COURSE CODE: EE 1C UNITS: 3

COURSE DESCRIPTION: INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL NO. OF HRS: 3

LESSON 5: INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

CONTROL AND FIELD INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

 To successfully work (and design) with control systems, it is essential to understand the
documents that are typically used to illustrate process control and associated field
instrumentation.
 The documentation of process control and associated field instrumentation is normally created
by the engineering firm that designs and constructs the plant.
 The company that commissioned the plant may have an internal documentation standard the
engineering firm will be required to follow.

TYPES OF PLANT DOCUMENTATION

 Plot Plan – A drawing or map of the Physical layout of plant.
o It is often helpful to look at the plot plan to get an overview of how a plant is physically
organized. By examining the plot plan, it is possible to get an idea of where a piece of
equipment is located in the plant.
o Understanding the physical layout of the plant and the distances between pieces of
equipment can often provide insight into the expected transport delay associated with
material or product flow between pieces of equipment.
o For example, how long does it take a liquid, gas, or solid material flow to get from one
point in the process to another? Transport Delay– Time required for a liquid, gas or solid
material flow to move from one point to another through the process.

 Process Flow Diagram – Major pieces of equipment in a process area and design operating
conditions
o A PFD shows less detail than a P&ID and is used only to understand how the process
works.
o PFDs are useful for troubleshooting process problems.
o Drawing that shows the general process flow between major pieces of equipment of a
plant and the expected operating conditions at the target production rate.

 P&ID – Piping and Instrumentation Diagram. Symbolic representation of a plant, with its
equipment, piping and instrumentation are clearly identified.
o P&ID shows how the instrument is installed in the process plant.
o P&IDs are the “schematics” used in the field of instrumentation and control (Automation).
o The P&ID is used to by field techs, engineers, and operators to better understand the process
and how the instrumentation is inter connected.
o Most industries have standardized the symbols according to the ISA Standard S5.1
Instrumentation Symbol Specification.

 Loop Sheet or Loop Drawing – Wiring and instrumentation details.

Details:
1. A brief description of the function of each instrument
2. Range and Calibration of Input and Output signals
3. The direction or action of the output
4. Details of each cable termination, identification tags and color
5. Junction box and Terminal block number
6. On/Off or isolation switches

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LESSON 5: INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

PLOT PLAN

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)

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LESSON 5: INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

LOOP DRAWING

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LESSON 5: INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM

What is P&ID?
A piping and instrumentation diagram, or P&ID, shows the piping and related components of a physical
process flow. It’s most commonly used in the engineering field.

Function and purpose of P&IDs

P&IDS are foundational to the maintenance and modification of the process that it graphically represents.
At the design stage, the diagram also provides the basis for the development of system control schemes
For processing facilities, it’s a graphic representation of
 Key piping and instrument details
 Control and shutdown schemes
 Safety and regulatory requirements
 Basic start up and operational information

When to use P&IDs and who uses them

 These facilities usually require complex chemical or mechanical steps that are mapped out with
P&IDs to construct a plant and also to maintain plant safety as a reference for Process Safety
Information (PSI) in Process Safety Management (PSM).
 If something does go wrong, reviewing the P&ID is usually a good place to start. P&IDs are
invaluable documents to keep on hand, whether they’re used to streamline an existing process,
replace a piece of equipment, or guide the design and implementation of a new facility. With the
record they provide, changes can be planned safely and effectively using Management of Change
(MOC).
 P&IDs are used by field techs, engineers, and operators to better understand the process and
how the instrumentation is interconnected. They can also be useful in training workers and
contractors.

What are P&IDs all about?

P&IDs play an essential role in the process engineering world to show interconnectivity, but they don’t
necessarily include specifications. Specifications are usually provided in separate documents. But they are
incredibly useful in many ways, including:
 Evaluate construction processes
 Serve as a basis for control programming
 Develop guidelines and standards for facility operation
 Produce documents that explain how the process works
 Provide a common language for discussing plant operations
 Create and implement philosophies for safety and control
 Design a conceptual layout of a chemical or manufacturing plant
 Form recommendations for cost estimates, equipment design, and pipe design

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LESSON 5: INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

What’s the difference between a process flow diagram (PFD) and a piping & instrumentation diagram
(P&ID)?
 Instrumentation detail varies with the degree of design complexity.
 Simplified or conceptual designs are called process flow diagrams (PFDs). A PFD shows fewer
details than a P&ID and is usually the first step in the design process–more of a bird’s eye view.
More fully developed piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) are shown in a P&ID.

What are the limitations of P&ID?

 Since P&IDs are graphic representations of processes, they have some inherent limitations.
 They can’t be relied on as real models, because they aren’t necessarily drawn to scale or
geometrically accurate.
 There’s also no generally accepted universal standard for them, so they may look different from
company to company—or even within the same company—based on internal standards, the type
of software system being used, and the preferences of the creator.
 That’s why it’s important to design and review the documentation that gets down to the real nuts-
and-bolts of support documents.

A look at P&ID support documents

Because P&IDs are schematic overview graphics, you need documents to clarify the details and
specifications. Here are some of them:
 Process flow drawings (PFDs). P&IDs originate from PFDs. A PFD is a picture of the separate steps
of a process in sequential order. Elements that may be included are: sequence of actions,
materials or services entering or leaving the process (inputs and outputs), decisions that must be
made, people who become involved, time involved at each step and/or process measurements.
 Piping material specifications (PMS). Here’s where you find details about materials of
construction, gaskets, bolts, fittings.
 A look at P&ID support documents
 Because P&IDs are schematic overview graphics, you need documents to clarify the details and
specifications. Here are some of them:
 Equipment and instrumentation specifications (EIS). Standards and details too extensive to fit
into the P&ID are included in the EIS including Scope, Standards, Codes and Specifications,
Definitions and Terminology, Materials of Construction, Design Basis, Mechanical/Fabrication,
Guarantees, Testing and Inspection, Documentation and Shipping.
 Functional Requirement Specification (FRS). How the plant or system operates is detailed in the
FRS. It includes the Functional Description, Communication, and Scope Definition of the process.

What should a P&ID include?

While there are no exact standards for the way P&IDs should be drawn, there have been standards
suggested by the Process Industry Practice (PIP), a consortium of process industry owners and engineering
construction contractors who serve the industry. PIC001: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
Documentation Criteria details what a P&ID should contain:
 Mechanical equipment with names and numbers
 All valves and their identifications
 Process piping, sizes and identification
 Miscellaneous - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers, increasers and swaggers

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LESSON 5: INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

 Permanent start-up and flush lines

 Flow directions
 Interconnections reference
 Control inputs and outputs, interlock
 Seismic category
 Interfaces for class changes
 Quality level
 Annunciation inputs
 Computer control system input
 Vendor and contractor interfaces
 Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others
 Intended physical sequence of the equipment
 Equipment rating or capacity

What should a P&ID not include?

The nitty-gritty details can be better left to support documents. You want to create P&IDs that create
clarity, not clutter. For that reason, you will want to omit:
 Instrument root valves
 Control relays
 Manual switches
 Primary instrument tubing and valves
 Pressure temperature and flow data
 Elbow, tees and similar standard fitting
 Extensive explanatory notes

P&ID symbols and notations

ISA S5.1 defines four graphical elements—discrete instruments, shared control/display, computer
function, and programmable logic controller—and groups them into three location categories (primary
location, auxiliary location, and field mounted).
 Discrete instruments are signified by circular elements. Shared control/display elements are
circles surrounded by a square. Computer functions are indicted by a hexagon, and programmable
logic controller (PLC) functions are shown as a triangle inside a square.
 P&ID symbols and notations
 A single horizontal bar across any of the four graphical elements means the function resides in
the primary location category. A double line indicates an auxiliary location, and no line places the
device or function in the field. Devices located behind a panel-board in some other inaccessible
location are shown with a dashed horizontal line
 Letter and number combinations appear inside each graphical element and letter combinations
are defined by the ISA standard. Numbers are user assigned and schemes vary with some
companies use of sequential numbering. Some tie the instrument number to the process line
number. Others may choose to adopt unique and sometimes unusual numbering systems.
 The first letter defines the measured or initiating variables. Examples include Analysis (A), Flow
(F), Temperature (T), etc. with succeeding letters defining readout, passive, or output functions
such as Indicator (I), Record (R), Transmit (T), and so forth.

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LESSON 5: INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

TAGGING CONVENTIONS

IDENTIFICATION LETTERS

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LESSON 5: INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

LINE AND FUNCTION SYMBOLS

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LESSON 5: INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

Equipment Representation

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LESSON 5: INSTRUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

EXAMPLE P&ID

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