Vector Operation in Analytical and Graphical Method

CEBU TECHNOLOGICA U N I V E R S I T Y
MAIN CAMPUS
Mechanical Engineering Department

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DEOLINDA E. CAPARROSO
Instructor
Vector operation in analytical and
graphical method
ME 363 Topic No. 2
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INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Describe vector quantity and its types

2. Find the resultant of vector components using
analytical method.
3. Find the resultant of vector components using
graphical method.
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Vector quantity
Quantities with both magnitude & direction. Displacement
velocity, acceleration, and force, for example, are all vectors.
Like Opposite Unlike Equal Coinitial

vectors vectors Vectors Vectors Vectors
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Two methods of vector operation
Analytical methods - Involves using the Pythagorean theorem
and trigonometric identities to determine the magnitude and
direction of a resultant vector.
Graphical method – Involves drawing vectors on a graph and

adding/subtracting them using the head-to-tail method or
parallelogram method. The magnitude and direction of the
resultant are determined with a ruler and protractor, respectively.
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Vectors in the same straight line:
Example: Travel 8 km East on day 1, 6 km East on day 2.
Displacement = 8 km + 6 km = 14 km East
Example: Travel 8 km East on day 1, 6 km West on day 2.
Displacement = 8 km - 6 km = 2 km East
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Analytical Method
When a vector acts in more than one dimension, it is useful to

break it down into its x and y components. For a two-dimensional
vector, a component is a piece of a vector that points in either
the x- or y-direction. Every two-dimensional vector can be
expressed as a sum of its x and y components.
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Analytical Method: Resolving Components
The vector A, with its tail at the origin of an 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

coordinate system, is shown together with its 𝑥𝑥
and 𝑦𝑦 components, 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 and 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 . These vectors
form a right triangle.
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Analytical Method: Resolving Components
The magnitudes of the vector

components 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 and 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 can be related to
the resultant vector A and the angle 𝜃𝜃 with
trigonometric identities. Here we see that
𝑨𝑨𝒙𝒙 = 𝑨𝑨 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝜽𝜽 and 𝑨𝑨𝒚𝒚 = 𝑨𝑨 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝜽𝜽.
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Analytical Method: Finding the Resultant
The magnitude and direction of the resultant

vector A can be determined once the horizontal
components 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 and 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 have been determined.
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Analytical Method: Find Resultant of two or more
vectors
Sometimes, the vectors added are not

perfectly perpendicular to one another.
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vectors
To add vectors A and B, first determine

the horizontal and vertical
components of each vector. These are
the dotted vectors 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 , 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 , 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 , 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 shown
in the image.
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vectors
The vectors 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 and 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 add to

give the magnitude of the
resultant vector in the horizontal
direction, 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 . Similarly, the
vectors 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 and 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦 add to give the
magnitude of the resultant vector
in the vertical direction, 𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 .
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Graphical Method: Using Head to tail Method
Consider 𝑅𝑅= 𝐴𝐴⃗ + 𝐵𝐵
1. Draw 𝐴𝐴⃗ & 𝐵𝐵 to scale.
2. Place tail of 𝐵𝐵 at tip of 𝐴𝐴⃗
3. Draw arrow from tail of 𝐴𝐴⃗ to
tip of 𝐵𝐵 . This arrow is the
resultant 𝑅𝑅
4. Measure length & the angle
it makes with the x-axis.
Note: If the vectors are added in reverse order, the resultant is the same.
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Graphical Method: Using Head to tail Method
Three or more vectors can be added using head to tail method.
Even if the vectors are not at right angles, they can be added
graphically:
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Graphical Method: Parallelogram Method
Consider 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑉2
1. Draw 𝑉𝑉1 & 𝑉𝑉2 to scale from
common origin.
2. Construct parallelogram using 𝑉𝑉1
and 𝑉𝑉2 as 2 of the 4 sides.
3. The resultant 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 is the diagonal of
parallelogram from common origin.
4. Measure the length and the angle it
makes with the x-axis.
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Graphical Method: Summary
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Graphical Method: Negative of a vector
− 𝑉𝑉 is a vector with the same magnitude
(size) as 𝑉𝑉 but with opposite direction.
For two vectors, 𝑉𝑉1 and 𝑉𝑉2:

𝑉𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑉2 ≡ 𝑉𝑉1 + (−𝑉𝑉2)
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CEBU TECHNOLOGICA U N I V E R S I T Y

Mechanical Engineering Department

1. Describe vector quantity and its types

Like Opposite Unlike Equal Coinitial

Graphical method – Involves drawing vectors on a graph and

When a vector acts in more than one dimension, it is useful to

The vector A, with its tail at the origin of an 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

The magnitudes of the vector

The magnitude and direction of the resultant

Sometimes, the vectors added are not

To add vectors A and B, first determine

The vectors 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 and 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 add to

For two vectors, 𝑉𝑉1 and 𝑉𝑉2:

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