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    Definite Integration

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    SOHOM BISWAS
    1. Definite integration gives the area under the curve between limits a and b. 2. The integral of a continuous function f(x) from a to b is equal to F(b) - F(a), where F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x). 3. Examples of definite integrals include finding the area under curves involving trigonometric functions like sin(x) and cos(x) between limits, as well as integrals with absolute value and piecewise definitions.

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    Definite Integration

    Uploaded by

    SOHOM BISWAS
    11 views4 pages
    1. Definite integration gives the area under the curve between limits a and b. 2. The integral of a continuous function f(x) from a to b is equal to F(b) - F(a), where F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x). 3. Examples of definite integrals include finding the area under curves involving trigonometric functions like sin(x) and cos(x) between limits, as well as integrals with absolute value and piecewise definitions.

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    Definite integration

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    1. Definite integration gives the area under the curve between limits a and b. 2. The integral of a continuous function f(x) from a to b is equal to F(b) - F(a), where F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x). 3. Examples of definite integrals include finding the area under curves involving trigonometric functions like sin(x) and cos(x) between limits, as well as integrals with absolute value and piecewise definitions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    11 views4 pages

    Definite Integration

    Uploaded by

    SOHOM BISWAS
    1. Definite integration gives the area under the curve between limits a and b. 2. The integral of a continuous function f(x) from a to b is equal to F(b) - F(a), where F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x). 3. Examples of definite integrals include finding the area under curves involving trigonometric functions like sin(x) and cos(x) between limits, as well as integrals with absolute value and piecewise definitions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Definite integration

    Definition
     definite integration gives the area under the curve
     If f(x) be a continuous function in [a,b] and ∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( x )+ c therefore,
    b

    ∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b ) −F ( a ) where a and b are lower and upper limits of integration


    a
     Note: Always have that function which is continuous in [a,b]

    Example problem:

    √
    1
    1−x
    1. ∫ 1+ x
    dx
    0
    2
    2. ∫ ln x dx
    1
    π
    3. ∫ 1+21s ¿ 2 x dx
    0

    Answer key:

    π
    1. −1
    2
    2. ln 4−1
    3. Hint: form cot(x) instead of tan(x)

    Important points
     Area above x-axis is +ve+
     Area below x-axis is –ve
     If this phrase “area bounded by x-axis and the curve” is used in the problem then take all the
    areas +ve
    b
     If f(x) is continuous in [a,b] and ∫ f ( x ) dx=0 then there at least one point c for which f(c) =
    a
    0 where a < c < b
    π
    2 π π
     For area related to sinx  ∫ sin x dx=∫ sin x dx=1and ∫ sin x dx=2
    0 π 0
    2
    π
    2 π π
     For area related to cosx ∫ cos x dx=∫ cos x dx=1and ∫ cos x dx=2
    0 π 0
    2

    Properties
    b b

     ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( t ) dt
    a a
    b a

     ∫ f ( x ) dx=−∫ f ( x ) dx
    a b
    b c1 c2 b

     ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx +…+∫ f ( x ) dx → used when the function is a piecewise


    a a c1 cn
    function (G.I.F/mod)
    b

     ∫|f ( x )|dx → break the limits of integration where f (x)=0


    a
    b

     ∫ [ f (x )] dx → break the limits of integration where f (x) becomes integer.


    a

    Example problem:
    1.5
    1. Evaluate: ∫ [ x ] dx where [.] is G.I.F
    2

    0
    5
    2. Evaluate:∫ |x−2| dx
    −5
    2π
    3. Evaluate:∫ |1+2 cos x|dx
    0

    √
    π
    1+ cos 2 x
    4. Evaluate:∫ dx
    0 2
    ∞
    5. Evaluate:∫ [ 2 e ] dx where [.] is G.I.F
    −x

    0
    3
    6. Evaluate:∫ (|x−2|+ [ x ] ) dx
    −1
    9 /4

    √ √
    7. Evaluate: ∫ 2 x− √ 5(4 x−5)+ 2 x + √ 5(4 x−5)dx
    3 /2
    8.

    Answer key:

    Hint: 1. For G.I.F function break the integration at those points where f(x) becomes integer

    2. for Mod function break the integration at those points where f(x) becomes zero (0).

    Properties:
    King’s property:
    b b

    ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( a+b−x ) dx
    a a

    Queen’s property:
     f ( x ) → even function
    a a

    ∫ f ( x ) dx=2 ∫ f ( x ) dx
    −a 0
     f ( x ) → odd function
    a

    ∫ f ( x ) dx=0
    −a

    Jack’s property:
    If f ( 2 a−x )=f (x) then:
    2a a

    ∫ f ( x ) dx =2∫ f ( x ) dx
    0 0

    If ( 2 a−x )=−f (x) then:

    2a a

    ∫ f ( x ) dx =2∫ f ( x ) dx
    0 0

    Important transformation:
    π π π
    2 2 2

    ∫ ln ( sin x ) dx=∫ ln ( cos x ) dx =∫ ln ( sin 2 x ) dx= −π


    2
    ln 2
    0 0 0

    Periodic properties:
    If f(x) is a periodic function of period T:
    nT T

     ∫ f ( x ) dx=n∫ f ( x ) dx
    0 0
    a +nT nT T

     ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx=n ∫ f ( x ) dx
    a 0 0
    nT T

     ∫ f ( x ) dx=( n−m)∫ f ( x ) dx
    mT 0
    b +nT b

     ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx
    a +nT a

    Newton -Leibniz theorem:


    This formula helps us to find differentiation of integration:
    h (x)

    Differentiation of ∫ f ( x ) dx =f ( h ( x ) ) h' ( x )−f ( g ( x )) g '( x )


    g (x)

    Summation to integration conservation:


    n 1
    r 1
    lim ∑ f ( ) =∫ f ( x ) dx
    n → ∞ r =1 n n 0

    Beta function:
    π
    2
    Γ ( m ) . Γ (n)
    ∫ sin 2 m−1 x cos2 n−1 x dx= 12 β ( m, n ) = 2 Γ (m+n)
    0
    Special observation:
    If g(x) is inverse function of f(x) then:
    b f (b)

    ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ g ( x ) dx=b . f ( b )−a . f (a)


    a f (a)

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