C Language

History of C Language
C Language is developed by “Dennis Ritchie ” at Bell Labs in 1972.
C language is a case sensitive language.
Ex. SUM, sum, Sum
These variables are look like same but systems have a different meaning of them.

Programing Languages are divided into two types

1 High Level Language
The high level language is designed to get faster programing development.

2 Low Level Language

The low level language is designed to get faster program execution.

The C Language is a combination of both these language therefore it is called a

“Middle level language”

Structure of C Program
Documentation section
Preprocessor Directive
Definition section
Global Declaration section
Main () Function Section
{
Variable declaration/initialization;
Program statements;
}
Subprogram section

Function1 ()
.
.
.
Function ()

Documentation sections consist of comments of the program.

 Preprocessor Directive which links the compiler to the standard Library
functions.
 Definition section defines all symbolic constants like #define PI=3.14
 C Language

 Global Declaration section declares the global variables. These variables can be
use more than one function. And they declare outside of all functions.
 main () function is used by c program to tell the compiler where the program
start. Every program must have exactly one main()
 The opening ‘{‘ and closing ‘}’ braces indicate the begin and end of the main
function
 C program may contain zero or more variable declaration and statements.
 Subprogram section contain all user defined functions

Sample of C program

/* A c program*/
#include<stdio.h>
main ()
{
Printf (“hello world”);
}

Header Files
There are following header files to store the standard library function

 #include<stdio.h>
This header file is a standard input output header file. It include the following
functions
Printf () – write argument to stdout format
Scanf () – Read arguments from stdin in specified format
fopen () - open the file
fclose () – close the file

 #include<conio.h>
This header file is a console input output header file. It includes the following
functions- getch() and clrscr() functions

Comments in C
Single Line comment is given by a //
Multiline comment is given by /* - - - - -*/

Tokens in C
The smallest individual units in a program are called tokens.
 C Language

1. Keywords
C language has 32 keywords .All are in lowercase letter. The keywords are

auto extern sizeof break float static

case for struct char goto switch
const if typedef continue int union
default long unsigned do register void
double return volatile else short while
enum signed

2. Datatype
Datatype specifies the size and type of the value stored in that variable.

 Built in data types

Datatype Description Memory Conversion

requirement specifier
Int Stores whole number 2/4 bytes %d

Char Single character 1 byte %c

Float Contains fractional 4 bytes %f

part
Double Double precision 8 bytes %ld
floating number
Bool Single bit(true or 1 bit -
false)
Void Not return anything - -

 User Defined datatypes

The user defined datatypes are union ,structure,typedef,enum.
typedef:-
It represents the type definition that allows the user to define an identifier that
would represent the existing datatype
Syntax:
typedef type identifier;
Ex: typedef int item_qty;
Item_qty nut,bolt;
The above ex have item_qty declares as int variable.
enum:-
An enumeration is a list of constant values.
Syntax:
enum identifier {value1, value2,….., valuen};
 C Language

Ex. enum color {green, blue, red, pink};

enum color flowers, leaves;
flowers=red;
leaves=green;
compiler automatically assigns the integer values beginning with 0 to all enum
constants. Enumeration constants can also explicitly assign.

3. Variables
A variable is used to store a data value. It is symbolic name assigned to the
memory location where data is stored.
Syntax:
datatype variable_name;
Ex. int a=7;
One or more variables can define by using commas (,).
Ex: int a, b, c;

4. Constants
Syntax:
const datatype variable name=value;
Constants are the identifiers that have a fixed value. There are 4 types of constants
I. Integer constants
It consist of sequence of digits.it have +ve or -ve value of constant from 0 -9.
Ex. -3, 5, 9 etc.
II. Floating point constants
It consists of sequence of digits and having a decimal point. It may be +ve or -
ve.
Ex. -9.8, 5.6, .8.0 etc
III. Character constants
It is enclosed in single quotation marks. An integer must be char, special
symbols like #, @, $ must be a character.
Ex. ‘A’,’/’,’#’ etc
IV. String constants
It is a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotation mark.
Ex.”hello”, “23/04/08”,”(a+b)”, etc

5. Operators

I. Arithmetic operators

Operator Meaning
+ Addition
- Substraction
* Division
/ Multiplication
% Modulus(Remainder)
 C Language

II. Relational Operators

Operator Meaning
< Is less than
> Is greater than
<= Is less than equal to
>= Is greater than equal to
== Is equal to
!= Is not equal to

III. Logical Operators

Operator Meaning Type

&& Logical AND Binary operator
|| Logical OR Binary operator
! Logical NOT Unary operator

Iv. Unary operators

Operator Meaning
- Unary minus
+ Unary plus
++ Increment
-- Decrement
~ Bitwise complement
& Address of
* Indirection
! Logical not

v. Increment and Decrement operators

Operator Meaning
The prefix unary plus operator .It adds 1 to operand
++m
and then assigns result to variable on left
The posfix unary plus operator assigns result to the
m++
variable on left then adds 1 to the operand
The prefix unary minus operator .It substract 1 to
--m
operand and then assigns result to variable on left
The posfix unary plus operator assigns result to the
m--
variable on left then adds 1 to the operand

vi. conditional operator

 C Language

It is used to check conditions and depending on result the statement is executed.

Syntax:
exp1? exp2:exp3;
Ex.
int a=10,b=20;
X=(a>b)?a:b;

Program for addition of two numbers

#include<stdio.h>
Void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf(“\n enter the value of a and b”);
scanf(“%d\t %d”,&a,&b);
c=a+b;
printf(“addition is=%d”,c);

Program for swapping of two values without using third variable

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a=5;
int b=2;
printf(“a=%d\t b=%d\n”,a,b);
a=a+b;
b=a-b;
a=a-b;
printf(“After swapping \n a=%d \t b=%d\t b=%d”,a,b);
}

Type casting
converts the value of one type into another type
Syntax:

(type)expression;
Ex. X=(int) 10.456; //it converts to 10

int a=34;
Z= (float) a; //it converts to 34.0000000
Program for type casting.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
 C Language

float num=8.45;
printf(“value of num=%f \n”,num);
printf(“value of num on type casting=%d\n”,(int)num);
}

Character input output functions

The stdio.h header file provide following functions for Input and output

I.getchar() function
This function accepts a character from keyboard.
Syntax:
Character_variable_name=getchar();

II.putchar() function
This function is used to print one character on screen.
Syntax:
Putchar(Character_variable_name);

Program to accept character from keyboard and print it.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char c;
c=getchar();
putchar(c);
}

String input output functions

I.gets() function
This function is used to accept string from the keyboard.

Syntax:

gets (string_variable_name);

II.puts() function
This function is used to print string on screen

Syntax: puts(string_variable_name);
 C Language

Program to accept a string from keyboard and print it.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char s[80];
gets(s);
puts(s);
}

Formatted console input output functions

The stdio.h header file provide built in functions for reading and writing formmated
data from input output devices.

I.scanf() function
This function accept formmated data from keyboard.

Syntax:

scanf(“control string”,&var1,&var2,………);
The control strinjg consist of
 White space character(\t,\n)
 Coversion specifire characters as

Conversion specifire Meaning

%c For character
%d For decimal integer
%f For folating point value

Ex.int a;

scanf(“%d”,&a);

II.printf() function
It is used to print formatted data from keyboard where format of string is
depends onto the control string.

Syntax: printf(“control string”,var1,var2,………varn);

Here var1,var2 ….are the parameters of the function that means the variable
names showing the address of memory location
 C Language

The control string consist of ordinary string, conversion specifire, format

specifire

Ex. printf(“the no is %d:”,a);

Program for swapping of two numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,t;
printf(“\nenter value of a and b”);
scanf(“%d\t%d”,&a,&b);
t=a;
a=b;
b=t;
printf(“value after swapping=%d \t b=%d”,a,b);
}
Program for calculate area
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int l,b;
float area;
printf("\n enter the value area of traingle");
scanf("%d%d",&l,&b);
area=0.5*l*b;
printf("%f “,&area);
}

control Structure/Decision making statement

The control statement are used to control the flow of the program.
Decision making is to see the particular condition is occurred or not and direct the
compiler to execute other statement.
There are two ways of decision making statement and is used with expression
1. If statement:
It is two way decision making statement depending on the expression is true or
false.
Syntax:
if(expression)
{
Statement block;
}
Statement x;

Program for if statement

#include<stdio.h>
 C Language

void main()
{
int a;
printf(“\n enter the value of a”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
if(a>0)
{
printf(“no is greater”);
}
printf(“no is less”);
}
2. If else statement:
It is allows to selecting one of two available options depending upon the output of
the test expression.
Syntax: if(expression)
{
True block statement;
}
else
{
False block statement;
}
Statement x;

Program for number is even or odd

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
printf(“enter value of a”);
scanf(%d”,&a);
if(a%2==0)
{
printf(“\n the %d no is even”,a);
}
else
{
printf(“\n the %d no is odd”,a);
}
}
Program for no maximum or minimum
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b;
printf(“enter value of a and b”);
scanf(%d\t %d”,&a,&b);
 C Language

if(a>b)
{
printf(“\n the %d no is maimum”,a);
}
else
{
printf(“\n the %d no is maximum”,b);
}
}

Program for leap year

3. Nesting if elsete statement

This allows us to perform multiple actions in single instruction.
Syntax:
If (expression1)
{
If (expression2)
{
Statement 1;
}
Else
{
Statement 2;
}
}
Else
{
Statement 3;

Statement x;

Program to find out largest number out of four numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
Void main()
{
int a,b,c,d;
printf(“\n enter the 4 numbers”);
scanf(“%d%d%d%d”,&a,&b,&c,&d);
if(a>b)
{
 C Language

if(a>c)
{
if(a>d)
Printf(“\n maximum number=%d”,a);
else
printf(“maximum number =%d”,d);
}
else
{
if(c>d)
printf(\n maximum number=%d”,c);
else
printf(\n maximum number=%d”,d);
}
}
else
{
if(b>c)
{
if(b>d)
printf(“\n maximum number=%d”,b);
else
printf(\n maximum number is=%d”,d);
}
else
{
if(c>d)
printf(“\n maximum number=%d”,c);
else
printf(“\n maximum number=%d”,d);
}

Program for maximum of three numbers .

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf("\n Enter the value of a:");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("\n Enter the value of b:");
scanf("%d",&b);
printf("\n Enter the value of c:");
scanf("%d",&c);
if(a>b)
{
 C Language

if(a>c)
{
printf("\n a is maximum");
}
else
{
printf("\n c is maximum");
}
}
else
{
if(b>c)
{
printf("\n b is maximum");
}
else
{
printf("\n c is maximum");
}
}
getch();
}

}
4.Else if ladder:

Syntax: if(expression 1)
Statement 1;
else if(expression 2)
Statement 2;
else if(expression 3)
Statement 3;
....
else
Statement x;

Program for elseif ladder

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char n[40];
int m1,m2,m3,m4,m5,m6,t;
float per;
printf("\nEnter name of the student:");
scanf("%s",&n);
printf("\nEnter marks in 6 subjects:");
scanf("%d%d%d%d%d%d",&m1,&m2,&m3,&m4,&m5,&m6);
 C Language

t=m1+m2+m3+m4+m5+m6;
per=t/6;
if((m1<40)||(m2<40)||(m3<40)||(m4<40)||(m5<40)||(m6<40))
printf("\n\nName:%s\nTotal:%d\nGrade:Fail",n,t);
else
if(per>=75)
printf("\n\nName:%s\nTotal:%d\nGrade:Distinction",n,t);
else
if(per>=60)
printf("\n\nName:%s\nTotal:%d\nGrade:First Class",n,t);
else
if(per>=50)
printf("\n\nName:%s\nTotal:%d\nGrade:Second Class",n,t);
else
printf("\n\nName:%s\nTotal:%d\nGrade:Third Class",n,t);
}

5.Switch statement:

A multi way decision making known as switch. A case expression can repeatedly
use in switch statement. The use of break statement in every case to quit the
switch statement after matched.
Syntax:
switch(expression)
{
case value-1:
Statement 1;
break;
case value-2:
Statement 2;
break;
….
‘’’’
default:
default block;
break;
}
Statement x;

Program for switch case

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int month;
printf(“\n enter the month number”);
scanf(“%d”,&month);
switch(month)
 C Language

{
case 1:printf(“january”);
break;
case 2:printf(“February”);
break;
case 3:printf(“march”);
break;
case 4:printf(“april”);
break;
case 5:printf(“may”);
break;
case 6:printf(“june”);
break;
case 7:printf(“july”);
break;
case 8:printf(“august”);
break;
case 9:printf(“september”);
break;
case 10:printf(“octomber”);
break;
case 11:printf(“november”);
break;
case 12:printf(“december”);
break;
default: printf(“wrong input”);
break;
}

}
Program for switch case addition,multiplication,division,modulo
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c,ch;
printf("enter the value a&b");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("\n\t1addtion");
printf("\n\t2substraction");
printf("\n\t3multiplication");
printf("\n\t4division");
printf(“\n\t 5modulus “);
printf("enter any choice");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
 C Language

c=a+b;
printf("addtion is %d",c);
break;
case 2:
c=a-b;
printf("substraction is %d",c);
break;
case 3:
c=a*b;
printf("multiplication is %d",c);
break;
case 4:
c=a/b;
printf("division is %d",c);
case 5:
c=a%b;
printf("division is %d",c);

}
getch();
}

Program for color choices

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int color=1;
printf("\n please choose a color number");
printf("\n 1:red\n2:green\n3:blue");
scanf("%d",&color);
switch(color)
{
case 1:
printf("\n you choose red color");
break;
case 2:
printf("\n you choose green color");
break;
case 3:
printf("\n you choose blue color");
break;
default:
printf("\n you did not choose any color");
break;
}
getch();
 C Language

Decision control loops:

1. While loop:
It is a entry controlled loop. The test condition is executed if it is true then the
body of loop is executed this process is continue until the test condition is false
Syntax:

initialization;
While(condition)
{
Body of loop;
Increment/decrement;
}
Statement x;

Program for print 1 to 10 numbers using whuile loop

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
a=1;
while(a<10)
{
printf(“%d”,a);
a=a+1;
}
}
Program for factorial no
#include<stdio.h>
Void main()
{
int f=1,n,i=1;
printf(“enter the no”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
while(i<=n)
{
f=f*i;
i++;
}
 C Language

printf(“factorial no is=%d”,f);
}
Program for fibbonancci series
#include<stdio.h>
Void main()
{
Int a=0,b=1,c=0,is=0,n;
Printf(“enter the range”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
While(i<=n)
{
printf(“fibbonancci series is %d”,c);
a=b;
b=c;
c=a+b;
i++;
}
}
Program for sum of given numbers
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,a,i=1,sum=0;
printf("\how many number:");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(i<=n)
{
printf("\nEnter any number:");
scanf("%d",&a);
sum+=a;
i+=1;
}
printf("\nSum=%d",sum);
getch();
}
Program for sum of five digit number
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int no,rem=0;
long int sum=0;
clrscr();
printf("enter five digit number");
scanf("%d",&no);
while(no!=0)
{
rem=no%10;
 C Language

sum=sum+rem;
no=no/10;
}
printf("sum of digits= %d",sum);
getch();
}

2. do-while loop:
it is exit controlled loop. The body of loop statement is executed for the first time.
Then the test condition in while loop is executed. If the condition is true then the
body of loop is executed until the condition becomes false.
Syntax:

initialization;
do
{
Body of loop;
}while(condition);

Program for do while loop

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a=1;
do
{

printf(“%d”,a);
a++;

}while(a<10);

Program for numbers in decending order

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x=20;
do
{
printf("\n %d",x);
x=x-1;
}while(x>=1);
getch();
}
 C Language

Program for reverse number

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,d,resno=0;
clrscr();
printf("enter no");
scanf("%d",&n);
do
{
d=n%10;
n=n/10;
resno=resno*10+d;
} while(n>0);
printf("reverse no=%d",resno);
getch();
}

3.for loop:
It is also entry controlled loop.
syntax:
for(initialization;test condition;increment/decrement)
{
Body of loop;
}
Different ways of using for loops :

for(p=1;n=0;n<4;++n)

for(p=1;n=0;n<4;++n;++p)

for(;n<4;)

for( ; ; )

program for for loop

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<10;i++)
{
printf(“%d”,i);
}
}
4.nested for loop:
 C Language

syntax:
for(initialization;test condition;increment/decrement)
{

for(initialization; test condition;increment/decrement)

Statement of loop;;

Statement of outer loop;

Program for nested for loop

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
{
printf(“*”);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
}

Program for nested for loop

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
{
printf(“%d”,i);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
}

Program for nested for loop

 C Language

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
{
printf(“%d”,j);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
}

Program fort nested for

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
clrscr();
for(j=72;j>65;j--)
{
for(i=65;i<j;i++)
{printf("%c",i);}

printf("\n");

}
}

Program for nested for loop

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=4;j++)
{
printf(“*”);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
}

Program for factorial numbers series.

 C Language

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=0,j=0,n=0;
long int f=1;
clrscr();
printf("enter range");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("\t");
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
f=f*j;
}
printf("%ld",f);
f=1;
}
getch();
}

5.break statement:

it is used to exit from loop before the predetermine condition becomes false.it can
also be handle error or any exceptional condition.
The general form are:

While(…….) Do for(………….…….)
{ { {
……… ……… ………
………. ………. ……….
If(condition) If(condition) If(condition)

break; break; break;

….. ….. …..
…… …… ……
} }while(…..) }
……… ……… ………

Program for break statement

#include<stdio.h>
 C Language

void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
printf(“%d”,i);
if(i==3)break;
printf(“****”);
}
}

6. continue statement

the continue statement causes the loop to continue with the next iteration
skipping the remaining statement in that loop.

Do for( ; ;)
{ {
…… ……

if( ) if( )
continue;
continue; ……….

…….
……. ……
}
}while( );

Program for continue statement

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
printf(“%d”,i);
if(i==3)continue;
printf(“****”);
}
}

Arrays
Array is a collection of data items with same data type.All data items in array
have same name. Array is starts with zero (0).
 C Language

There are two types of array:

One dimensional array

Syntax: data_type array_name[size/subscript];

Ex: int marks[20];

It stores marks in computer as

……………………………………………………………..
marks[0] marks[1]……………………………………………………………………………..marks[19]

Initialization:

1.Syntax: arrayname[index]=value;

Ex. Marks[0]=35;

Marks[1]=98;

………

………….

Marks[19]=54;

2. syntax: type arrayname[]={ list of values };

Ex. Int marks[10]={34,56,78,44,87,88,99,76,66,55};

3. Declaration and initialization of character array

Ex. char a[5]={‘l’,’e’,’a’,’r’,’n’};

The character array must ends with null character means ‘\0’.

Program for print 1D array element

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int arr[5]={10,15,78,90,100};
int i=0;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
printf("\n%d",arr[i]);
}
 C Language

getch();
}

Program for print 1D array element

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10],i;
printf("\nEnter any ten numbers\n");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("\nThe inputed numbers are as follows\n");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf("%d",a[i]);
}
}
Program addition of 1D array elements
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10],b[10],c[10],i;
printf("\nEnter any ten numbers for a\n");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("\nEnter any ten numbers for b\n");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf("%d",&b[i]);
}
Printf(“addition is:\n”);
for(i=0;i<10
{
c[i]=a[i]+b[i];
scanf(“\t%d”,c[i]);
}
}

Two dimensional array

 C Language

The array which require two subscript to its individual element is called two
dimensional array.

Declaration syntax: dtatatype arrayname[row-size][column-size];

Ex. int matrix[3][3];

Initialization: int matrix[3][3]={2,4,5,5,6,1,8,9,3};

The representation of above array is :

2 4 5
5 6 1
8 9 3
Program for print 2D array element
#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{
int a[3][3],i,j;
printf("elements for a");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("elements are-");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",a[i][j]);
}
Printf(“\n”);

}
}
Program for matrix elements addition
#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{
int a[3][3],b[3][3],c[3][3],i,j;
 C Language

printf("elements for a");

for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
printf("elements for b");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
}
printf("addition of two matrix");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf("\n%d",c[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

Program for diagonal addition

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3][3],i,j,n;

printf("enter the array elements");

for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
 C Language

{
if(i==j)
{
n=n+a[i][j];
}
}
}
printf("diagonal add is %d",n);
}

Program for transpose of matrix

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[20][20],b[20][20],r,c,i,j;
clrscr();
printf("accept rows and column:");
scanf("%d %d",&r,&c);
printf("accept elements");
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
b[j][i]=a[i][j];
}
}
printf("\n original matrix is:");
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
printf("%d",a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\n transpose matrix");
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
{
printf("\t %d",b[j][i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
 C Language

Function
A function is a self-contained block of statement that perform particular task and
may return a value to the calling program.

 The function declaration is called function prototype or function call.There is a

semicolon at the end of the declaration.

Syntax: return_datatype function_name(type arg1,type arg2,………..)

Ex. int sum(int a,int b); //it takes two argument and return a value.

void sum(float a,float b) //it takes two argument but no return value

void sum(void); //it takes no argument and no return value

The function that do not return any values can be explicitly defined as void.

 Function definition
Syntax: return_datatype function_name(type arg1,type arg2,…..)
{
Local variable declaration;
Statements;
return(expression);
}
 The first line is a function header.
 There is no semicolon at the ends of header.
 The argument list is the mode of communication between the function and the
calling function.
 Local variable declaration is necessary only if you are using any local variable.
 Return keyword:

The return keyword is used to end the function body and return a value to
the calling function. A function body may contain multiple return statements but the
fun execution is stop at the first return statement.

There are three ways to give return:

Syntax example

return; return;

return expression; return b;

return(expression); return(a+b);

program for square of the numbers upto given range

#include<stdio.h>
 C Language

#include<Conio.h>
void sqr_prn(int);
void main()
{
int pos=0;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter last position");
scanf("%d",&pos);
sqr_prn(pos);
getch();
}
void sqr_prn(int x)
{
int i=1;
for(i=1;i<=x;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",i*i);
}
}

program for area of triangle using function

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
triangle();
}
void triangle()
{
int base, height;
float area;
printf(“\n enter base”);
scanf(“%d”,&base);
printf(“\n enter height”);
area=0.5*base*height;
printf(“\n area of triangle=%f”,area);
}

Program for addition using function

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int p,q,sum;
p=10,q=20;
sum=add(p,q);
display(sum);
}
int add(int x,int y)
 C Language

{
int s;
s=x+y;
return(s);
}
Int display(int sum)
{
printf(“addition is=%d”,sum);
}

Program for arithmetic using function

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int p,q,sum;
p=40;q=20;
add(p,q);
sub(p,q);
mul(p,q);
div(p,q);
}
int add(int x,int y)
{
int s;
s=x+y;
printf("\n%d",s);
return(s);
}
int sub(int x,int y)
{
int s;
s=x-y;
printf("\n%d",s);
return(s);
}
int mul(int x,int y)
{
int s;
s=x*y;
printf("\n%d",s);
return(s);
}
int div(int x,int y)
{
int s;
s=x/y;
 C Language

printf("\n%d",s);
return(s);
}

Method of parameter passing:

There are two ways to pass parameters to function:

1. call by value:

In this method the content of the arguments in the calling functions are not
changed, even if they are changed in the called function.

The content of actual parameter get copied into corresponding formal

parameters.

Program for call by value

include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void swap(int a,int b)
{
int t;
printf("within function calling %d %d",a,b);
t=a;a=b;b=t;
printf("after swaping %d %d",a,b);
}
void main()
{
int x,y;
printf("enter two value");
scanf("%d %d",&x,&y);
swap(x,y);
printf("after function call %d %d",x,y);
}

2. Call by reference:

In this method the content of the calling functions get changed i.e. The original
values are changed.

Instead of passing the value of a variable, we can pass the memory address of
the variable to the function.it is called call by reference.

Program for call by reference

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
 C Language

void swap(int *a,int *b);

void main()
{
int x,y;
clrscr();
printf("enter value of x,y");
scanf("%d %d:",&x,&y);
printf("before swapping");
printf("x=%d y=%d",x,y);
swap(&x,&y);
printf("\n after swapping");
printf("\n x=%d,y=%d",x,y);
getch();
}
void swap (int*a,int*b)
{
int p;
p=*a;
*a=*b;
*b=p;
}

Scope of variable
1. Local variable:

By default the scope of variable is local to the function in which it defined. Local
variable can only be accessed in the function in which they defined.

2. Global variable:

If the variable is defined outside any function definitions is called as external

variable. The scope of such a variables will be for whole program. Hence it is called
global variable.

Ex. #include<stdio.h>
int a=7;//global variable
main ()
{
int b=3;//local to main
…..
….
}
abc()
{
int c=4;//local to abc()
…
}
 C Language

Recursion:
It is a process by which a function calls itself repeatedly until some specified
Cond has been satisfied.

Syntax:
return_type function_name(argument list)
{
………..
……………….
Function_name(…………);
…………
……………
}
Program for factorial using recursion

#include<stdio.h>
int fact(int p)
{
int f=1,i;
if(p==1)
return 1;
else
f=p*fact(p-1);
return f;
}
void main()
{
int x,n;
printf(“enter the value of n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
x=fact(n);
printf(“factorial no=%d”,x);
}

Program for odd numbers upto n numbers using recursion

#include<stdio.h>
void odd(int a,int n)
{
if(a<=n)
{
printf("%d\t",a);
odd(a+2,n);
}
return;
}
void main()
 C Language

{
int n;
printf("\n enter the value of n");
scanf("%d",&n);
odd(1,n);
}

string

A string is an array of characters stored in consecutive memory locations.

In strings the ending character is always the null character ‘\0’ .The null
character acts as a string terminator. The compiler automatically stores null
character at the end of the string.

Declaration of strings:

Syntax: char string_name[length];

Ex. char name [5];

Initialization:

Char greet[10]={ ‘h’ , ‘e’ , ‘l’ , ‘l’, ‘o’};

Char greet[10]=”hello”;

Char greet[]=”hello”;

Memory representation of string:

Char greet[]=”hello”;

h e l l o \0

Standard string handling functions:

The following standard library functions are the standard functions with strings.
They are declares in the string’s header file.

Function meaning
strlen(s1) Returns the length of the string

strlwr(s1) Coverts the string s1 to lower case

 C Language

strupr(s1) Converts the string in upper case

strcat(s1,s2) It joins the two strings

Compares s1 and s2 and returns –ve if s1<s2, +ve if s1>s2,

strcmp(s1,s2)
0 if s1==s2

strrev(s1) Reverse the string s1

Strcpy(s1,s2) Copies the string s2 into s1

Program for string strlen()

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char name [20]="rutu";
int a;
a=strlen(name);
printf("\n %d",a);
}

Program for string strrev()

#include<string.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char name[20];
printf("enter string");
scanf("%s",name);
printf("%s",strrev(name));
}

Program for string strlwr()

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
 C Language

{
char str [20];
int len;
printf("enter string");
gets(str);
strlwr(str);
printf("lower case=%s",str);
}
Program for string strupr()

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char str [20];
int len;
printf("enter string");
gets(str);
strupr(str);
printf("upper case=%s",str);
}

Program for string strcmp()

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char a[20],b[20];
clrscr();
printf("enter string");
gets(a);
printf("enter second string");
gets(b);
if(strcmp(a,b)==0)
printf("string are equal");
else
printf("string are not equal");
}

Program for string strcat()

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
 C Language

char name[20]="Disha";
char a[]="comp";
strcat(name,a);
printf("\n%s",name);
}

Program for string Strcpy()

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char name[]="Disha";
char a[20]
strcpy(a,name);
printf("%s",a);
}

Structure:
Structure is a collection of logically related data items of different data types
grouped together under a single name.

Structure is analogous to records. The data items that make up a structure are
called its members or fields.

Structure definition:
Syntax: struct structure_name
{
Data type member1;
Data type member2;
………..
};
The structure definition template is terminated with semicolon.
The members of the structure are enclosed in {}.
Each data member in structure is declared independently with its name and
type in separate statement.
Ex. of book database:
struct book{
char title [15];
char author [10];
int pages;
float price;
};
Structure declaration:
 C Language

The structure declaration in 3 ways:

1. Structure variable declaration in structure template.

Syntax example
Struct structure name struct book
{ {
Data type member1; char title[15];
Data type member2; char author[10];
…. int pages;
}var1,var2….; float price;
}b1,b2,b3;

2. Structure variable declaration anywhere in the program.

Syntax Example
Struct structure_name struct book
{ {
Datatype member1; char title[15];
Datatype member2; char author[10];
…. int pages;
}; float price;
Struct structure_name var1,var2….; };
Struct book b1,b2,b3;

3. Structure variable declaration in structure template.

Example
struct book
{
char title[15];
char author[10];
int pages;
float price;
};
Struct book b[100];

Structure initialization:

Initialization in a structure Initialization out of structure

template template
Ex. struct book struct book
 C Language

{ {
char title[15]; char title[15];
char author[10]; char author[10];
int pages; int pages;
float price; float price;
}b1{“Let Us c” , };
“kanetkar” ,300,150.50};
Struct book b1{“Let Us c” ,

“kanetkar” ,300,150.50};

Accessing structure members:

The individual members of the structure can be accessed using dot(.) operator.
This dot operator is called as structure member operator as it connects the
structure variable and the structure member.
Syntax:
structure variable.structure_member;
Ex.
b1.title=”Let Us c”;
b1.pages=300;
printf(“price%f”,b1.price);
scanf (“%s”,b1.author);

program for structure

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>+
struct book
{
char title[15];
int pages;
}s={"CPP",300};
void main()
{
printf("title=%s",s.title);
printf("pages=%d",s.pages);
}

program for employee information

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct emp
{
char n[80];
char address[200];
 C Language

long phone;
};
struct emp e;
void main()
{
printf("enter emp name");
scanf("%s",e.n);
printf("enter emp address");
scanf("%s",&e.address);
printf("enter phoneno");
scanf("%ld",&e.phone);
printf("name is %s",e.n);
printf("address is %s",e.address);
printf("phone is %ld",e.phone);
}

program for bank account balance.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
struct bank_acno
{
int acno;
char mem_name[10];
float balance;
char ac_ty[10];
}b_acc;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter Bank Account details\n");
printf("\n Enter bank Account Number:");
scanf("%d",&b_acc.acno);
printf("\n Enter Account holder's Name:");
scanf("%s",b_acc.mem_name);
printf("\n Enter balance");
scanf("%f",&b_acc.balance);
printf("\n Enter Account type:");
scanf("%s",b_acc.ac_ty);
printf("\n\n BANK ACCOUNT DETAILS\n");
printf("\n Bank account number=%d",b_acc.acno);
printf("\n Account holders Name=%s",b_acc.mem_name);
printf("\n Account type=%s",b_acc.ac_ty);
printf("\n Balence=%f",b_acc.balance);
if(b_acc.balance<2000)

{
printf("\n Miniumum Balance in your account!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!");
 C Language

}
getch();
}

Union:
Union are also a user defined type they also contain the members of datatypesbut
all members in union shares same stoiarage area in computer memory while
structure assingned its own unique stoarage area
Syntax:
Union union_name
{
Datatype member1;
……
…..
}var1,var2……;
Ex. union book
{
Char title[20];
Int pages;
}b1,b2;

pointer:
Pointer are the variable that contain the address of another variable .
Every data item is strored in memory in one of the adjacent locations ina cells.each
cells is known as byte and has a number that means the address.
memorycells
---------------------------------------------------
address 0 1 2 3 --------------------------------------------------- 65535

ex. int x=5;

it stores in memory as:-
X <---- variable
5 ---- value
1002 <---- address

Address and dereferencing(& and *) operators

Int x=5;
To access the baddress of variable x, the & operator is used it is called “address of “
operator.then we assign the address like as:
P=&x;
To access the value of the variable x,then used * operator ,it is called
“dereferancing operator”
X=*p;
Here x and *p represents same value. 5
 C Language

Pointer declaration
Datatype *ptvar;
Here ptvtr is a pointer and it needs memory location and it points to a variable of
that datatype.
Ex. int *p;
Float *a;
Char *c;
Pointer initialization
To initialize pointer variable use (&) operator
Ex. p=&a;
Program for pointer
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int *p,a;
printf("\n enter the valies");
scanf("%d",&a);
p=&a;
printf("\n *p=%d",*p);
printf("\n p=%x",p);
printf("\n a=%d",a);
}

Pointer arithmetic:

increment Ptr++ It points to the next location of same type ,if ptr=2003
then it gives ptr=2005,if ptr is point to character then
ptr=2004
decrement Ptr-- It points to previous location of same type,if ptr=2003
then it gives ptr=2001
Adding a Ptr=ptr+8 Ptr points to 9 integer locations after current location.if
number to ptr=2003 then ptr+8 gives ptr=2011
pointer
Substractin Ptr=ptr-8 Ptr points to 8 integer before current location.
g a number If ptr=2003 then ptr-8 gives ptr=1995
from pointer

Invalid pointer arithmetic:

Additonh of two numbers
Multiplication of a number with pointer
Division of a pointer with a number

Program for pointer arithmetic

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
 C Language

char c='z',*cp;
float f=10.2,*fp;
int i=987,*ip;
long l=345,*lp;
double d=9.99,*dp;
cp=&c;fp=&f;ip=&i;lp=&l;dp=&d;
printf("\n char float int long double");
printf("\n %8x %8x %8x %8x %8x",cp,fp,ip,lp,dp);
cp++;fp++;ip++;lp++;dp++;
printf("\n %8x %8x %8x %8x %8x",cp,fp,ip,lp,dp);
cp+=12;fp+=12;ip+=12;lp+=12;dp+=12;
printf("\n %8x %8x %8x %8x %8x",cp,fp,ip,lp,dp);
cp--;fp--;ip--;lp--;dp--;
printf("\n %8x %8x %8x %8x %8x",cp,fp,ip,lp,dp);
cp-=12;fp-=12;ip-=12;lp-=12;dp-=12;
printf("\n %8x %8x %8x %8x %8x",cp,fp,ip,lp,dp);
}

Pointer to pointer:
A pointer to pointer is a variable that contains the address of pointer variable of
specific datatype.
Syntax:
Datatype **ptr_to_ptr;
Ex. int x=12;
Int *ptr;
Int **ptr_to_ptr;
Ptr=&x;
Ptr_to_ptr=&ptr;
The memory representation:
Ptr_to_ptr ptr x

5067
501111004 2345 12

45807 5067 2345

Program for pointer to pointer
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char c='z',*cp,**pcp;
float f=10.2,*fp,**pfp;
int i=987,*ip,**pip;
double d=9.99,*dp,**pdp;
cp=&c;
fp=&f;
ip=&i;
dp=&d;
pcp=&cp;
 C Language

pfp=&fp;
pip=&ip;
pdp=&dp;
printf("\n DataType Address_of_pointer Addressof_value values values");
printf("\n \t **p \t *p \t p");
printf("\n character %8x %10x %c",pcp,cp,c);
printf("\n float %8x %10x %f",pfp,fp,f);
printf("\n integer %8x %10x %d",pip,ip,i);
printf("\n double %8x %10x %lf",pdp,dp,d);

}
Program for pointer to pinter arithmetic
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char c='z',*cp,**pcp;
cp=&c;
pcp=&cp;
printf("\n character%8x%10x%c",pcp,*pcp,**pcp);
pcp++;
printf("\n **p *p p");
printf("\n character%8x%10x%c",pcp,*pcp,**pcp);
getch();
}

File:
It is a collection of information stored in the secondary me3mory having some
filename,which stored in the directory.
Operations on files:
1.naming the file
2.opening the file:opening the files in various modes.
3.reading the content of the file:reading the dtata from the file
4.writing the content into the file:writing the datav to the file.
5.updating the file:changing some content of the records of the file
6.appending the file:writing additional data to the end of file
7.closing the file

File pointer:
Before opening the file we have to create file pointer .
Syntax:
FILE *fptr;
FILEis a structure defined in the “stdio.h” header file.

Opening the file:

Syntax:
 C Language

FILE *fopen(char *fname,char *mode);

Ex.
FILE *fp;
If((fp=fopen(“myfile”,”r”))==NULL)
{
Printf(“error for oprn a file”);
Exit(1);
}
mode Meaning
r Open a text file for reading only
w Open a file for writing only
a Appends to existing text file
r+ Open a text file for r/w
w+ Open the existing text fileor crate a text file for
r/w
a+ Append or create a text file for read/write

Closing the file:

To close a file use fclose()
Syntax:
fcloase(FILE *fp);
The fclose file close the file associated with fp.
End of file:
A file contains a large amount of data thus some times we cannot detect end of file
then use EOF .
Ex. while(!feof(fp))
Fscanf(fp,”%s”,line);

Character input and output functions:

The getc() and putc() can be used to handle one charater at a time
Syntax: putc(ch,fptr);
Syntax: Ch=getc(fptr);

String input output functions:

The fgets() and fputs()functions can be used for string I/O.
Syntax: char*fgets(char *str,int n,FILE *fptr);

Syntax: fputs(const char *str,FILE *fptr);

Program for open file in read mode

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char ch;
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen("c:\\abcd.txt","r");
while((ch=getc(fp))!=EOF)
 C Language

{
printf("%C",ch);
}
fclose(fp);
}

Program for count number of lines in file

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
int n=0;
fp=fopen("c:\\ab.txt","r");
while (1)
{
ch=fgetc(fp);
if(ch==EOF)
break;
if(ch=='\n')
n++;
}
printf("no of lines=%d",n);
fclose(fp);
}

Program for open c file in read mode

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
fp=fopen("comp.c","r");
if(fp==NULL)
printf("unable to open comp.c");
else
{
do
{
ch=getc(fp);
putchar(ch);
} while(ch!=EOF);
fclose(fp);
}
}
 C Language

Program for file open in write mode

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fp;
char line[80];
clrscr();
fp=fopen("c:\\abc.txt","w");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("\n file can not open");
exit(1);
}
while(strlen(gets(line))>0)
{
fputs(line,fp);
}
fclose(fp);
}

Program for create a text file for write the content .

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fp;
int ch,i=0;
char line[260];
fp=fopen("c:\\abcd.txt","a");
if(fp==NULL)
printf("\n file can not open");
else
{
do
{
do line[i++]=getchar();
while(line[i-1]!='*');
fputs(line,fp);
i=0;
printf("\n press 1 to continue");
scanf("%d",&ch);
}while(ch==1);
fclose(fp);
printf("\n file is succesfully created");
}
 C Language