Learning from Others and

Reviewing the Literature

Lesson 4 | Writing your Chapter II
Let’s Review!
 LESSON 4
I. What is a Literature Review
II. Writing a Literature Review
III. Important Skills in Drafting the Literature
Discussion Review

Outline IV. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

V. Selecting your Theoretical Framework
VI. Developing your Conceptual Framework
VII. Citing Sources
VIII. Ethical Standards in Writing the Literature
Review
 LESSON 4 | PART I

What is
a Literature Review?
 - provides an overview of a
specific topic
Literature - establishes the importance
Review of your topic and the
research gap
 LESSON 4 | PART II

Writing a Literature Review

 Three Stages
Stage 1: Literature Search
Writing a
Stage 2: Evaluation and Analysis of the
Literature
Selected Works
Review
Stage 3: Drafting the Literature Review
 Stage 1: LITERATURE SEARCH
the researcher systematically looks for
and selects reference materials relevant
to the study.
Writing a 1. Specify the topic and subtopics.
Literature 2. Plan the tentative number and type of
Review sources.
3. Survey online databases (ProQuest,
Science Direct, JSTOR,
GoogleScholar, and Scopus)
 Stage 1: LITERATURE SEARCH
4. When using online databases, use
relevant keywords.
Topic: The Impact of Climate Change to Filipino Farmers

Writing a Keywords: climate change, Philippines, farmers, agriculture

Literature 5. Use links that end in .gov, .mil, .edu.,

Review and .pdf, also .com, and .org (owned
by recognized companies and
organizations.)
Tip: use OPAC for local lit/studies
 Stage 1: LITERATURE SEARCH
6. Use Boolean searching strategies to
focus or limit your search.
Use quotation marks (ex. “Facebook”)
Use AND for sites and texts that contain
Writing a the terms connected by AND (ex.
Literature Facebook AND Twitter)
Review Use OR for sites and texts that contain
either of the terms connected by OR (ex.
Facebook OR Twitter)
Use NOT if you want to exclude a
particular term (ex. Facebook NOT
Twitter)
 Stage 2: EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE
SELECTED WORKS
1. Evaluate the sources for recency and
coverage.
2. Group references according to the topic they
Writing a cover.
Literature Ex. causes of climate change, impact of climate change,

Review actions taken or attempted to stop or fight climate change

3. Skim each article to get the gist. You may also

scan the article.
Scanning – refers to quick reading to
obtain specific information from a text.
 Introduction

Results Conclusion
 Stage 2: EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS
OF THE SELECTED WORKS
4. Read each of the references carefully
Writing a and highlight important ideas.
Literature
5. Exclude those you find irrelevant.
Review
6. Use a concept map for visual
representation.
 Stage 3: DRAFTING THE LITERATURE
REVIEW
1. Write an outline in drafting your
literature review.
Writing a 2. Divide your literature review into two
Literature subsections:
Review a) Conceptual literature – explains
concepts relevant to your research.
b) Related studies – presents studies
similar to your own.
 Stage 3: DRAFTING THE LITERATURE
REVIEW
3. In conceptual literature subsection,
highlight concepts drawn from your
research title, questions, or objectives.
Writing a 4. In related studies subsection, you may
Literature arrange your sources in three ways:
Review a. By theme – clustering similar topics
b. By chronology – from earliest to most
recent
c. By type – studies classified as foreign or
local
 Stage 3: DRAFTING THE LITERATURE
REVIEW
5. Clearly state your main argument at the
start of your literature review.
Writing a ex. While the impact of severe
Literature climate change on the environment
continues to be recorded, climate change's
Review
impact on human beings is more severe,
particularly among those who rely on
environmental and climactic stability such
as Asian farmers.
 Stage 3: DRAFTING THE LITERATURE
REVIEW
6. Make sure each paragraph focuses
only on one main idea.
7. Use headings and subheadings.
Writing a
Literature 8. Provide definition for important
concepts.
Review
9. In case you cannot extensively discuss
a subject, you may direct your readers
to scholarly work for greater detail (ex.
see author, year).
 Stage 3: DRAFTING THE LITERATURE
REVIEW
10. Use direct quotation sparingly.
11. Use cohesive devices to link one idea to
another.
Writing a Ex. Moreover, Thus, Thereby, On the other hand, However,
Literature Consequently, etc.

Review 12. Write a short synthesis at the end of your

literature review.
13. Be extremely cautious in claiming that no
studies have been conducted before
related to your topic.
 Stage 3: DRAFTING THE LITERATURE
REVIEW
14. Cite your sources properly using the
Writing a correct documentation style:
Literature American Psychological Association
Review (APA)
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Chicago Manual Style (CMOS)
 LESSON 4 | PART III

Important Skills in Drafting

the Literature Review
 Drafting Literature Review
Important 1. Synthesizing
Skills 2. Note-taking
 1. SYNTHESIZING
Involves examining and consolidating
several articles or texts that talk about
similar or related topic to your own.
Important
Skills Occur in two levels.
1. Microlevel synthesis
2. Macrolevel synthesis
 1. SYNTHESIZING
Microlevel analysis – involves
consolidating individual ideas to
explain a concept.
Important a) Read all related ideas carefully.
Skills b) Cluster ideas that are similar and
different from one another.
c) Decide the arrangement of ideas.
d) Insert the corresponding citations.
Causes Impact Actions/
Programs
 1. SYNTHESIZING
Macrolevel analysis – involves
consolidating several studies to
establish the research gap.
a) From the articles you analyze, note
Important any similarities and differences that
Skills are relevant to your studies.
b) Note any issue that was not
addressed by your references.
c) Draw conclusions regarding these
articles.
 2. NOTE-TAKING
Refers to writing information from
Important sources and incorporating it later into the
research paper.
Skills
Summarizing – involves condensing a
lengthy piece of source material. Can be
done in an outline or non-outline form.
 2. NOTE-TAKING
Summarizing
Guidelines:
1. Read and understand the text carefully.
2. Annotate the text to take note of important
information and ideas.
3. Take note of the author’s name, title of the
Important text, and year of publication.
Skills 4. Summarize text containing multiple
paragraphs by taking note the main idea
for each paragraph.
5. Combine the sentences for each main
idea into one coherent paragraph (use
cohesive devices such as conjunctions
and transitional words).
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I Concept 1 / Subtopic 1
O
N
Concept 2 / Subtopic 2

Concept 3 / Subtopic 3
 [
I
N
T
R
Concept 1 /
O
Subtopic 1
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
Concept 2 /
Subtopic 2

Concept 3 /
Subtopic 3
 Literature Review is NOT about the
summary of literature and studies.
In each paragraph, there should be
evaluation or conclusion from
enumerated studies.

Practical Tip
CONCLUSION is the idea from the
researchers, explanation how these
studies are relevant and to establish
research gap.
 LESSON 4 | PART IV

Theoretical and Conceptual

Frameworks
 Theoretical Framework
A general frame reference used for
making observations, defining concepts,
Theoretical developing research designs, and
and Conceptual interpreting and generalizing finding.
Frameworks
Broader in scope and is derived from
other theories in a certain field of study.
Represents one theory at a time.
 Conceptual Framework
Refers to a system of ideas, beliefs,
assumptions, and theories that inform and
Theoretical support and cater specifically to your study.
and Conceptual Narrower in scope and uses concepts
Frameworks specific to the study itself especially those
mentioned in your research questions and
objectives.
May synthesize one or more theories.
 Theoretical Framework
focus on the how and why
explain patterns, processes,
causes, consequences
Theoretical
and Conceptual
Frameworks Conceptual Framework
focus on the what, where, when
describe the relationships,
connections and integration of
different concepts
 Theoretical Framework
apply theory in present study
support, confirm, or reject theory
Theoretical
and Conceptual
Frameworks Conceptual Framework
starts with research questions
describe the connection between
ideas
 Presented in:
a) Visual form – use of diagrams and
Theoretical charts.
and Conceptual
Frameworks b) Narrative form – utilizes paragraphs
to explain the visual representation
of the frameworks.
 Similarities
Both provide a comprehensive understanding of
a phenomenon.
Both explains a theory that guides the study.
Both justify your research methods and your
Theoretical assumptions in the study.
and Conceptual
Both help you:
Frameworks
 Refine your objectives
 Develop relevant research questions
 Choose the appropriate research methods
 Identify possible threats to the validity of your data.
Both guide you in exploring and interpreting your
data.
 LESSON 4 | PART V

Selecting your Theoretical

Framework
 Guidelines:
1. Understand the variables included in your
study.
Selecting your 2. Review the existing literature related to
Theoretical your topic.
Framework 3. Look for possible theories that accounts in
your topic.
4. From these theories, select one that is
most relevant to your study.
 LESSON 4 | PART VI

Developing your Conceptual

Framework
 Guidelines:
1. Identify the key concepts in your study.
2. Search for existing theories.
Developing your 3. Using the existing theories, plot your
Conceptual conceptual framework using a concept
Framework map.
4. In case there are concepts not covered by
the selected theories, incorporate them in
your framework
 Guidelines:
5. Write a narrative explanation of each
concept and how each of them relates
Developing your with one another.
Conceptual 6. Check if the conceptual framework is
Framework aligned with your research questions.
7. Note that the process of creating a
conceptual framework is developmental –
subject to changes.
 INITIAL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK (IPO FORMAT)
INPUT

OUTPUT
PROCESS
Experiences of - provide
Farmers related to
Climate Change - Semi-structured additional
Interviews knowledge about
- problems the impacts of
- changes in farming - Coding climate change
practices
- Thematic - suggest
- impacts of climate Analysis
change financially sustainable
and psychologically farming solutions
 After the visual representation of
the conceptual framework, write
Practical Tip
1-2 paragraphs explaining the
concepts provided
 LESSON 4 | PART VII

Citing Sources
 Citing sources provides evidence of your
claims.
Creates a trail which other researches
Citing can use in locating other possible
sources.
Sources Two forms
1. In-text citation
2. Reference list
 In-text Citation
Requires indicating the source of the
Citing information within the body of the text.
It includes the:
Sources Last name of the author
Year published
 Reference list

Citing Pertains to the complete bibliographic

information of the reference used.
Sources Appears at the end of the paper.
 Reminders (in-text citation and
reference list)
Both list should always go together.
Every source that is cited within the text should

Citing also appear in the reference list with complete

bibliographic information.
Sources Both should consistently follow a single
documentation or style:
1. American Psychological Association (APA)
2. Modern Language Association (MLA)
3. Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)
 Use of each style for specific
disciplines
1. APA – business, economics, education,
hotel and restaurant management,
Citing psychology, and other fields under
social sciences.
Sources 2. MLA – arts, humanities, and literature
3. Chicago – non-academic, periodicals
(newspapers and magazines),
reference books.
 Examples of In-text citations
APA Style (6th Edition)
E-portfolios are “personalized, web-based
collections of work, responses to work,
IN-TEXT and reflections that are used to
Citations demonstrate key skills and
accomplishments for a variety of contexts
and time periods” (Lorenzo & Ittelson,
2005, p. 3).
 Examples of In-text citations
MLA Style (8th Edition)
E-portfolios are “personalized, web-based
IN-TEXT collections of work, responses to work,
Citations and reflections that are used to
demonstrate key skills and
accomplishments for a variety of contexts
and time periods” (Lorenzo & Ittelson 3).
 Examples of In-text citations
Chicago Manual of Style (17th Edition)
E-portfolios are “personalized, web-based
IN-TEXT collections of work, responses to work,
Citations and reflections that are used to
demonstrate key skills and
accomplishments for a variety of contexts
and time periods” (Lorenzo & Ittelson, 3).
 Examples of Reference List
APA Style (6TH edition)
REFERENCE Lorenzo, G., & Ittelson, J. (2005). An
List overview of e-portfolios. Educause
Learning Initiative, 1, 1-27.
 Examples of Reference List
MLA Style (8TH edition)
REFERENCE Lorenzo, George, and John Ittelson. “An
List overview of e-portfolios.” Educause
Learning Initiative, vol 1, 2005, pp. 1-27.
 Examples of Reference List
Chicago Manual Style (17TH edition)
REFERENCE Lorenzo, George and John Ittelson. “An
List overview of e-portfolios.” Educause
Learning Initiative, 1 (2005): 1-27.
 - Explore ‘References’ of MS Word

Practical Tip

- Use Online Generators or Software

 LESSON 4 | PART VIII

Ethical Standards in Writing

the Literature Review
 Ethical Standards
1. Cite your sources
Writing the 2. Report the findings in your cited studies
Literature
Review 3. Avoid injecting editorial comments
4. Refrain from fabricating information
5. Avoid plagiarism
 Plagiarism
Writing the
Literature Involves using ideas and information
Review created by other people but without
attribution to them.
 Levels of Plagiarism (Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE), New Jersey)
Level 1: gravest level of plagiarism. It involves
Writing the copying a full paper word for word, without
Literature acknowledging the source
Review Level 2: involves lifting a large portion of a
research work (up to 50%) without citing its
source.
Level 3: involves copying specific portions of
another work without citing it.
 Levels of Plagiarism (Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE), New Jersey)
Writing the Level 4: involves not only the failure to cite
Literature another work used in a certain study but also the
failure to correctly paraphrased the portions of
Review
this used work.
Level 5: the lowest level of plagiarism. It involves
incorrectly citing a certain source and copying
heavily from it.
 You can avoid plagiarism through the
following ways:
1. Keep track of file, and label source you
Writing the have used.
Literature
2. Plan how you will take down notes.
Review
3. Refrain from “cutting-and-pasting” from
sources.
PARAPHRASING is the key!
 GROUP TASK

Write your
a. Literature Review
b. Conceptual Framework

*Deadline: September 14, Monday, until 11:59pm

END OF LESSON 4

THANK YOU!