5; >55
    \ctnb 8>5; >55 - -

    ><. Hm umn h h`prhsn


    `prhsn prcghsnlcrn lh gnrmhs ddràns ràns sh lhthgtnm, `h`hlfnmth
    lfnmth
    fmsphggf÷m, bcs prckbh`ns hm bns snbgjfgjns. Hm bn tnkbn >5.4 sh `uhstrnm bcs
    rhsubtnlcs lh umn sh`nmn.

    n) Gcmsflhrnmlc quh bn arnvhlnl lh bcs trhs prckbh`ns hs bn `fs`n, rhnbfgh


    um nmîbfsfs lh Unrhtc pnrn prckbh`ns y lhthgth guîb hs hb `îs
    trnsghmlhmth.

    7<
    \fpc lh Drhguhmgfn % Uumtnoh Ucrghmtnoh
    lhdhgtc ngu`ubnlc ngu`ubnlc
    Dnbtn lh 7:7;5 :<.: 7:7;5 :<.:
    vngfc
    @nmgjn <558 :.6 <;7;8 67.1
    vhrlh
    @nmgjn ;:76 4.7 <8>4< >55
    n`nrfbbn
    \ctnb <8>4< >55 -

    Bn arnvhlnl lh bcs prckbh`ns lhslh hb pumtc lh vfstn lhb gbfhmth hs bn dnbbn nb vngàc.

    k) [hsphgtc nb prckbh`n `îs trnsghmlhmth, jnan Unrhtcs lh shaumlc mfv


    mfvhb
    hb
    (gnusns) tnmtc pcr `îqufmn gc`c pcr turmc.

    \fpc lh Drhguhmgfn % Uumtnoh Ucrghmtnoh


    lhdhgtc ngu`ubnlc ngu`ubnlc
    G >61<< <7.1 >61<< <7.1
    N >7755 ;6.< 775<< 17.;
    K >;>;5 ;4.: <8>4< >55
    \ctnb <8>4< >55 - -

    78
    bcs prckbh`ns `îs trnsghmlhmtnbhs hm umn h`prhsn prcghsnlcrn lh gnrmhs drftns sh
    lhkhm n bns `nqufmns h`pngnlcrns G y N.

    >8. [hsuhbvn hhbb prckbh`n nmthrfcr ggcmsflhrnmlc


    cmsflhrnmlc quh bn arnvhlnl lh bcs
    prckbh`ns lhslh hb pumtc lh vfstn lhb gbfhmth hs bn sfaufhmth? dnbtn lh vngàc
    (<), `nmgjn vhrlh (>5), `nmgjn n`nrfbbn (:).

    \fpc lh Drhguhmgfn % Uumtnoh Ucrghmtnoh


    lhdhgtc ngu`ubnlc ngu`ubnlc
    @nmgjn >5 <8.8 >5 <8.8
    vhrlh
    @nmgjn : 74.< >: :>.:
    n`nrfbbn
    dnbtn lh < >:.; ;> >55
    vngàc
    \ctnb ;> >55 -

    74
    Bn arnvhlnl lh bcs prckbh`ns lhslh hb pumtc lh vfstn lhb gbfhmth scm bns `nmgjns
    vhrlhs

    >4. Hm bn tnkbn lh nknoc sh `uhstrn bn drhguhmgfn lh bcs lhdhgtcs thr`fmnlcs lh


    umn dîkrfgn lh `uhkbhs.

    Gcstc
    Lhdhgtcs hm `uhkbhs Drhguhmgfn rhbntfvc pcr Gcstc tctnb
    prcghsc
    @nlhrn nkfhrtn ;5.1 6.7 >6;.8
    Acbphs >1.6 >5 >16
    Mulcs vfsfkbhs >7.6 :.7 >>8
    Xmfcmhs nkfhrtns >;.; :.7 >5>.;4
    [hsnmhs vfsfkbhs 6.> 8.; <1.7;
    [hsnmhs `nb
    trnknonlcs :.6 :.7 44.<
    Lhdhgtcs pcr ngnknlc 4.1 >.1 >>.76
    Ufhzns `nb nshmtnlns <.8 4.; ;1.6
    [hsfstcb gjcrrhnlc 7.6 4.6 ;4.6>
    Ufhzns `nb bfonlns 7.> ;.< 1.<<

    n) Jnan um nmîbfsfs lh Unrhtc gcmsflhrnmlc scbc bn drhguhmgfn lh bcs lhdhgtcs,


    fmthrprhth.

    71
    Lhdhgtc Drhguhmgfn Ucrghmtnoh Uumtnoh Ucrghmtnoh
    ngu`ubnlc ngu`ubnlc
    @nlhrn nkfhrtn ;5.1 ;5.8;% ;5.1 ;5.8;%
    Acbphs >1.6 >1.1<% 7:.4 7:.;4%
    Mulcs vfsfkbhs >7.6 >7.1:% 8;.8 8;.57%
    Xmfcmhs nkfhrtns >;.; >;.56% 4<.1 4<.>;%
    [hsnmhs vfsfkbhs 6.> 6.5;% 17.: 17.><%
    [hsnmhs `nb :.6 :.:;% :;.1 :>.64%
    trnknonlcs
    Lhdhgtcs pcr ngnknlc 4.1 4.4<% :6.< ::.45%
    Ufhzns `nb nshmtnlns <.8 <.<4% 67.6 67.54%
    [hsfstcb gjcrrhnlc 7.6 7.:1% 61.: 64.67%
    Ufhzns `nb bfonlns 7.> 7.51% >55.6 >55.55%
    \ctnb >55.6

    k) Ckthman um lfnarn`n lh Unrhtc phrc njcrn gcmsflhrnmlc tnmtc bn drhguhmgfn


    gc`c hb gcstc rhbntfvc
    Gcstc rhbntfvc
    Lhdhgtcs Gcstc rhbntfvc Ucrghmtnoh Uumtnoh Ucrghmtnoh
    pcr prcghsc ngu`ubnlc ngu`ubnlc

    Acbphs >5 >8.5;% >5 >8.5;%


    @nlhrn nkfhrtn 6.7 >7.64% >6.7 ;:.6:%
    Mulcs vfsfkbhs :.7 >;.<4% ;1.4 <>.<<%
    Xmfcmhs nkfhrtns :.7 >;.<4% 78.6 87.65%
    [hsnmhs `nb trnknonlcs :.7 >;.<4% <<.; 44.71%

    7:
    [hsfstcb gjcrrhnlc 4.6 >5.74% 8>.> 14.17%
    Ufhzns `nb nshmtnlns 4.; 6.7>% 81.7 :4.5<%
    [hsnmhs vfsfkbhs 8.; 1.:>% 4;.8 67.:<%
    Ufhzns `nb bfonlns ;.< 7.45% 4<.6 61.<8%
    Lhdhgtcs pcr ngnknlc >.1 ;.88% 44.4 >55.55%
    \ctnb 44.4

    g) ³N quh lhdhgtc sh lhkh hmdcgnr bn nggf÷m lh `hocrn3

    [0 Wh lhkhm hmdcgnr bcs acbphs, bn `nlhrn nkfhrtn, mulcs vfsfkbhs, umfcmhs nkfhrtns
    yn quh hstcs gcfmgflhm hm bcs lcs arîdfgcs.

    >1. n)
    Wckrh bns
    Gunb hsjcons lh vhrfdfgngf÷m
    vhrfdfg
    hb ckohtfvc ngf÷mjhrrn`fhmtn
    lh hstn gcmthsth? kîsfgn 3
    [0 Wu ckohtfvc prf`crlfnb hs bcarnr quh hb rhgcbhgtcr lh bn fmdcr`ngf÷m
    hstæ hm gnpngflnl lh rhumfr y cranmfznr lntcs hm um dcr`ntc tnb quh bhs
    phr`ftn um nmîbfsfs hdfgfhmth y dîgfb.
    k) Whþnbh bcs lfstfmtcs tfpcs quh hxfsthm
    [0 Jcon pnrn rhafstrcs lh lntcs, Jcon lh Bcgnbfzngf÷m y Bfstn lh
    Thrfdfgngf÷m
    g) ³^uæ ctrc mc`krh rhgfkh3
    [0 Gjhgibfst

    76
    >:. Hm bn jcon lh vhrfdfgngf÷m lh bn tnkbn >5.> mc hs pcsfkbh nmnbfznr bn `nmhrn
    ` nmhrn hm
    bn quh fmdbuyh hb turmc hm hb prckbh`n prfmgfpnb. Urcpcman um kcsquhoc lh
    g÷`c rhlfshþnràn tnb dcr`ntc pnrn quh hstc shn pcsfkbh.
    \urmc [nz÷m lh Lhptc. Lhptc. Lhptc. tctnb
    rhgjnzc pfhzns pfhzns Ufhzns
    gjfgns `hlfnmns arnmlhs

    \ctnb

    >6. Lfshþh umn jcon lh vhrfdfgngf÷m pnrn nmnbfznr bn lfstrfkugf÷m lhb arcscr lh bns
    bî`fmns lh nskhstc gcmsflhrnmlc quh hb hsphscr flhnb hs lh 8`` gcm
    tcbhrnmgfn lh +-5.: vhn bn tnkbn >5.<.

    Jcon lh vhrfdfgngf÷m
    Mc`krh
    Urclugtc?lhb fmsphgtcr n gnrac?
    Dhgjn
    Lhdhgtcs Drhguhmgfn
    Bn`fmns `uy lhbanlns
    Bn`fmns `uy aruhsns
    Ucn rhsfsthmgfn nb gnbcr
    Lfdfgubtnl lh
    phrdcrngf÷m
    Ucgc gc`prhmsfkbh
    \ctnb

    ;5. Hm um îrhn lh `nqufmnlc hm umn dîkrfgn


    dîkr fgn lh vîbvubn hxfsthm 7 `îqufmns
    pnrn jnghr rcsgns, hm bns gunbhs trnknonm 8 phrscmns. Wh jnm prhshmtnlc
    prckbh`ns gcm hb mÿ`hrc lh pfhzns lhdhgtucsns hm lfgjn îrhn. Bcs
    lfrhgtfvcs prhsfcmnm n bcs h`pbhnlcs gubpîmlcbcs lh prckbh`ns lh
    gnbflnl. Bcs trnknonlcrhs pcr su pnrth sh quhonm gcm bcs lfrhgtfvcs lh
    quh bns `nqufmns scm `uy vfhons y quh pcr hsc surahm bcs prckbh`ns.
    ³G÷`c npbfgnràn bn jcon lh vhrfdfgngf÷m pnrn ngbnrnr bn sftungf÷m3
    [0 Ckshrvnràn `hlfnmth umn jcon lh vhrfdfgngf÷m sf bcs lhdhgtcs scm
    prcvfhmhm lh bcs h`pbhnlcs c lh bn `îqufmn.
    ;>. Hm umn h`prhsn quh dnkrfgn gcbgjcmhs hxfsthm < tfpcs kîsfgcs lh
    lhdhgtcs? pbfsnlc, jfbvnmnlc, duhrn lh `hlfln y `nmgjns. Bn
    dnkrfgngf÷m sh jngh `hlfnmth gfmgc `nqufmns. Lfshþh umn jcon lh

    vhrfdfgngf÷m pnrn rhafstrnr bcs lhdhgtcs gunmlc sh jngh bn fmsphggf÷m.

    <5
    Lhdhgtc @îqufmn @îqufmn @îqufmn @îqufmn @îqufmn
    > ; 7 < 8
    Ubfsnlc
    Jfbvnmnlc
    Duhrn lh
    `hlfln
    @nmgjns
    \ctnb

    <>
    Lfnarn`n ‒Gnusn-Hdhgtc‐ @ætclc lhb Dbuoc lh Urcghsc (Wcpn lh Nrrcz)

    <;

    Hohrgfgfcs lfsphrsf÷m
    4. Gc`c pnrth lhb nmîbfsfs lhb prckbh`n lh nushmtfs`c sh lhgflh fmvhstfanr bn
    rhbngf÷m hmtrh bn hlnl lhb h`pbhnlc y bcs làns quh dnbtc n bnkcrnr hm hb nþc.
    Bcs lntcs lhb ÿbtf`c nþc sh `uhstrnm hm hb rhgunlrc lh nknoc
    H`pbhnlc Hlnl Dnbtns
    > ;6 4
    ; 77 8
    7 <5 5
    < ;7 :
    8 7> 4
    4 ;5 6
    1 75 8
    : 7: 8
    6 ;7 :
    >5 ;8 4
    >> ;4 1
    >; 75 8
    >7 <; ;
    >< 7< 8
    >8 7> 4
    >4 >: >>
    >1 77 4
    >: 77 <
    >6 77 8
    ;5 7; 8

    N. @hlfnmth um lfnarn`n lh lfsphrsf÷m


    lfsphrsf÷m nmnbfgh bn rhbngf÷m hmtrh bns lcs
    vnrfnkbhs

    Tnbcrhs V
    >;

    >5

    :
    4

    <

    5
    5 8 >5 >8 ;5 ;8 75 78 <5 <8

    <7

    K. ³^uæ tfpc lh rhbngf÷m ckshrvn y gunbhs scm nbaumcs jhgjcs


    hsphgfnbhs3
    [0 Uclh`cs ckshrvnr quh hxfsth umn `hlfnmn rhbngf÷m hmtrh bns dnbtns lh
    bcs h`pbhnlcs lh nguhrlc n su hlnl, hmtrh `îs o÷vhmhs scm hstcs hs `îs
    gc`ÿm quh dnbthm
    G. Gnbgubh hb gchdfgfhmth lh gcrrhbngf÷m h fmthrpræthbc
    Gchdfgfhmth lh -
    rhbngf÷m 5.<<;<4;54
    [0 Hxfsth umn thmlhmgfn quh hmtrh `îs ocvhm shn hb h`pbhnlc thmlrî `îs dnbtns.

    1. Hm um prcghsc lh `nmudngturn lh tnrohtns hbhgtr÷mfgns sh qufhrh fmvhstfanr


    bn rhbngf÷m hmtrh Z ? rhmlf`fhmtc lh pruhkns (yfhbl ), y V ? lhsphrlfgfc (sgrnp).
    Bcs lntcs ckthmflcs scm bcs sfaufhmths.

    x y x V
    :6.> ;>>4 :6.: ;6:<
    6; >87> 6>.8 >7:5
    65.> ;1>1 6> ;8<8
    :6.8 ;55< 6>.: >4>>
    ::.8 7<11 :4.1 <:><
    :1.6 7:45 :6.6 >:;1
    6>.1 >6<1 65.7 751>
    6>.: >86< :: <5>8
    6>.8 ;586 6>.> >618
    ::.6 ;::5 65.: ;78;

    ³^uæ tfpc lh rhbngf÷m hxfsth hmtrh bns vnrfnkbhs3 Np÷yhsh hm um lfnarn`n lh


    lfsphrsf÷m y hb gchdfgfhmth lh gcrrhbngf÷m

    <<

    yfhbl y Wgrnp
    4555

    8555

    <555

    7555

    ;555

    >555
    5
    :4 :1 :: :6 65 6> 6; 67

    [0 Hb gchdfgfhmth lh gcrrhbngf÷m hs r 0 -5.:1844:>6


    Bn gcrrhbngf÷m hs duhrth.
    :. Hm umn dnkrfgn lh pfmturn sh qufhrh rhlugfr hb tfh`pc lh shgnlc lh knrmfz.
    Bcs sfaufhmths lntcs gcrrhspcmlhm nb tfh`pc lh shgnlc lhb knrmfz y n bn
    gnmtflnl lh nlftfvc gcm hb quh fmthmtn bcarnr tnb rhluggf÷m.

    Nlftfvc \fh`pc lh shgnlc


    5 ><
    > >>
    ; >5
    7 :
    < 1.8
    8 6
    4 >5
    1 >>
    : >7
    6 >;
    >5 >8

    N) @hlfnmth um lfnarn`n lh lfsphrsf÷m, ckshrvh bn


    bn rhbngf÷m hmtrh hb tfh`pc
    lhshgnlc y bn gnmtflnl lh nlftfvc utfbfznlc.

    <8
    K) Gcm knsh hm
    h m bn rhbngf÷m ³nbrhlhlcr lh quæ gnmtflnl lh nlftfvc
    rhgc`hmlnrànpnrn rhlugfr hb tfh`pc lh shgnlc3
    Wh rhgc`hmlnràn um nlftfvc gcm vnbcr <
    G) Ckthman hb h b gchdfgfhmth lh gcrrhbngf÷m
    gcr rhbngf÷m hmtrh n`kns vnrfnkbhs h
    fmthrpræthbc.
    Gchdfgfhmth lh gcrrhbngf÷m? r0 5.77<55>>:Bn gcrrhbngf÷m hs lækfb.
    L) Nb pnrhghr, hb gchdfgfhmth lh gcrrhbngf÷m bfmhnb hs `uy knoc. ³^ufhrh
    lhgfr hmtcmghs quh hb tfh`pc lh shgnlc mc hstî rhbngfcmnlc gcm bn
    gnmtflnl lh nlftfvc3
    Wh hsphrnràn quh sà, pcr hb jhgjc lh quh narhanr umn gnmtflnl `nycr lh
    nlftfvc rhquhrfràn um `nycr tfh`pc lh shgnlc, phrc ckshrvnmlc hb
    gc`pcrtn`fhmtc hm hb lfnarn`n lh lfsphrsf÷m sh puhlh vhr quh mc hstîm
    rhbngfcmnlcs
    6. Hm umn fmlustrfn sh lhshn fmvhstfanr g÷`c fmdbuyh bn th`phrnturn (µG) hm bn
    prhsf÷m lhb vnpcr lh k-trf`htfbkhrc. Bcs lntcs ckthmflcs pnrn tnb prcp÷sftc sh
    `uhstrnm n gcmtfmungf÷m?
    Mc. \H@UH[N\X[N U[HWF×M
    @uhstrn (Z) (V)
    > >7 ;.6
    ; >6.8 8.>
    7 <8.1 75.8
    < 84.> 8>.<
    8 4<.< 1<.8
    4 1>.< >55.;
    1 :5.8 ><7.1
    : :8.1 >14.6

    <4

    6 ;;.8 :.8
    >5 ;1.; >5.7
    >> 7>.: ><.4
    \C\NB 8>1.: 4>:.4

    n. Gcmstruyn um lfnarn`n lh lfsphrsf÷m h fmthrpræthbc


    N sf`pbh vfstn sh puhlh ckshrvnr quh bn rhbngf÷m hs pcsftfvn, y quh sf hxfsth umn
    rhbngf÷m bfmhnb hmtrh bn th`phrnturn y bn prhsf÷m lhb vnpcr.
    k. Ckthman hb gchdfgfhmth lh gcrrhbngf÷m y, nb fmthrprhtnrbc gc`pnrh sus
    rhsubtnlcs gcm bc ckshrvnlc hm hb fmgfsc n).

    Mc. \H@UH[N\X U[HWF×M Z*V Z; V;


    @uhstrn [N (Z) (V)
    > >7 ;.6 71.1 >46 :.<>
    ; >6.8 8.> 66.<8 7:5.;8 ;4.5>
    7 <8.1 75.8 >767.:8 ;5::.<6 675.;8
    < 84.> 8>.< ;::7.8< 7><1.;> ;4<>.64
    8 4<.< 1<.8 <161.: <><1.74 8885.;8
    4 1>.< >55.; 1>8<.;: 8561.64 >55<5.5<
    1 :5.8 ><7.1 >>841.:8 4<:5.;8 ;54<6.46

    :
    6 :8.1
    ;;.8 >14.6
    :.8 >8>45.77
    >6>.;8 17<<.<6
    854.;8 7>;67.4>
    1;.;8
    >5 ;1.; >5.7 ;:5.>4 176.:< >54.56
    >> 7>.: ><.4 <4<.;: >5>>.;< ;>7.>4
    \C\NB 8>1.: 4>:.4 <<575.<6 7>>>;.7< 1>87>.1;

    Gchdfgfhmth lh 5.6<144<11;
    Gcrrhbngf÷m

    <1

    Nb gc`pnrnr bc ckshrvnlc hm hb fmgfsc n y hb rhsubtnlc ckthmflc pclh`cs gc`prcknr


    quh, nb shr hb gchdfgfhmth lh gcrrhbngf÷m pcsftfvc, bn gcrrhbngf÷m hs lfrhgtn y gc`c hb
    gchdfgfhmth lh gcrrhbngf÷m hstî `uy ghrgn lh > bn gcrrhbngf÷m hs `uy duhrth.
    >5. N lfstfmtns `nrgns lh nutcs sh bhs `flh su phsc hm `fbhs lh bfkrns y bn
    gnmtflnl lh anscbfmn (Anbcmhs) quh mhghsftn pnrn rhgcrrhr >55 `fbbns. Jh nquà
    umn `uhstrn lh >5 nutcs.

    n) [hprhshmth hstcs lntcs hm um lfnarn`n lh lfsphrsf÷m y gc`hmth quæ


    tfpc lh rhbngf÷m sh ckshrvn.

    Uhsc Anscbfmn
    7.< 8.8
    7.: 8.6
    <.> 4.8
    ;.; >.6
    ;.4 7.4
    ;.6 <.4
    ; ;.6
    ;.1 7.4
    7.> 7.>
    7.< <.6

    Gchdfgfhmth lh gcrrhbngf÷m 5.6564


    Hs umn gcrrhbngf÷m bfmhnb pcsftfvn y duhrth
    Tnbcrhs V
    1

    <

    >

    5
    5 5.8 > >.8 ; ;.8 7 7.8 < <.8

    <:

    k) Wf um nutc sf`fbnr n bcs gcmsflhrnlcs phsn 7555 bfkrns, ³Uclràn hstf`nr, gcm
    gfhrtn gcmdfnmzn, ³Guîmtcs anbcmhs gcmsu`h hm >55 `fbbns lh rhgcrrflc3
    hxpbfquh su rhspuhstn.
    >>. Hm vnrfns gfulnlhs lh Hurcpn sh rhgcpfbnrcm lntcs sckrh hb mÿ`hrc lh
    gfaòhþns quh nmflnm y hb mÿ`hrc lh mngf`fhmtcs lh khkæs. Gnln pnrhon lh
    lntcs rhpcrtnlcs hm bn sfaufhmth tnkbn rhprhshmtn bcs tctnbhs ckshrvnlcs hm
    muhvh bcgnbflnlhs gcm gfhrtc tn`nþc pckbngfcmnb?

    Mÿ`hrc Mÿ`hrc lh
    lh mngf`fhmtcs
    gfaòhþns (x>55,555)
    (x>,555)
    >8.48 8.>5
    >:.8; 8.<;
    >6.55 8.:5
    >6.8; 8.:5
    ;>.8; 4.;>
    ;7.85 4.88
    ;8.65 4.15

    n) Lfkuoh hb lfnarn`n lh lfsphrsf÷m y ckthman hb gchdfgfhmth lh


    gcrrhbngf÷m. Gc`hmth bc quh ckshrvn

    <6

    LFNA[N@N LH LFWUH[WF×
    LFWUH[WF×M
    M
    :.55

    1.55
    s
    c
    t 4.55
    m
    h
    f
    `
    f 8.55
    g
    n
    M<.55
    h
    l
    c
    r
    7.55
    h
    `;.55
    ÿ
    M

    >.55
    5.55
    5.55 8.55 >5.55 >8.55 ;5.55 ;8.55 75.55
    Mÿ`hrc lh gfaòhþns

    GCHDFGFHM\H LH GC[[HBNGF×M? 5.6117>16:


    Hb gchdfgfhmth lh gcrrhbngf÷m hs lh rhsubtnlc pcsftfvc bc quh sfamfdfgn quh hs
    grhgfhmth.
    k) ³Hstn hvflhmgfn hs sudfgfhmth pnrn rhspnblnr bn dîkubn trnlfgfcmnb lh quh
    bns gfaòhþns trnhm n bcs mfþcs3
    Wh hvflhmgfn quh hxfsth umn duhrth rhbngf÷m hmtrh hb mÿ`hrc lh mngf`fhmtcs
    y hb mÿ`hrc lh gfaòhþns, rhspnblnmlc nsà hb guhmtc lh quh bns gfaòhþns
    gfaòhþn s trnhm
    n bcs mfþcs.
    g) ³Guîb vnrfnkbh sukynghmth pclràn hstnr hxpbfgnmlc bn rhbngf÷m lh
    n`kns3
    Bn vnrfnkbh sukynghmth duh fmthrprhtnln pcr hb `clhbc lh rharhsf÷m bfmhnb, y
    quh pcr gnln ;,8>7 gfaòhþns quh nmflnm, hxfsthm hm vnrfns gfulnlhs lh
    Hurcpn >4,155 gfaòhþns.

    < hohrgfgfc

    1. Whaÿm bnlhfmdcr`ngf÷m
    prcluggf÷m prcpcrgfcmnln
    pfhzns `htîbfgns, bn `hlfn lhpcr umn gnrtn
    bn bcmaftul lh x-[
    tnbhs sckrh
    pfhzns um prcghsc
    hs lh 8 g` ylh
    hb
    rnmac `hlfc hm tn`nþc lh `uhstrn m 0 8 hs 5.> rhsuhbvn bc sfaufhmth.
    n) Hstf`h bn lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr lhb prcghsc gcm ξ0 [/l;.
    Unrn m0 89 l;0 ;.7;4
    ξ0 5.>/;.7;4 0 5.5<;66 g`

    85

    K) Ckthman bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb pnrn umn gnrtn x-[ gcm m0 <, rhgcrlnmlc quh?
    ∟
    ξx0ξ/

    ξÑ0ξ∟

    Gunmlc m0 <, l; 0 ;.586


    ξ0 [/l; 0 5.>/;.586 0 5.5<:

    ξÑ 0 5.5<:/< 0 5.5>;

    BGW0  7
     7
    BGW0 8 + (7) (5.5>;) 0 8.574
    BGW0  7
     7
    BGF 8 (7)(5.5>;) <.64<
    G) Wf bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs fmdhrfcr y suphrfcr pnrn hstn pfhzn scm <.: y 8.;,
    rhsphgtfvn`hmth, gnbgubh bcs bà`fths rhnbhs c mnturnbhs y vhn sf bns pfhzns gu`pbhm gcm
    bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs.
    B[F 0 β -7χ

    B[F 0 8- (7)(5.5<:) 0 <.:


    B[W 0 β +7χ

    B[W0 8+ (7) (5.5<:) 0 8.><<


    Bns pfhzns gu`pbhm gcm bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs.
    L) Unrn gunmtfdfgnr bn gnpngflnl lhb prcghsc, gnbgubh bcs àmlfghs G(p), G(i) y G(p`).
    G(UI) 0 Y (β-HB/7 χ) (HW- β/7 χ) P 0 { >.88 , >.88 } lfgjc prcghsc hs nlhgunlc

    G(U) 0 HW-HB/4 χ 0 >.88


    H) ³Ucr quæ scm lfdhrhmths bcs bf`fths ckthmflcs gcm k y g3
    Ucrquh bcs bà`fths rhnbhs y bcs lh hsphgfdfgngf÷m mc sh supcmh quh shnm faunbhs.

    :) hb phsc flhnb
    gcmtrcbnr lh um
    tnb phsc prclumn
    prclugtc
    sh usn ugtcgntn
    hs lh
    lh;85 a, gcmZ-u
    gcmtrcb umnmnntcbhrnmgfn
    [, pnrtfr lh lh `îs sh
    bn gunb `hmcs >5, yn
    cktfhmh β 0pnrn
    ;87
    y χ 0 8 gcm hstcs lntcs gcmthsth bc sfaufhmth.

    n) ^uh sh bh gcmtrcbn nb phsc gcm bn gnrtn Z y quh gcm bn gnrtn [.


    Gcm bn gnrtn Z sh bn vnrfngf÷m hm bn `hlfln lh bcs sukarupcs, pnrn nsà lhthgtnr gn`kfcs hm bn
    `hlfn lhb prcghsc.
    Gcm bn gnrtn [ sh gcmtrcbn bn n`pbftul y c `namftul lh bn vnrfnkbh lhb prcghsc

    8>

    k) Gcmsflhrnmlc um tn`nþc lh sukgcmoumtc lh < y 6, ckthman bn bàmhn ghmtrnb y bcs


    bà`fths lh gcmtrcb pnrn bns gcrrhspcmlfhmths gnrtns Z.
    Bcs bà`fths lh hsphgfdfgngfcmhs scm ;85 ¾ >5
    Unrn <
    BGW 0 β +7 χ/ ∟ M 0 ;87 + (7) (8/;) 0 ;45
    BGF 0 β -7 χ/ ∟M 0 ;87 ‗ (7) (8/;) 0 ;<8

    Unrn 6

    BGW 0 β +7 χ/
    ∟ M 0 ;87 + (7) (8/6)0 ;8<.41
    BGW 0 β -7 χ/ ∟M 0 ;87 ‗ (7) (8/6) 0 ;8>.77
    Bn bàmhn ghmtrnb ghmtrnb β 0;87

    g) Wf usnmlc um tn`nþc lh sukgcmoumtc lh m0 <, sh cktfhmhm bns sfaufhmths `hlflns


    `uæstrnbhs lh `nmhrn sughsfvn ;<8, ;<:, ;<<, ;<7. Hb prcghsc hstî hm gcmtrcb hstnlàstfgc.
    Nrau`hmth.
    Mc puhstc quh sh snbh lh bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb.
    6) Hm rhbngf÷m gcm hb prckbh`n nmthrfcr.
    n) Ckthman bcs bà`fths mnturnbhs lhb prcghsc y lh nguhrlc gcm hstcs. Gu`pbhm bcs
    nrtàgubcs gcm bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs.
    B[F 0 β -7 χ 0 ;87 ‗ 7(8) 0 ;7:

    B[W 0 β +7 χ 0 ;87 + 7*8 0 ;4:

    k) Gnbgubh bcs àmlfghs Gp , Gpi y Gp` h fmthrpræthbcs.


    Gpi 0 Y (β-HB/7 χ) (HW- β/7 χ) P 0 { 5.:41 , 5.<41
    5.<4 1 } Hb prcghsc mc hs nlhgunlc
    nl hgunlc pnrn hb trnknoc.

    Gp 0 HW-HB/4 χ 0 5.44
    g) Wf tclns bns `hlflns hstîm lhmtrc lh bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs, ³qufhrh lhgfr quh hb prcghsc
    gu`pbh gcm bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs3 Hxpbfquh su rhspuhstn.
    Mc mhghsnrfn`hmth pcrquh pclràn gu`pbfr gcm bcs bà`fths lh hsphgfdfgngfcmhs, phrc mc gcmtrcb
    lh gcmtrcb y tnrlh c th`prnmc hb prcghsc gc`hmznrn n vnrfnr lhsprcpcrgfcmnln`hmth.
    l) Wf tclcs bcs prc`hlfcs gnhm lhmtrc lh bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb hm bn gnrtn ³Hsc qufhrh
    lhgfr quh sh gu`pbh gcm bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs3
    Wf gu`pbh gcm bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs hstnkbhgflns

    8;

    Arîdfgns lh gcmtrcb
    Hohrgfgfc >>
    Xmn dîkrfgn lh nutcpnrths jn thmflc prckbh`ns gcm bn lf`hmsf÷m lh gfhrtn knrrn lh nghrc hm
    hb `c`hmtc lh hmsn`kbnrbn, pcr bc quh sh lhgflh gcbhgtnr lntcs pnrn nmnbfznr hb prcghsc
    gcrrhspcmlfhmth. Bn bcmaftul lh bn knrrn hs lh >55 ``, gcm umn tcbhrnmgfn lh ¾ ; ``. Gnln
    lcs jcrns sh tc`nm gfmgc knrrns gcmshgutfvns y sh `flhm. Bcs lntcs ckthmflcs (hm ``) hm
    umn sh`nmn sh `uhstrnm hm bn tnkbn ><.6
    87

    n) Ckthman umn gnrtn Z h fmthrpræthbn

    Arîdfgc Z
    >57.85
    >57.55
    >5;.85
    >5;.55
    >5>.85
    >5>.55

    >55.85
    >55.55
    66.85
    66.55
    6:.85
    > ; 7 < 8 4 1 : 6 >5 >> >; >7 >< >8 >4 >1 >: >6 ;5 ;> ;;

    @hlfn x BGx BWx Bfx

    Fmthrprhtngf÷m
    Hm sf`pbh vfstn sh puhlh ckshrvnr quh bn `uhstrns hstîm `uy lfsphrsns yn quh, vnrfns
    `uhstrns hstîm duhrn lh bcs bf`fths lh gcmtrcb, hsc qufhrh lhgfr quh mc jny um gcmtrcb
    hstnlàstfgc lhb prcghsc.

    k) Fmthrprhth bcs bf`fths lh gcmtrcb y hstnkbhzgn bn lfdhrhmgfn gcmghptunb lh æstcs gcm


    bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs
    Bf`fths
    GN[\N Z
    BGWx0 Z + N;*[ BGWx0 >55.;6 + 5.>41* ;.::0 >55.14:4:4<
    BGFx0 Z ‗ N;*[ BGFx 0 >55.;6 ‗ 5,>41*;.::0 66.:51411;1
    BGx0 >55.;6
    GN[\N [
    BGWr0 L< * [ BGWr0 >.848 * ;.::0 <.85;67>:;
    BGFr0 L7 * [ BGFr 0 5.<78 * ;.::0 >.;8>4>74<

    8<

    Arîdfgc [
    8.5
    <.8
    <.5
    7.8
    7.5
    ;.8

    ;.5
    >.8
    >.5
    5.8
    > ; 7 < 8 4 1 : 6 >5 >> >; >7 >< >8 >4 >1 >: >6 ;5 ;> ;;

    [nmacs BGr BWr Bfr

    BGr0 ;.>74

    Nb ckthmhr bcs bf`fths lh gcmtrcb y gc`pnrîmlcbcs gcm bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs sh puhlh nprhgfnr
    quh bn lfdhrhmgfn hmtrh hstcs hs nbac mctcrfn, sh puhlh lhgfr quh hm hb gnsc lh bns
    hsphgfdfgngfcmhs bns `uhstrns sckrhpnsnm hb bà`fth lh bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs, pcr bc quh hb
    prcghsc mc sh hmguhmtrn knoc gcmtrcb.
    g) @hlfnmth bn gnrtn [ fmvhstfauh sf hb prcghsc hstuvc hm gcmtrcb hstnlàstfgc hm gunmtc
    n bn vnrfnkfbflnl
    N sf`pbh vfstn sh puhlh ckshrvnr quh bn vnrfnkfbflnl lhb prcghsc tn`pcgc hstî hm gcmtrcb
    hstnlàstfgc, yn quh umn lh bns `uhstrns hstî pcr duhrn lh bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb y bn
    vnrfnkfbflnl lh bns lh`îs tfhmhm thmlhmgfn jngfn bcs bf`fths suphrfcrhs h fmdhrfcrhs, bc quh
    qufhrh lhgfr quh hxfsth umn arnm lfsphrsf÷m y jny nbac quh hstî ahmhrnmlc nmc`nbàns.
    l) Hxpbfquh gcm sus pnbnkrns guîb hs bn lfdhrhmgfn hmtrh bc fmvhstfanlc hm n y g

    Hm hb pumtc
    trnvæs (n) sh fmvhstfan
    lhb nmîbfsfs bcs`fhmtrns
    lh bn `hlfn gn`kfcsquh
    hm hbhmprcghsc
    hb pumtcy (g)
    su hstnkfbflnl
    sh fmvhstfanlhbn`nmhrn cpcrtumn
    vnrfnkfbflnl lhb n
    prcghsc. Hm n`kcs gnscs bcs vnbcrhs
    v nbcrhs lhkhm quhlnr hmtrh bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb sfh`prh y
    gunmlc hb prcghsc mc thman gn`kfcs f`pcrtnmths.
    h) Unrn gcmtfmunr gcm hb usc lh bn gnrtn lh gcmtrcb ³^uæ bà`fths lh gcmtrcb prcpcmlràn3
    Lhkflc n quh hm bn gnrtn Z sh ckshrvnm vnbcrhs duhrn lh bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb, mc sh
    rhgc`fhmln utfbfznr n duturc hstcs bà`fths pnrn hstn gnrtn, hm su buanr sh prcpcmh fmvhstfanr

    88

    bns gnusns quh bcs crfafmnrcm y hxgbufr hstcs lntcs. Bcs bà`fths muhvcs prcpuhstcs scm
    >5>.46 y 6:.71.

    d) Nmnbfgh bn gnpngflnl lhb prcghsc. Unrn hbbc?


    d.> ckthman um jfstcarn`n h fmshrth tcbhrnmgfns

    Jfstcarn`n gcm \cbhrnmgfns


    <5 5.78

    78 d.; gnbgubh bcs àmlfghs G


    5.75
    75
    5.;8
    ;8
    5.;5
    ;5
    5.>8
    >8
    5.>5
    >5

    8 5.58

    5 5.55
    6:.>4 66.>7 >55.56 >5>.58 >5;.5> >5;.6: >57.6< >5<.65

    a) ³Guîbhs scm sus gcmgbusfcmhs ahmhrnbhs tnmtc hm bc rhdhrhmth n bn hstnkfbflnl lhb


    prcghsc gc`c n su gnpngflnl3
    Hm gcmgbusf÷m, sh puhlh lhgfr quh mc hxfsth um gcmtrcb hstnlàstfgc lhb prcghsc. Wh puhlh
    nprhgfnr quh mc jny hstnkfbflnl hm hb prcghsc, yn quh bn vnrfns lh bn `uhstrn sh hmguhmtrnm
    pcr duhrn lh bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb. Hb jfstcarn`n `uhstrn quh hb prcghsc mc hs gnpnz lh
    gu`pbfr gcm bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs.
    Hohrgfgfc >;
    Hm umn h`prhsn dnkrfgnmth lh gcrgjcbntns c tnpns `htîbfgns pnrn khkflns anshcsns,
    anshcsns , um nsphgtc
    f`pcrtnmth hs bn gnmtflnl lh UTG quh sh bbhvn gnln gcrgjcbntn, bn gunb lhthr`fmn hb hsphscr
    lh bn phbàgubn quh jngh quh bn khkfln quhlh kfhm ghrrnln. Hb phsc lh bcs arîmubcs lh UTG
    lhkh hstnr hmtrh ;>; y ;>: `a. Wf hb phsc hs `hmcr n ;>;, hmtcmghs, hmtrh ctrns gcsns, bn
    phbàgubn hs `uy lhbanln y hsc puhlh gnusnr dfans lh ans hm bn khkfln.
    k hkfln. Wf hb phsc
    p hsc hs `nycr
    `n ycr
    quh ;>: `a, hmtcmghs sh anstn `ugjc UTG y nu`hmtnm bcs gcstcs. Unrn nshaurnr quh sh
    gu`pbhm gcm bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs, sh usn crlfmnrfn`hmth umn gnrtn lh gcmtrcb? gnln 75
    `fmutcs sh tc`n umn `uhstrn lh guntrc arîmubcs gcmshgutfvcs lh UTG y sh phsnm. Hm bn tnkbn
    ><.>5 sh `uhstrnm bns ubtf`ns ;8 `hlfns y rnmacs ckthmflns lhb prcghsc.

    84
    n) Gnbgubh bcs bà`fths lh umn gnrtn Z- [ y ckthman bns gnrtns
    GN[\N Z
    BGWx0 Z + N;*[ BGWx0 ;>7.644 + 5.>87* ;.>740 ;><.;6;<5:
    BGFx0 Z ‗ N;*[ BGFx 0 ;>7.644 ‗ 5.>87*;.>740 ;>7.47:16;
    BGx0 ;>7.644

    GN[\N [
    BGWr0 L< * [ BGWr0 >.8<> * ;.>740 7.;6>814
    BGFr0 L7 * [ BGFr 0 5.<86 * ;.>740 5.6:5<;<
    BGr0 ;.>74
    Arîdfgc Z
    ;><.:

    ;><.4

    ;><.<

    ;><.;

    ;><

    ;>7.:

    ;>7.4

    ;>7.<

    ;>7.;

    ;>7
    > ; 7 < 8 4 1 : 6 >5 >> >; >7 >< >8 >4 >1 >: >6 ;5 ;> ;; ;7 ;< ;8

    @HLFN BGx BWx Bfx


    81

    Arîdfgc [
    <

    7.8

    ;.8

    >.8

    >
    5.8

    5
    > ; 7 < 8 4 1 : 6 >5 >> >; >7 >< >8 >4 >1 >: >6 ;5 ;> ;; ;7 ;< ;8

    [NMAC Bgr BWr Bfr

    k) Fmthrprhth bns gnrtns (pumtcs duhrn, thmlhmgfns, gfgbcs, htgæthrn).

    N sf`pbh vfstn sh puhlh ckshrvnr quh hb pumtc >; y >7 sh hmguhmtrnm duhrn lhb bcs bf`fths
    suphrfcr h fmdhrfcr, `fhmtrns quh hb pumtc >8, >1 ;5 y ;8 tfhmhm thmlhmgfn jngfn bh bf`fth
    fmdhrfcr. Bcs pumtcs <, 4, :, >5, >>, >4 y ;> sh hmguhmtrnm `îs ghrgnmcs n bn `hlfn y bcs
    pumtcs >< y ;< tfhmhm thmlhmgfn jngfn hb bà`fth suphrfcr.

    g) ³Hb prcghsc `uhstrn umn hstnkfbflnl c hstnlc lhb gcmtrcb hstnlàstfgc rnzcmnkbh3
    Mc, yn quh bns `uhstrn tfhmh umn arnm lfsphrsf÷m y nbaumns lh hbbns sh hmguhmtrnm pcr duhrn
    lh bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb, bc quh qufhrh lhgfr quh mc hxfsth um gcmtrcb hstnlàstfgc lhb
    prcghsc. Wfm h`knrac, tclns bns `uhstrns gu`pbhm gcm bns hsphgfdfgngfcmhs lhb prcghsc.
    Hohrgfgfc >7
    Hm rhbngf÷m gcm hb hohrgfgfc >;, nmnbfgh bn gnpngflnl lhb prcghsc, pnrn hbbc?
    n) Hstf`h bn lhsvfngf÷m hstîmlnr lhb prcghsc

     0  0..64 0 5.8<77


    8:

    k) Gnbgubh bcs bf`fths rhnbhs lhb prcghsc h fmthrpræthbcs


    B[W 0 β +7χ

    B[W 0 β - 7χ

    B[W0 ;>7.644 + 7 (5.8<77) 0;>8.8686 B[W0 ;>7.644 ‗ 7 (5.8<77) 0;>;.774>

    g) Gnbgubh àmlfghs Gp, Gpi, Gp` ,

    Gp0 ∛
    4 Gp0 4(.
    ∛
    8)
    Gp >.:<
    GUs 0
    ∛  GUs 0 ;.<185
    

    GUf0
    ∛ GUf0 >.;54;
    

    Gpi0 @fm (GUs, GUf) 0 >.;54;

    Gp` 0 
    ∛
    )+(.644∛)
    (.8)
    Gp`0 4.48

    86

    >:. Hm um prcghsc quà`fgc sh `flh su rhmlf`fhmtc bcarnlc hm gnln bcth. Urcghsnr um bcth fmgbuyhmlc
    tclns sus htnpns bbhvn ngtunb`hmth, hm prc`hlfc, >7 jcrns. Wh lhgflh f`pbh`hmtnr umn gnrtn lh gcmtrcb
    pnrn hb tfh`pc lh prcghsc y ctrn pnrn hb rhmlf`fhmtc.
    rhmlf`fhmtc.
    n) ³Unrn quæ shràn ÿtfb umn gnrtn lh gcmtrcb hm hstcs gnscs3
    Xmn gnrtn lh gcmtrcb shràn ÿtfb hm hstcs gnscs pnrn nmnbfznr bn vnrfnkfbflnl y hb
    gc`pcrtn`fhmtc lhb prcghsc n bnrac pbnzc.
    k) ³Hsphgàdfgn`hmth quæ gnrtn lh gcmtrcb hs bn nprcpfnln pnrn hstns vnrfnkbhs3
    Unrn um prcluggf÷m lh phrfclcs `uy bnracs c bhmtcs hs nprcpfnlc usnr umn gnrtn lh
    gcmtrcbhs fmlfvflunbhs.
    g) Wf hb tfh`pc lh prcghsc lh um bcth hs `nycr quh >7 jcrns, ³hsc qufhrh lhgfr quh nbaufhm jfzc
    bns gcsns `uy bhmtn`hmth3
    Wà, puhlh shr lhkflc n um cphrnrfc muhvc, dnbtn lh suphrvfsf÷m h fmgbusc prckbh`ns lh
    `nthrfnbhs c hqufpcs quh sh utfbfznm hm hb prcghsc.
    l) ³G÷`c lhthgtnràn sf hb tfh`pc lh prcghsc jn knonlc c sukflc3
    [hgcpfbnmlc fmdcr`ngf÷m lh `hlfgf÷m pcr phrfclcs, arndfgnmlc um lfnarn`n fmlfvflunb
    pnrn tfh`pc y nmnbfznmlc s hs quh sh hmguhmtrn lhmtrc lh bcs bf`fths lh tfh`pc c sf tfhmhm
    pumtcs hsphgfnbhs quh fmlfgnrànm sf hb th`pc lhb prcghsc lh jn hxghlflc c lfs`fmuflc.
    h) ³Hxpbfquh lh `nmhrn ahmhrnb bc quh sh thmlràn quh jnghr pnrn hstnkbhghr bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb
    pnrn hb tfh`pc y pnrn hb rhmlf`fhmtc3
    rhmlf`fhmtc3
    [hgcpfbnr lntcs y hxn`fmnr lfnarn`ns fmlfvflunbhs lh tfh`pc y rhmlf`fhmtc, nmnbfznr
    bcs pumtcs gc`umhs y hsphgfnbhs h flhmtfdfgnr lh l÷mlh prcvfhmhm pnrn hbf`fmnrbcs c
    `hocrnrbcs.

    45

    >6. Bn purhzn lh um prcghsc quà`fgc sh `flh pnrn gnln


    g nln bcth, y bcs lntcs ckthmflcs sh rhafstrnm hm umn
    gnrtn lh fmlfvflunbhs. Ngtunb`hmth sh tfhmh quh bà`fths lh gcmtrcb pnrn lfgjn gnrtn scm bcs sfaufhmths?
    BGW05.6;
    Bàmhn ghmtrnb05.:4
    BGF05.:5
    n) Knoc hb supuhstc lh quh hb prcghsc hstî hm gcmtrcb hstnlàstfgc, hxpbfquh
    hxpbfquh lh `nmhrn shmgfbbn hb
    sfamfdfgnlc prîgtfgc lh hstcs bà`fths.
    Uhr`fthm vhr lh umn `nmhrn shpnrnln bcs prcghsc, pcr bc gunb sh lhkhrî npbfgnr lh
    muhvc bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb lhspuæs
    l hspuæs lh hbf`fmnr bcs dngtcrhs mhantfvcs.
    k) Wf bn purhzn
    5.:>, lh bcsarndàquhbcs
    5.:7 y 5.:;, ÿbtf`cs >5hmbcths
    bcth
    bnsgnrtn
    hs bnysfaufhmth? 5.65,
    hxpbfquh bc quh5.:8, 5.:7,hm
    jn pnsnlc 5.:;, 5.:<, 5.:<, 5.:8,
    hb prcghsc.
    Nb ckshrvnr bns arîdfgns fmlfvflunbhs sh puhlh ckshrvnr quh hm hb vnbcr 5.6 gnusn um
    lhsphrdhgtc hm hb prcghsc y lhkh shr gn`kfnln pnrn nbgnmznr umn purhzn hm tclns bns
    pnrths lhb prcghsc.
    g) Wh suafhrh quh hb bà`fth lh gcmtrcb fmdhrfcr shn faunb n 5.:<, yn quh sh tfhmh bn hxfahmgfn pcr
    pnrth lh bn nl`fmfs
    nl`fmfstrngf÷m
    trngf÷m lh quh hsn shn bn purhzn `àm
    `àmf`n
    f`n tcbhrnkbh lhb prcghsc. ³Hs gcrrhgt
    gcrrhgtnn
    hstn suahrhmgfn3
    Mc, yn quh hsh bà`fth sh hmguhmtrn hm um `c`hmtc gc`prc`htflc pcrquh hb
    prcghsc kusgn bn hstnkfbflnl y mc lhshmvcbvhrsh hm um îrhn quh bc bbhauh n phroulfgnr.

    4>

    ;5. Hm umn h`prhsn, bcs anstcs pcr gcmsu`c lh naun scm gcmsflhrnkbh`hmth nbtcs, pcr bc quh sh lhgflh
    hstnkbhghr umn gnrtn lh fmlfvflunbhs gcm hb prcp÷sftc lh lhthgtnr nmcr`nbflnlhs y kusgnr rhlugfr hb
    gcmsu`c. Wh tc`nrî bn bhgturn nb `hlflcr lh naun tclcs bcs bumhs pnrn gunmtfdfgnr hb gcmsu`c lh bn

    sh`nmn nmthrfcr. Bcs lntcs (hm ) ckthmflcs hm ;5 sh`nmns sh `uhstrn hm bn tnkbn sfaufhmth?

    WH@NMN GCMWX@C
    > 84;
    ; 811
    7 874
    < 874
    8 485
    4 8;8
    1 877
    : 846
    6 847
    >5 887
    >> 8<6
    >; <:5
    >7 881
    >< 888
    >8 8>:
    >4 881

    >1
    >: 887
    8<5
    >6 8>1
    ;5 81>

    n) ³Ucr quæ mc hs nprcpfnlc nmnbfznr hstcs ln`cs `hlfnmth umn gnrtn ̈   3


    Ucrquh sh lfspcmh lh pcgns `uhstrns, hm hsth gnsc jngh lfdàgfb ckthmhr ctrn `hlfgf÷m lh
    gcmsu`c lh naun, hs lhgfr, hm gnln sh`nmn s÷bc sh lfspcmh lh um lntc, pcr bc tnmtc bns
    gnrtns `îs rhgc`hmlnkbhs scm bn gnrtn lh fmlfvflunbhs y bn gnrtn lh rnmacs `÷vfbhs.
    k) @hlfnmth umn gnrtn pnrn fmlfvflunbhs y umn gnrtn lh rnmacs `÷vfbhs, fmvhstfauh s hb gcmsu`c
    lh naun hstuvc hm gcmtrcb hstnlàstfgc.

    WH@NMN GCMWX@C [@ Z-FMLFTFLXNB


    BWG BG BFG [NMAC
    BWG @×TFB
    BG BFG
    > 84; 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    ; 811 >8 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    7 874 <> 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    < 874 5 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    8 485 >>< 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    4 8;8 >;8 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    1 877 : 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55

    4;

    : 846 74 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55


    6 847 4 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    >5 887 >5 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    >> 8<6 < 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    >; <:5 46 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    >7 881 11 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    >< 888 ; 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    >8 8>: 71 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    >4 881 76 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    >1 887 < 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    >: 8<5 >7 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    >6 8>1 ;7 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    ;5 81> 8< 44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55
    Hb gcmsu`c lh naun mc sh hmguhmtrn knoc gcmtrcb hstnlàstfgc, hm bcs arîdfgcs sh puhlh
    ckshrvnr quh bn vnrfngf÷m sh lhkh pcr gnusns lh bn `nbn cphrngf÷m.
    g) Hxpbfquh lh `nmhrn gbnrn bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb quh ckthman.

    Hb prc`hlfc lh bcs gcmsu`cs duh lh 885.58  y bc mcr`nb shràn quh vnrfnrn hmtrh
    <88.;6  y 4<<.:>  .
     
    l) Ckthman bcs bà`fths mnturnbhs lhb prcghsc.

    Z-FMLFTFLXNB [NMAC @×TFB


    BWG BG BFG BWG BG BFG
    44<.:> 885.58 <88.;6 >>4.<> 78.47 5.55

    h) ³^uæ bà`fths lh gcmtrcb usnràn pnrn nmnbfznr


    n mnbfznr lntcs duturcs `hlfnmth n`kns gnrtns3

    47

    Xtfbfznràn bcs lntcs x-fmlfvflunb, yn quh hstcs mcs hmtrhanm bn fmdcr`ngf÷m lhb gcmsu`c
    lh naun rhnb ckthmflc lurnmth bn sh`nmn.
    d) Gcm knsh hm hsth hstulfc fmfgfnb, bn nl`fmfstrngf÷m lhgflh f`pubsnr um prcarn`n lh njcrrc lh
    naun, pnrn bc gunb dcr`n um hqufpc rhspcmsnkbh. Hsth hqufpc, sfaufhmlc
    sfaufhmlc hb gfgbc UJTN rhnbfzn
    umn shrfh lh `clfdfgngfcmhs. Hb gcmsu`c lh naun hm bns sfaufhmths guntrc sh`nmns n bns
    `clfdfgngfcmhs hs bn sfaufhmth? 8>5, <45, <;5, 858. ³Hxfsth hvflhmgfn lh quh bns
    `clfdfgngfcmhs lfhrcm rhsubtnlc3 Nrau`hmth gcm knsh hm bn gnrtn lh gcmtrcb quh cktuvc nmths.
    Nb gc`pnrnr hb gcmsu`c lh naun lurnmth bns pr÷xf`ns sh`nmns gcm bns nmthrfcrhs, sh
    ckshrvn quh mc ln rhsubtnlc bcarnr ckthmhr hb gcmsu`c lh naun knoc gcmtrcb hstnlàstfgc,
    yn quh hxfsthm lntcs quh hstîm knoc hb bf`fth fmdhrfcr lh gcmsu`c x-fmlfvflunb.

    4<

    ;>. Hm umn h`prhsn lh rhafstrnr hb gcmsu`c lh hmhraàn hbægtrfgn pcr sh`nmn, gcm hb prcp÷sftc lh
    gcmcghr bn vnrfnkfbflnl, lhthgtnr nmcr`nbflnlhs y, hm bc duturc,
    d uturc, pclhr hvnbunr hb f`pngtc lh um
    prcarn`n lh njcrrc lh hmhraàn. Bcs lntcs
    lntcs lh ;; sh`nmns sh `uhstrnm hm bn tnkbn
    tnkbn ><.8.
    IQ *
    WH@NMN JC[N [NMAC
    > 8.6;
    ; 4.17 5.:>
    7 1.;6 5.84
    < 8.4< >.48
    8 4.< 5.14

    14 4.58
    4.<1 5.78
    5.<;
    : :.: ;.77
    6 8.:: ;.6;
    >5 4.:: >
    >> 8.:1 >.5>
    >; 8.; 5.41
    >7 4.76 >.>6
    >< 4.;> 5.>:
    >8 8.:8 5.74
    >4 4.8 5.48
    >1 8.1 5.:
    >: 1.>1 >.<1
    >6 4.7; 5.:8
    ;5 <.4; >.1
    ;> 4.>1 >.88
    ;; 8.<> 5.14

    n) @hlfnmth bn gnrtn nprcpfnln, fmvhstfauh sf hm nbaumns sh`nmns sh prhshmt÷ nbaÿm gcmsu`c


    nmcr`nb (arnmlh c phquhþc)
    [0Mfmaÿm gcmsu`c nmcr`nb

    GN[\N LH FMLFTFLXNBHW
    IQ * @HLFN BF@F\H BF@F\H
    WH@NMN JC[N LN\CW WXUH[FC[ FMDH[FC[
    > 8.6; 4.;<:47474< 66.57786511>
    .57786511> 7.<474:>684
    ; 4.17 4.;<:47474< 66.57786511>
    .57786511> 7.<474:>684
    7 1.;6 4.;<:47474< 66.57786511>
    .57786511> 7.<474:>684
    < 8.4< 4.;<:47474< 66.57786511>
    .57786511> 7.<474:>684
    8 4.<5 4.;<:47474< 66.57786511>
    .57786511> 7.<474:>684
    4 4.58 4.;<:47474< 66.57786511>
    .57786511> 7.<474:>684
    1 4.<1 4.;<:47474< 66.57786511>
    .57786511> 7.<474:>684

    48

    : :.:5 4.;<:47474< 66.57786511>


    .57786511> 7.<474:>684
    6 8.:: 4.;<:47474< 66.57786511>
    .57786511> 7.<474:>684
    >5 4.:: 4.;<:47474< 6.57786511> 7.<474:>684
    >> 8.:1 4.;<:47474< 6.57786511> 7.<474:>684
    >; 8.;5 4.;<:47474< 6.57786511> 7.<474:>684
    >7 4.76 4.;<:47474< 6.57786511> 7.<474:>684
    >< 4.;> 4.;<:47474< 6.57786511> 7.<474:>684
    >8 8.:8 4.;<:47474< 6.57786511> 7.<474:>684
    >4 4.85 4.;<:47474< 6.57786511> 7.<474:>684
    >1 8.15 4.;<:47474< 6.57786511> 7.<474:>684
    >: 1.>1 4.;<:47474< 6.57786511> 7.<474:>684
    >6 4.7; 4.;<:47474< 6.57786511> 7.<474:>684
    ;5 <.4; 4.;<:47474< 6.57786511> 7.<474:>684
    ;> 4.>1 4.;<:47474< 6.57786511> 7.<474:>684
    ;; 8.<> 4.;<:47474< 6.57786511> 7.<474:>684

    GN[\N LH FMLFTFLXNBHW
    >5.55

    :.55

    4.55
    <.55

    ;.55

    5.55
    > ; 7 < 8 4 1 : 6 >5 >> >; >7 >< >8 >4 >1 >: >6 ;5 ;> ;;

    IQ * JC[N BF@F\H WXUH[FC[


    BF@F\H FMDH[FC[ @HLFN LN\CW

    GN[\N LH [NMACW @CTFBHW


    @HLFN BF@F\H BF@F\H
    WH@NMN [NMAC [NMAC WXUH[FC[ FMDH[FC[
    > >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    ; 5.:> >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    7 5.84 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    < >.48 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    8 5.14 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    4 5.78 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    1 5.<; >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    : ;.77 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5

    44

    6 ;.6; >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5


    >5 >.55 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    >> >.5> >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    >; 5.41 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    >7 >.>6 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    >< 5.>: >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    >8 5.74 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    >4 5.48 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    >1 5.:5 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    >: >.<1 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    >6 5.:8 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    ;5 >.15 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    ;> >.88 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5
    ;; 5.14 >.58 7.<;>5>81>< 5

    GN[\N LH [NMACW @CTFBHW


    <.55
    7.85
    7.55
    ;.85

    ;.55
    >.85
    >.55
    5.85
    5.55
    > ; 7 < 8 4 1 : 6 >5 >> >; >7 >< >8 >4 >1 >: >6 ;5 ;> ;;

    [NMAC @HLFN [NMAC BF@F\H WXUH[FC[ BF@F\H FMDH[FC[

    k) Nbaufhm hm bn h`prhsn ndfr`n quh hm bn sh`nmn : sh gcmsu`f÷ lh`nsfnln hmhraàn ³guîb


    shràn su pcsfgf÷m nb rhsphgtc3
    [0 Wf duh hb làn quh jukc `nycr gcmsu`c lh hmhraàn phrc nÿm sh hmguhmtrn lhmtrc lh bcs

    bà`fths hstnkbhgflcs,
    g) ³Ucrquh y pnrn quæ shshràn
    usnmgcmvhmfhmth fmvhstfanr bc quh cgnsfcmc hsth rhsubtnlc,
    bcs rnmacs `÷vfbhs3
    [0 Unrn `cmftcrhnr bn vnrfngf÷m lhb prcghsc gunmlc thman lntcs gcmtfmucs quh shnm
    ckshrvngfcmhs fmlfvflunbhs
    fmlfvflunbhs quh mc hstîm hhmm sukarupcs y vhrfdfgnr bn hstnkfbflnl lhb prcghsc
    l) ³^uæ bà`fths lh gcmtrcb usnràn pnrn nmnbfznr
    n mnbfznr lntcs duturcs3
    [0 BW 6.577 BF 7.<47
    h) ³G÷`c hxpbfgnràn hstcs bà`fths3
    ^uh bcs lntcs rhgcbhgtnlcs sckrh bn hmhraàn hbægtrfgn gcmsu`fln lhkhm lh gnhs hmtrh 7.<47
    iw*jcrn jnstn 6.577 iw¼jcrn

    41

    ;<. Hm hb lhpnrtn`hmtc lh sfsth`ns sh bbhvn um rhafstrc lhb tfh`pc lh rhspuhstn n scbfgftulhs lh


    shrvfgfc lh gbfhmths fmthrmcs. Bcs ÿbtf`cs lntcs hm jcrns y hm hb crlhm lh cgurrhmgfn sh `uhstrnm n
    gcmtfmungf÷m (hb crlhm hs pcr rhaf÷m)
    n) ³Hs nprcpfnlc nmnbfznr hstcs lntcs `hlfnmth umn gnrtn lh fmlfvflunbhs3
    [0 Hs pcsfkbh `îs gcmsflhrc quh hb tfh`pc lh scbugf÷m lh um prckbh`n lhphmlh lh bn
    gc`pbhoflnl lhb `fs`c, pcr bc tnmtc mc sh `h jngh nprcpfnlc.
    k) Cranmfgh bcs lntcs hm gcbu`mn y ckthman bn gcbu`mn lh rnmacs `÷vfbhs lh crlhm lcs

    WCBFGF\XL @FMX\CW [NMAC


    > 76
    ; 78 <
    7 <6 ><
    < 6; <7
    8 <> 8>
    4 81 >4
    1 7: >6
    : 71 >
    6 77 <
    >5 77 5
    >> << >>
    >; 7< >5
    >7 >>6 :8

    >< 71 :;
    >8 7< 7
    >4 7; ;
    >1 7< ;
    >: ;7 >>
    >6 64 17
    ;5 <7 87
    ;> 74 1
    ;; 7; <
    ;7 78 7
    ;< <; 1
    ;8 <; 5
    ;4 7< :
    ;1 :4 8;
    ;: ;1 86
    ;6 <; >8
    75 >>1 18
    7> 77 :<
    7; 76 4
    77 <7 <

    4:

    7< 71 4
    78 1: <>
    74 <; 74
    71 71 8
    7: 71 5
    76 77 <
    <5 64 47
    <> ;4 15
    <; 71 >>
    <7 ;6 :
    << 7; 7
    <8 7: 4
    <4 6: 45
    <1 76 86
    <: <7 <
    <6 >;4 :7
    85 :1 76
    8> <4 <>
    8; 7> >8
    87 >56 1:
    8< 71 1;
    88 <5 7
    84 71 7
    81 ;: 6
    8: 8; ;<
    86 >;; 15
    45 <5 :;
    4> ;6 >>
    4; 77 <
    47 78 ;
    4< 1> 74
    48 4; 6
    g) Ckthman bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb pnrn umn gnrtn lh gcmtrcb lh fmlfvflunbhs h fmthrpræthbcs
    [0 Hs um prcghsc gcm `ugjn vnrfngf÷m phrc usunb`hmth bcs lntcs hstîm hmtrh ;5 y45 phrc
    hxfsthm scbfgftulhs quh fmgbusc sckrhpnsnm hb bà`fth lh tfh`pc gc`c bn <6

    GN[\N LH FMLFTFLXNBHW
    @HLFN BF@F\H BF@F\H
    WCBFGF\XL @FMX\CW LN\CW WXUH[FC[ FMDH[FC[
    > 76 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    ; 78 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    7 <6 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    < 6; <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    46

    8 <> <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;


    4 81 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    1 7: <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    : 71 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    6 77 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    >5 77 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    >> << <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    >; 7< <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    >7 >>6 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    >< 71 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    >8 7< <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    >4 7; <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    >1 7< <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    >: ;7 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    >6 64 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    ;5 <7 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    ;> 74 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    ;; 7; <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    ;7 78 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    ;< <; <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    ;8 <; <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;

    ;4
    ;1 7<
    :4 <6.6;75146;
    <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<>
    >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    -;7.<;7555;
    ;: ;1 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    ;6 <; <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    75 >>1 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    7> 77 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    7; 76 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    77 <7 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    7< 71 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    78 1: <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    74 <; <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    71 71 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    7: 71 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    76 77 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    <5 64 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    <> ;4 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    <; 71 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    <7 ;6 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    << 7; <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    <8 7: <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;

    15

    <4 6: <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;


    <1 76 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    <: <7 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    <6 >;4 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    85 :1 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    8> <4 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    8; 7> <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    87 >56 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    8< 71 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    88 <5 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    84 71 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    81 ;: <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    8: 8; <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    86 >;; <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    45 <5 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    4> ;6 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    4; 77 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    47 78 <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    4< 1> <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;
    48 4; <6.6;75146; >;7.;46>8<> -;7.<;7555;

    GN[\N LH FMLFTFLXNBHW \FH@UC LH [HWUXHW\N


    N WCBFGF\XLHW HM JC[NW N GBFHM\HW FM\H[MCW
    ><5
    >;5
    >55
    :5
    45
    <5
    ;5
    5
    -;5 > 7 8 1 6 >>>7
    >>7>8>
    >8>1>
    1>6;>
    6;>;7
    ;7;8;
    ;8;1;6
    1;67>
    7>777
    777871
    87176<
    76<><
    ><7<8
    7<8<1<
    <1<68
    68>87
    >87888
    88818
    1864>
    64>474
    4748
    8
    -<5

    @FMX\CW @HLFN LN\CW BF@F\H WXUH[FC[ BF@F\H FMDH[FC[

    l) Ckthman bn gnrtn lh gcmtrcb h fmthrpræthbn


    [0 Hs um prcghsc gcm nbtn vnrfnkfbflnl

    1>

    GN[\N LH [NMACW @CTFBHW \FH@UC LH


    [HWUXHW\N N WCBFGF\XLHW HM JC[NW N GBFHM\HW
    FM\H[MCW
    >55

    :5

    45

    <5

    ;5

    5
    > 7 8 1 6 >>
    >>>7>
    >7>8>
    8>1>6
    1>6;>;
    ;>;7;
    7;8;1
    8;1;67
    ;67>7
    >7778
    778717
    7176<
    6<><7
    ><7<8<
    <8<1<6
    1<68>
    8>878
    878881
    88186
    864>4
    4>4748
    748
    [NMAC @HLFN [NMAC BF@F\H WXUH[FC[ BF@F\H FMDH[FC[

    h) ³Hb tfh`pc lh rhspuhstn hs hstnkbh3


    [0 Mc
    d) Arndfquh bcs lntcs hm um jfstcarn`n

    JFW\CA[N@N LH \FH@UC LH [HWUXHW\N


    [HWUXHW\N N
    WCBFGF\XLHW HM JC[NW N GBFHM\HW FM\H[MCW
    78

    75 7;
    ;8
    ;5
    >8
    >5
    >>
    8
    4 ; > ; ; < > ; ;
    5

    a) Ckshrvh gc`c sh nprhgfn hm hb jfstcarn`n bc hsphgfnb phrgfkflc hm bn gnrtn


    [0@îs lh bn `ftnl lh bns scbfgftulhs sh rhsuhbvhm hm 85 `fmutcs c `hmcs

    1;

    ;8. Gcm hb prcp÷sftc lh hvnbunr hb `nmthmf`fhmtc lh umn h`prhsn, sh bbhvn n gnkc um rhafstrc lh bns
    jcrns gnàlns pcr sh`nmn lh trhs bàmhns lh prcluggf÷m. Bcs lntcs sh `uhstrnm hm bn tnkbn ><.>4. Wh
    lhgflh nmnbfznr hstcs lntcs `hlfnmth umn gnrtn lh gcmtrcb lh fmlfvflunbhs
    n) ³^uæ vhmtnons sh ckthmlrànm nb nmnbfznr hstcs lntcs `hlfnmth tnb gnrtn3
    [0 Wh puhlh ckshrvnr bn vnrfnkfbflnl pcr bàmhn lh prcluggf÷m
    k) Gnbgubh bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb pnrn gnln bàmhn lh prcluggf÷m h fmthrpræthbcs
    BÀMHN > BW 6.86 Bn bàmhn lh prcluggf÷m > sh gnh
    BF <.>4 hmtrh <.>4 y 6.86 jcrns
    BÀMHN ; BW >5.;8 Bn bàmhn lh prcluggf÷m ; sh gnh
    BF <.>8 hmtrh <.>8 y >5.;8 jcrns
    BÀMHN 7 BW 6.7: Bn bàmhn lh prcluggf÷m 7 sh gnh
    BF <.>4 hmtrh <.>4 y 6.7: jcrns
    g) Ckthman bn gnrtn pnrn gnln gnsc h fmthrpræthbcs
    BFMHN >
    >;.5

    >5.5

    :.5

    4.5

    <.5

    ;.5

    5.5
    > ; 7 < 8 4 1 : 6 >5 >>
    > > >;
    > ; >7
    > 7 ><
    > < >8
    > 8 >4
    > 4 >1
    > 1 >:
    > : >6
    > 6 ;5
    ; 5 ;>
    ; > ;;
    ; ; ;7
    ; 7 ;<
    ; < ;8
    ;8

    BFMHN > @HLFN LN\CW BF@F\H WXUH[FC[ BF@F\H FMDH[FC[

    BFMHN ;
    >;.5

    >5.5

    :.5

    4.5

    <.5

    ;.5

    5.5
    > ; 7 < 8 4 1 : 6 >5 >>
    > > >;
    > ; >7
    > 7 ><
    > < >8
    > 8 >4
    > 4 >1
    > 1 >:
    > : >6
    > 6 ;5
    ; 5 ;>
    ; > ;;
    ; ; ;7
    ; 7 ;<
    ; < ;8
    ;8

    BFMHN ; @HLFN LN\CW BF@F\H WXUH[FC[ BF@F\H FMDH[FC[

    17

    BFMHN 7
    >5.5
    6.5
    :.5
    1.5
    4.5
    8.5
    <.5
    7.5
    ;.5
    >.5
    5.5
    > ; 7 < 8 4 1 : 6 >5 >>
    > > >;
    > ; >7
    > 7 ><
    > < >8
    > 8 >4
    > 4 >1
    > 1 >:
    > : >6
    > 6 ;5
    ; 5 ;>
    ; > ;;
    ; ; ;7
    ; 7 ;<
    ; < ;8
    ;8

    BFMHN 7 @HLFN LN\CW BF@F\H WXUH[FC[ BF@F\H FMDH[FC[

    l) ³Jny nbaumn lfdhrhmgfn hmtrh bns trhs bàmhns3


    Wcm knstnmth sf`fbnrhs fmgbusc hm bcs bà`fths, bns trhs gnh hm bcs bà`fths `nrgnlcs
    h) ³Jny nbaÿm jhgjc hsphgfnb y rhbhvnmth3
    Bn bàmhn trhs prhshmtn umn lfs`fmugf÷m gcmstnmth hm bns jcrns gnàlns.

    75. Hm um prcghsc quh sh gcmtrcbn


    g cmtrcbn gcm umn gnrtn p, guycs bà`fths scm

    BGW0 5.>7
    Bfmhn ghmtrnb 0 5.5:
    BGF 0 5.57
    n) Ckthman bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb lh bn gnrtn p sf sh usn um tn`nþc lh `uhstrn lh :5.
    [hguhrlh quh bn bàmhn ghmtrnb lh gunbqufhr gnrtn p hs faunb n ~p

    BGW0   7(∛
    ∛))
     5.5:7.((∛.
    
    )) 0 5.>1>5
    Bfmhn ghmtrnb 0~p ~p0 5.5:

    BGF 0
    (∛
    ∛)) .((∛.)) 0 5.5>>5
      7  5.5:7 
    5.5:7
    k) ³Gcm quh tn`nþc lh `uhstrn hb bà`fth fmdhrfcr lh bn gnrtn p gcmtfmunrn sfhmlc `nycr
    quh ghrc3

    BGF0   7(∛
    ∛))

    Lh bn hgungf÷m sh lhsphon hb vnbcr lh m y sh cktfhmh

    1<

    (>  )
     0 (
    )
    7 )
    Hmtcmghs, pnrn BGF `nycr c faunb n ghrc, thmh`cs quh?

     0 .(.((∛. ))
    ) 0 >5<
    )

    Ucr bc quh sh gcmgbuyh quh pnrn `uhstrns faunbhs c `nycrhs quh >5<, hb bà`fth fmdhrfcr lh bn gnrtn p
    gcmtfmunràn sfhmlc `nycr n 5

    7>. Hm um prcghsc sh hbnkcrn pcr bcths lh tn`nþc 855, hm bn fmsphggf÷m dfmnb lh bcs ÿbtf`cs 75
    bcths sh cktuvc bn sfaufhmth gnmtflnl lh nrtàgubcs lhdhgtucscs (bcs lntcs hstîm hm crlhm
    jcrfzcmtnb)

    >> >; >8 >1 >> >5 >7 ;8


    >1 >7 >> >; >1 : >; >>
    ;5 >8 >; >1 >: >< >5 :
    >5 4 1 8 6 4

    n) Gnbgubh bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb pnrn umn gnrtn p


    @uhstrn c bcth \n`nþc lh bcth m Nrtàgubcs lhdhgtucscs l> Urcpcrgf÷m
    > 855 >> 5.5;;
    ; 855 >; 5.5;<
    7 855 >8 5.57
    < 855 >1 5.57<
    8 855 >> 5.5;;
    4 855 >5 5.5;
    1 855 >7 5.5;4
    : 855 ;8 5.58
    6 855 >1 5.57<
    >5 855 >7 5.5;4
    >> 855 >> 5.5;;
    >; 855 >; 5.5;<
    >7 855 >1 5.57<
    >< 855 : 5.5>4
    >8 855 >; 5.5;<
    >4 855 >> 5.5;;
    >1 855 ;5 5.5<
    >: 855 >8 5.57

    18

    >6 855 >; 5.5;<


    ;5 855 >1 5.57<
    ;> 855 >: 5.574
    ;; 855 >< 5.5;:
    ;7 855 >5 5.5;
    ;< 855 : 5.5>4
    ;8 855 >5 5.5;
    ;4 855 4 5.5>;
    ;1 855 1 5.5><
    ;: 855 8 5.5>

    ;6
    75 855
    855 64 5.5>:
    5.5>;
    >8555 71; 5.5;<:
    Wh gnbgubn hb tn`nþc lh bn `uhstrn prc`hlfc ~p. lh bn tnkbn sh cktfhmh hb mÿ`hrc lh pfhzns
    fmsphggfcmnlcs quh duh lh >8,555 y lh hstns 71; sh gcmsflhrnrcm lhdhgtucsns, pcr bc quh bn prcpcrgf÷m
    prc`hlfc lh pfhzns lhdhgtucsns
    lhdhgtucsns hstî lnlc pcr
    ~p0 \ctnb lh lhdhgtucscs/\ctnb
    lhdhgtucscs/\ctnb lh fmsphggfcmn
    fmsphggfcmnlcs
    lcs 717/>8,5550 5.5;
    5.5;<:
    <:

    BGW0   7(∛
    ∛))

    (∛.)
    5.5;<:7.(
    8
    ) 0 5.5<844
    Bfmhn ghmtrnb 0~p ~p0 5.5;<:

    BGF 0   7(∛
    ∛))

    (∛.)
    5.5;<:7.(
    8
    ) 0 5.5576

    k) Arndfquh bn gnrtn p h fmthrpræthbn

    5.54

    5.58
    BGW
    5.5<

    BGF
    5.57
    ~p
    5.5;
    Ucrghmtnoh lh nrtfgubcs
    5.5> lhdhgtucscs

    5
    > 7 8 1 6 >> >
    >7
    7>>8
    8>>1
    1>>6
    6;;>
    >;;7
    7;;8
    8;;1
    1;;6
    6

    14

    Wh puhlh ckshrvnr quh bn prcpcrgf÷m lh nrtàgubcs lhdhgtucscs lh bcths lh 855 pfhzns dbugtÿn
    crlfmnrfn`hmth hmtrh 5.5<844 y 5.5576 gcm um prc`hlfc lh 5.5;<:. Gc`c sh puhlh nprhgfnr hm bn
    arîdfgn, bn dumgf÷m mc hstuvc hm gcmtrcb hstnlàstfgc yn quh hm hb bcth : sh lfc umn prcpcrgf÷m lh
    nrtàgubcs lhdhgtucscs `nycr quh hb bà`fth suphrfcr (5.58) Lh nquà quh hm bn dnkrfgngf÷m lh lfgjc bcth
    jukc nbaumn sftungf÷m hsphgfnb quh gnusc umn prcpcrgf÷m lh nrtàgubcs lhdhgtucscs nmcr`nb`hmth
    arnmlh, bn gunb lhkh shr flhmtfdfgnln pnrn quh mc sh vuhbvn n prhshmtnr
    g) Gcm sus pnbnkrns lfan quh sfamfdfgnm bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb y bn bàmhn ghmtrnb
    Bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb gc`c su mc`krh bc fmlfgn, scm bcs hxtrh`cs jnstn lcmlh puhlh nghptnrsh umn
    prcpcrgf÷m lh nrtàgubcs lhdhgtucscs llhh um bc
    bcth,
    th, `fhmtrns quh bn bàm
    bàmhn
    hn ghmtrnb hs hb pprc`hlfc
    rc`hlfc lhmtrc llhb
    hb
    gunb lhkh `nmthmhrsh lfgjn prcpcrgf÷m, sfhmlc rhgc`hmlnkbh quh sh `nmthman pcr lhknoc lh lfgjc
    prc`hlfc.
    l) N pnrtfr lhb bcth ;5 sh h`phz÷ n hohgutnr um pbnm lh `hocrn, ³jny nbaÿm tfpc lh hvflhmgfn
    lh quh hb pbnm jnyn lnlc rhsubtnlc3
    Lh nguhrlc n bn arîdfgn rhnbfznln, sh puhlh ckshrvnr quh n pnrtfr lhb bcth ;5, bcs sfaufhmths bcths
    h`phznrcm n thmhr umn prcpcrgf÷m lh nrtàgubcs lhdhgtucscs `hmcr, pcr bc quh sh puhlh ndfr`nr quh sf
    hxfsth lfgjn hvflhmgfn y quh hb pbnm lh `hocrn dumgfcmc.
    7;. Hm um prcghsc sh prclugh pcr bcths y hstcs sh pruhknm n >55%. Wh bbhvn um rhafstrc lh bn
    prcpcrgf÷m lh nrtàgubcs lhdhgtucscs. Bcs lntcs lh bcs ÿbtf`cs ;8 sh `uhstrnm hm bn tnkbn
    sfaufhmth.
    n) ckthman umn gnrtn p usnmlc hb tn`nþc lh `uhstrn (bcth) prc`hlfc h fmthrprhth
    fmthrp rhth

    @uhstrn c bcth \n`nþc lh bcth m Nrtàgubcs lhdhgtucscs l> Urcpcrgf÷m


    > ;55 ;> 5.>>
    ; ;55 ;5 5.>5
    7 ;55 ;1 5.><
    < ;55 77 5.>1
    8 ;55 ;; 5.>>
    4 ;55 <5 5.;5
    1 >:5 ;1 5.>8
    : >:5 ;7 5.>7
    6 >:5 ;5 5.>>
    >5 ;55 ;4 5.>7

    >>
    >; ;55
    ;55 ;:
    ;> 5.><
    5.>>
    >7 ;55 ;7 5.>;
    >< ;55 ;> 5.>>
    >8 ;55 ;8 5.>7
    >4 ;55 ;6 5.>8
    >1 ;55 ;5 5.>5
    >: ;;5 ;: 5.>7
    >6 ;;5 >: 5.5:

    11

    ;5 ;;5 ;< 5.>>


    ;> ;55 >7 5.51
    ;; ;55 ;7 5.>;
    ;7 ;55 >; 5.54
    ;< ;55 >6 5.>5
    ;8 ;55 ;4 5.>7
    8555 8:6 5.>;
    Wh gnbgubn hb tn`nþc lh bn `uhstrn prc`hlfc ~p. lh bn tnkbn sh cktfhmh hb mÿ`hrc lh pfhzns
    fmsphggfcmnlcs quh duh lh 8,555 y lh hstns 8:6 sh gcmsflhrnrcm lhdhgtucsns, pcr bc quh bn prcpcrgf÷m
    prc`hlfc lh pfhzns lhdhgtucsns
    lhdhgtucsns hstî lnlc pcr

    ~p0 \ctnb lh lhdhgtucscs/\ctnb


    lhdhgtucscs/\ctnb lh fmsphggfcmn
    fmsphggfcmnlcs
    lcs 8:6/8,5550 5.>;
    (∛
    ∛)) .((∛.))
    BGW 7  5.>;7  5.>::6

    Bfmhn ghmtrnb 0~p ~p0 5.>;

    BGF 0   7(∛
    ∛))
     5.>;7.((∛.)) 0 5.58>5

    5.;8

    5.;

    5.>8 BGW
    BGF
    5.> ~p
    Urcpcrgfcm
    5.58

    5
    > 7 8 1 6 >> >7 >8 >1 >6 ;> ;7 ;8

    Wh puhlh ckshrvnr quh bn prcpcrgf÷m lh nrtàgubcs lhdhgtucscs lh bcths lh ;55 pfhzns dbugtÿn
    crlfmnrfn`hmth hmtrh 5.>::6 y 5.58>5 gcm um prc`hlfc lh 5.>;. Gc`c sh puhlh nprhgfnr hm bn arîdfgn,
    bn dumgf÷m mc hstuvc hm gcmtrcb hstnlàstfgc yn quh hm hb bcth 4 sh lfc umn prcpcrgf÷m lh nrtàgubcs
    lhdhgtucscs `nycr quh hb bà`fth suphrfcr (5.;5) Lh nquà quh hm bn dnkrfgngf÷m lh lfgjc bcth jukc
    nbaumn sftungf÷m hsphgfnb quh gnusc umn prcpcrgf÷m lh nrtàgubcs lhdhgtucscs nmcr`nb`hmth arnmlh,
    bn gunb lhkh shr flhmtfdfgnln pnrn quh mc sh vuhbvn n prhshmtnr
    k) ³G÷`c hxpbfgnràn bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb quh cktuvc n nbaufhm quh mc tfhmh gcmcgf`fhmtcs
    prcdumlcs lh hstnlàstfgn3

    1:

    Hm hb arndfgc sh ckshrvnm bcs bcths pcr prcpcrgfcmhs lh nrtàgubcs lhdhgtucscs. Bns bàmhns jcrfzcmtnbhs
    nzub y rcon scm bcs bà`fths suphrfcrhs h fmdhrfcrhs rhsphgtfvn`hmth. Wf bcs pumtcs lh bn bàmhn `crnln
    sckrhpnsnm lfgjcs bf`fths qufhrh lhgfr quh hb prcghsc mc hstî knoc gcmtrcb hm hb bcth quh hxghlh bcs
    bà`fths pcr bc quh sh lhkhm tc`nr `hlflns sckrh bc quh pnsn hm lfgjc bcth.
    g) Ckthman umn gnrtn p gcm bà`fths lh gcmtrcb vnrfnkbhs h fmthrprhth

    5.;855

    5.;555

    5.>855 BGW
    BGF
    5.>555 ~p
    Urcpcrgfcm
    5.5855

    5.5555
    > 7 8 1 6 >> >7 >8 >1 >6 ;> ;7 ;8

    Wh puhlh ckshrvnr quh nb `hthr bn prcpcrgf÷m lh nrtàgubcs lhdhgtucscs pcr vnrfnkbhs mc gn`kfn `ugjc

    n bn arîdfgn
    quh sh tfhmhquh
    quhshckshrvnr
    rhnbfz÷ quh
    pcr prc`hlfc, hb bcth
    pnsn hm lfgjc bcth4ysfauh
    tc`nrhstnmlc pcr hmgf`n
    bns `hlflns lhb bà`fth suphrfcr pcr bc
    nlhgunlns
    l) ³^uæ bà`fths lh gcmtrcb usnràn pnrn nmnbfznr lntcs duturcs `hlfnmth bns gnrtns p3
    Bcs lh bn gnrtn p, puhstc n quh sf mc hs `ugjn bn lfdhrhmgfn hmtrh bn gnmtflnl lh nrtàgubcs pcr bcth, hs
    `uy prcknkbh quh bcs rhsubtnlcs shnm bcs `fs`cs y th njcrrns `nycr tfh`pc hm su rhnbfzngf÷m.

    16

    n) Unrn nmnbfznr hstcs lntcs, ³Guîb gnrtn (p c mp) rhgc`hmlnràn3


    MU pcrquh bns pfhzns mc pnsnm gcm um ttn`nþc
    n`nþc lh bcth gcmstnmth. ^uh hm hsth
    hsth gnsc npbfgn gcm um bcth
    lh >;5.

    Arîdfgc U
    Uhrfclc #>-;5
    BWG?+7.5 sfa`n 5.>:<<51
    Bàmhn ghmtrnb 5.>5>48
    BFG? -7.5 sfa`n 5.5>::6;8

    > duhrn lh bf`fths


    71. ³Unrn quæ tfpc lh vnrfnkbhs sh npbfgnm bns gnrtns g y u3
     ‒G‐ sh nmnbfznm vnrfnkbhs gunbftntfvns c ntrfkutcs lcmlh sh rhafstrn hb mÿ`hrc lh
    lhdhgtcs pcr sukarupc
     ‒X‐ sh nmnbfznm vnrfnkbhs gunbftntfvns lcmlh sh rhafstrnm hb mÿ`hrc prc`hlfc lh
    lhdhgtcs pcr nrtfgubc c umflnl. Wh usnm gunmlc hb tn`nþc lh sukarupc mc hs gcmstnmth.
    7:. Hm umn h`prhsn sh rhafstrn hb mÿ`hrc lh quhons pcr `nb shrvfgfc. Bcs lntcs lh bns
    ÿbtf`ns ;8 sh`nmns sh `uhstrnm hmshaufln (hb crlhm hs pcr rhmab÷m)?
    4;7<841:65>;7<841:65>;7<8
    n) ³Hs nlhgunlc jnghr um nmîbfsfs `hlfnmth umn gnrtn p3 Nrau`hmth.
    Mc pcrquh pnrn pclhr nmnbfznrbc `hlfnmth umn gnrtn p sh lhkh lh thmhr bn prcpcrgf÷m
    lhdhgtucsn, hm hsth gnsc mc bc thmh`cs, scbc thmh`cs hb mÿ`hrc lh lhdhgtcs, y sh utfbfzn bn

    gnrtn g.
    k) Gnbgubh bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb pnrn umn gnrtn ‒G‐ h fmthrpræthbcs

    Wh`nmns ^uhons

    :5

    > 4
    ; ;
    7 7
    < <
    8 8
    4 4
    1 1
    : :
    6 6
    >5 5
    >> >
    >; ;
    >7 7
    >< <
    >8 8
    >4 4
    >1 1
    >: :
    >6 6
    ;5 5
    ;> >

    ;;
    ;7 ;7
    ;< <
    ;8 8
    Wu`n >>5

    BGW >5.46;:87>
    Bàmhn Ghmtrnb <.<
    BGF ->.:6;: ~ 5

    Wh puhlh nmnbfznr quh pnrn quh sh hmguhmtrh hm um rnmac hstnkbh hs hmtrh 5 y >> quhons, bcs

    mÿ`hrcs sh rhlcmlhnm yn quh mc puhlh hxfstfr -> quhon c >5.46 quhons


    g) Ckthman bn gnrtn G y nmnbàghbn

    :>

    Arîdfgc G
    >;

    >5

    <

    5
    > ; 7 < 8 4 1 : 6 >5 >>
    > > >;
    > ; >7
    > 7 ><
    > < >8
    > 8 >4
    > 4 >1
    > 1 >:
    > : >6
    > 6 ;5
    ; 5 ;>
    ; > ;;
    ; ; ;7
    ; 7 ;<
    ; < ;8
    ;8
    ^uhons BGF BG BGW

    Wh gcmsflhrn quh hstî gcmtrcbnlc yn quh hstî lhmtrc lh bcs bf`fths


    l) ³Hb prcghsc hs hstnkbh3
    Wh pclràn lhgfr quh hs hstnkbh hb prcghsc
    h) ³Hb mfvhb lh gnbflnl sh puhlh gcmsflhrnr sntfsdngtcrfc3
    Wh gcmsflhrn sntfsdngtcrfc, yn quh mc sh hmguhmtrn mfmaÿm vnbcr duhrn lh bcs bf`fths
    <5. Hm umn dîkrfgn lh prclugtcs lh pbîstfgc sh tfhmh hb prckbh`n lh bns ruacsflnlhs (c
    `nrgns lh dbuoc) quh ndhgtnm hb nsphgtc lh bcs prclugtcs. Gcm hb prcp÷sftc lh nmnbfznr
    bn hstnkfbflnl lhb prcghsc y trntnr lh bcgnbfznr gnusns hsphgfnbhs lh vnrfngf÷m, sh
    fmsphggfcmnm 85 pfhzns lh gnln bcth lh gfhrtc prclugtc. Hb mÿ`hrc lh ruacsflnlhs
    hmgcmtrnlns hm bcs bcths prclugflcs hm lcs sh`nmns sh `uhstrn hm bn tnkbn ><.;5
    Bcth [uacsflnlhs Bcth [uacsflnlhs
    > >88 >; >::
    ; >:> >7 >88
    7 >8: >< ><>
    < >84 >8 >47
    8 >8; >4 >8<
    4 >:: >1 >87
    1 >47 >: >41
    : >47 >6 >;:
    6 >15 ;5 >87
    >5 >8< ;> >;6
    >> >85 ;; >45

    n) ³Hs nprcpfnlc nmnbfznr hstcs lntcs `hlfnmth umn gnrtn p3


    Mc, pcrquh bcs tn`nþcs lhb sukarupc mc scm `uy
    `u y vnrfnkbhs

    :;

    k) Gcmstruyn umn gnrtn u h fmthrpræthbn


    [uacsflnl
    Bcth \n`nþc lh `uhstrn mf gf uf0gf/mf
    > 85 >88 7.>
    ; 85 >:> 7.4;
    7 85 >8: 7.>4
    < 85 >84 7.>;
    8 85 >8; 7.5<
    4 85 >:: 7.14
    1 85 >47 7.;4
    : 85 >47 7.;4
    6 85 >15 7.<
    >5 85 >8< 7.5:
    >> 85 >85 7
    >; 85 >:: 7.14
    >7 85 >88 7.>
    >< 85 ><> ;.:;
    >8 85 >47 7.;4
    >4 85 >8< 7.5:
    >1 85 >87 7.54
    >: 85 >41 7.7<
    >6 85 >;: ;.84
    ;5 85 >87 7.54
    ;> 85 >;6 ;.8:
    ;; 85 >45 7.;
    85 7<:>

    Gnrtn u
    <.8
    <
    7.8

    7
    ;.8
    ;
    >.8
    >
    5.8
    5
    > ; 7 < 8 4 1 : 6 >5 >> >; >7 >< >8 >4 >1 >: >6 ;5 ;> ;;

    uf0gf/mf BGF BG BGW

    :7

    Wh puhlh nmnbfznr quh bcs lntcs sh hmguhmtrnm lhmtrc lh bcs bf`fths, pcr hbbc hstî lhmtrc lh
    gcmtrcb
    g) Fmthrprhth bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb quh cktuvc
    BGW 7.6>6;1866
    Bàmhn ghmtrnb 7.>4<8<8<8
    BGF ;.<56:><6;

    Whaÿm bcs bà`fths lh gcmtrcb ckthmflcs hb mÿ`hrc lh ruacsflnlhs pcr `uhstrn lh 85 pfhzns mc
    lhkh lh shr suphrfcr n 7.6>67 mf fmdhrfcr n ;.<56:. Hb mÿ`hrc lh ruacsflnlhs gcmsflhrnlc
    ‒mcr`nb‐ hm hb prcghsc hs lh 7.>4<8 ruacsflnlhs pcr bcth lh 85 pfhzns.
    l) Hstcs lntcs tn`kfæm pclrànm nmnbfznrsh gcm umn gnrtn g. ³Guîbhs shrànm bns pcsfkbhs
    vhmtnons y lhsvhmtnons lh hbbc3
    Bn lfdhrhmgfn hmtrh bn gnrtn g y bn gnrtn u hs quh bn g `uhstrn hb mÿ`hrc lh ruacsflnlhs lh
    dcr`n abcknb y hm bn X sh `uhstrnm hb prc`hlfc lh ruacsflnlhs pcr `uhstrn. Gc`c vhmtnon
    hmguhmtrc quh bn gnrtn g puhlh shr `îs gbnrn y gcmdfnkbh pnrn hmgcmtrnr bns gnusns pcsfkbhs y
    gc`c Lhsvhmtnon bn gnrtn g scbc nghptn bf`fths gcmstnmths `fhmtrns quh bn gnrtn u puhlh
    `nmhonr bf`fths vnrfnkbhs.
    h) Npbfgnmlc hb lfshþc lh hxphrf`hmtcs, sh `clfdfgnm bns th`phrnturns lh dumlflc y lhb
    `cblh, nsà gc`c bn duhrzn lh gfhrrh lhb `cblh. Lhspuæs lh hstc
    hst c sh cktfhmhm bns sfaufhmths
    gnmtflnlhs lh ruacsflnlhs hm 85 pfhzns lh trhs bcths gcmshgutfvcs? 15, 85, <8. Gcm knsh
    hm bn gnrtn lh gcmtrcb quh cktuvc, fmvhstfauh sf bns `clfdfgngfcmhs lfhrcm rhsubtnlc.
    \ctnb lh lhdhgtcs 7<:>+15+85+<8 0 74<4
    mf 85
    X thstnln ;.6>

    BGW 7.4<>7:8<
    BG ;.6>4:
    BGF ;.>6;;><4

    :<

    Urcghsc `hocrnlc
    <.555555
    7.855555
    7.555555
    ;.855555
    ;.555555
    >.855555
    >.555555
    5.855555
    5.555555
    > ; 7 < 8 4 1 : 6 >5 >>
    >> >;
    >; >7
    >7 ><
    >< >8
    >8 >4
    >4 >1
    >1 >:
    >: >6
    >6 ;5
    ;5 ;>
    ;> ;;
    ;; ;7
    ;7 ;<
    ;< ;8
    ;8
    BGF BG BGW uf0gf/mf

    :8

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