Definite integration

Definition
 definite integration gives the area under the curve
 If f(x) be a continuous function in [a,b] and ∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( x )+ c therefore,
b

∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b ) −F ( a ) where a and b are lower and upper limits of integration

a
 Note: Always have that function which is continuous in [a,b]

Example problem:

√
1
1−x
1. ∫ 1+ x
dx
0
2
2. ∫ ln x dx
1
π
3. ∫ 1+21s ¿ 2 x dx
0

Answer key:

π
1. −1
2
2. ln 4−1
3. Hint: form cot(x) instead of tan(x)

Important points
 Area above x-axis is +ve+
 Area below x-axis is –ve
 If this phrase “area bounded by x-axis and the curve” is used in the problem then take all the
areas +ve
b
 If f(x) is continuous in [a,b] and ∫ f ( x ) dx=0 then there at least one point c for which f(c) =
a
0 where a < c < b
π
2 π π
 For area related to sinx  ∫ sin x dx=∫ sin x dx=1and ∫ sin x dx=2
0 π 0
2
π
2 π π
 For area related to cosx ∫ cos x dx=∫ cos x dx=1and ∫ cos x dx=2
0 π 0
2

Properties
b b

 ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( t ) dt
a a
 b a

 ∫ f ( x ) dx=−∫ f ( x ) dx
a b
b c1 c2 b

 ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx +…+∫ f ( x ) dx → used when the function is a piecewise

a a c1 cn
function (G.I.F/mod)
b

 ∫|f ( x )|dx → break the limits of integration where f (x)=0

a
b

 ∫ [ f (x )] dx → break the limits of integration where f (x) becomes integer.

a

Example problem:
1.5
1. Evaluate: ∫ [ x ] dx where [.] is G.I.F
2

0
5
2. Evaluate:∫ |x−2| dx
−5
2π
3. Evaluate:∫ |1+2 cos x|dx
0

√
π
1+ cos 2 x
4. Evaluate:∫ dx
0 2
∞
5. Evaluate:∫ [ 2 e ] dx where [.] is G.I.F
−x

0
3
6. Evaluate:∫ (|x−2|+ [ x ] ) dx
−1
9 /4

√ √
7. Evaluate: ∫ 2 x− √ 5(4 x−5)+ 2 x + √ 5(4 x−5)dx
3 /2
8.

Answer key:

Hint: 1. For G.I.F function break the integration at those points where f(x) becomes integer

2. for Mod function break the integration at those points where f(x) becomes zero (0).

Properties:
King’s property:
b b

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( a+b−x ) dx
a a

Queen’s property:
 f ( x ) → even function
a a

∫ f ( x ) dx=2 ∫ f ( x ) dx
−a 0
 f ( x ) → odd function
 a

∫ f ( x ) dx=0
−a

Jack’s property:
If f ( 2 a−x )=f (x) then:
2a a

∫ f ( x ) dx =2∫ f ( x ) dx
0 0

If ( 2 a−x )=−f (x) then:

2a a

∫ f ( x ) dx =2∫ f ( x ) dx
0 0

Important transformation:
π π π
2 2 2

∫ ln ( sin x ) dx=∫ ln ( cos x ) dx =∫ ln ( sin 2 x ) dx= −π

2
ln 2
0 0 0

Periodic properties:
If f(x) is a periodic function of period T:
nT T

 ∫ f ( x ) dx=n∫ f ( x ) dx
0 0
a +nT nT T

 ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx=n ∫ f ( x ) dx
a 0 0
nT T

 ∫ f ( x ) dx=( n−m)∫ f ( x ) dx
mT 0
b +nT b

 ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx
a +nT a

Newton -Leibniz theorem:

This formula helps us to find differentiation of integration:
h (x)

Differentiation of ∫ f ( x ) dx =f ( h ( x ) ) h' ( x )−f ( g ( x )) g '( x )

g (x)

Summation to integration conservation:

n 1
r 1
lim ∑ f ( ) =∫ f ( x ) dx
n → ∞ r =1 n n 0

Beta function:
π
2
Γ ( m ) . Γ (n)
∫ sin 2 m−1 x cos2 n−1 x dx= 12 β ( m, n ) = 2 Γ (m+n)
0
Special observation:
If g(x) is inverse function of f(x) then:
b f (b)

∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ g ( x ) dx=b . f ( b )−a . f (a)

a f (a)