SABLAYAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

SY: 2021-2022

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS

BERNHARD REIMANN

POTENTIAL OF DRIED MANGO (Mangifera indica) LEAVES AND GUAVA (Psidium

guajava) LEAVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE COMPONENT IN MAKING CORKBOARD
A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in RESEARCH PROJECT

RESEARCHERS:
MAGTOTO, KHRYZA ASHLEY Z. – F36/008
YAP, KYNDRA ANGELICA C. – F43/001

April 18, 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I – THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Research Question
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation

CHAPTER II – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Research Studies

Related Articles

CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY

Conceptual Framework
Research Design
Data Gathering Procedure
- Process
- Tables and Graphs

Data Analysis Procedure

- Statistical Formula
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Cork board is a natural, renewable, sustainable raw material that
has been used for many centuries. The commercially available cork board
is made of cork, Quercus (oak) suber (oak). Cork is a type of bark
(suberose parenchyma) that can be harvested from a live cork oak tree that
does not damage or kill the tree. Cork tree bark can be harvested off a
single tree for as long as 200 years. The first-time bark is harvested when
the tree reaches 20-35 years old. After the bark is peeled the tree will
regenerate its bark. It can be re-harvested every 9-10 years. Cork is a
byproduct of the cork oak tree, which grows throughout the
Mediterranean. A significant portion of the world's cork comes from
Portugal, which has approximately 30% of the world's cork trees and
supplies approximately 50% of the world's cork.
Cassava starch has many remarkable properties, including high
paste viscosity, high paste clarity, and high freeze-thaw stability, which
are beneficial to any industry. Amylose and Amylopectin normal ratio is
27:73 (Schwartz, J., & Zelinskie, J.). Amylase or Alpha-amylase acts at
random locations along the starch chain, breaking down long chains of
saccharides. As a result, both malt triose and maltose from amylose were
eventually yielded. Amylose, which accounts for 20-30% of modified
cornstarch, is an important thickener, water binder, emulsion stabilizer,
and gelling agent in both food and industrial contexts. Furthermore,
starch polymers contain many functional hydroxyl groups, making the
material hydrophilic.

Utilization of waste leaves in a proper way has become a concern

necessitating development. Waste leaves generated are usually dumped or
burnt causing environmental problems. Mango trees generate a massive
number of leaves as a solid waste. Meanwhile, dried guava leaves are also
one of the factors that contribute to the environmental waste.
Keeping the environment clean is a never-ending process. Making
corkboard out of dried leaves is a way to control and lessen the
contribution of it as solid waste. Besides using these leaves for medicinal
and other purposes, they can be used for industrial purposes also.
The researchers found a solution that came up with the purpose to
lessen the amount of fallen dried leaves. So that is the reason why we
conducted the study entitled potential of dried mango (Mangifera indica)
and guava (Psidium guajava) leaves as an alternative component in
making corkboard.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Main problem

The problem of this research study will determine the potential of dried
mango (Mangifera indica) leaves and guava (Psidium guajava) leaves as an
alternative component in making corkboard.

Specific Problem

1. What mixture will produce the best set-up in making corkboard in terms
of density?

2. Is there a significant difference on the mixture that will produce the best
set-up in making corkboard in terms of density?

3. What is the level of acceptance to the target community on the potential

of dried mango (Mangifera indica) leaves and guava (Psidium guava)
leaves as an alternative component in making corkboard in terms of:
a. Physical appearance?
b. Cost?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study may be beneficial to:

a. Respondents- for they will be given awareness towards what is the best
set-up in making corkboard.

b. Students- for they can use it as their organizer at home

c. Teachers/ office workers- for they can use it as their learning materials/
announcement bulletin.

d. Future Researchers- for this study may be used by them as a reference

for future studies similar to it.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This study will only focus on determining the density of different set-ups in
making corkboard. To get the level of acceptance in terms of physical
appearance and cost this study will involve 10 random persons that will
answer the survey. The survey of the study will conduct through giving survey
questionnaires.

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related research studies and articles

According to wise greek's cork board article, it is a framed section of cork
backed with wood or plastic. Cork is commonly used as a bulletin board
because its resilience makes it ideal for sticking pins and tacks into. These
boards are available in a variety of sizes and are ideal for use in schools,
hospitals, and other settings where information must be displayed for all to
see.
Cork is a byproduct of the cork oak tree, which grows throughout the
Mediterranean. A significant portion of the world's cork comes from Portugal,
which has approximately 30% of the world's cork trees and supplies
approximately 50% of the world's cork. The bark is a buildup of dead tissue
that can be safely removed from a cork oak once every nine years or so. The
cork is removed in whole sheets for processing, and the tree is left alone to
grow until the next batch of cork is ready. Because the trees are left alive after
harvesting, cork is a sustainable tree product. Cork is a one-of-a-kind tree
material. It has a honeycomb-like structure that makes it very easy to
compress, which is why cork is used to stop wine bottles. Cork is also
extremely strong and resistant to wear, which is why it is commonly used in
flooring. Furthermore, because it is fire resistant, some kitchens use cork
counters, hotplates, or pot grabbers. Cork has a light color and is strong,
making it an excellent choice for bulletin boards. (McMahon, 2012)
According to a related study titled "Effectiveness of Utilizing Rice Hull as
Cork Board and Cornstarch as its Binder," cork is a type of bark (Suberge
Parenchryma) that can be harvested without damaging or killing a live cork oak
tree (Quercus Suber). The bark is also made up of millions of individual cells
that form a living network with gas-filled pockets. These trees appear to grow in
countries along the Mediterranean Sea's coast that have plenty of sunshine,
little rainfall, and high humidity. Rice is the staple food of roughly one-half of
the world's population, including all of East and Southeast Asia. It is grown in
coastal plains, tidal deltas, and temperate regions on submerged land.
It is harvested and prepared for milling, which involves the removal of the hull
and bran layers. The hulls or husks are considered waste, but they can also be
used as wood substitutes in certain products. Rice hull, also known as rice
husk, is the outer coating of a rice seed or grain. It produces hard materials
such as silica, cellulose, and lignin to protect the seed. Rice husks are
commonly used as solid fuels in the form of loose grains, briquettes, and
pellets. Rice husks are considered waste from milling processes and are
frequently discarded. However, because it is so simple, it is collected and sold
at a low cost, and it is sometimes used as an energy source for small
applications such as brick manufacturing, steam engines, and gasifiers used to
power rice mills and generate heat for rice dryers. It is fibrous by nature and
requires little energy to prepare the husk for board production. Rice husks can
be used to make a variety of boards, including particle boards, insulation
boards, and ceiling boards. Background of the Study According to
OneStopErgonomics, cork boards are commonly used to facilitate the addition
and removal of messages, as well as to avoid forgetting important notes and
errands to run. Having such advantages, however, has its drawbacks, despite
being environmentally friendly and beneficial. If you plan on buying a lot of
them, it can be very expensive, but even if you only plan on buying one, it is
still expensive. A 12"x18" already costs 559 pesos. Another disadvantage is
that it is easily damaged because cork is a soft material and can be easily
damaged, especially for those who chose to make their flooring out of cork
material; improper maintenance will almost certainly result in damage. Starch
was one of the first binding agents discovered. It is a white powder with no
odor or taste that is used in tablet manufacturing (Stewart D.).
Starch is primarily composed of two homopolymers: D-glucose: amylase
and branched amylopectin (70-80 percent in cornstarch). Amylose and
Amylopectin's normal ratio is 27:73 (Schwartz, J., & Zelinskie, J.). Amylase or
Alpha-amylase acts at random locations along the starch chain, breaking down
long chains of saccharides. As a result, either malt triose and maltose from
amylose were eventually yielded. Amylose, which accounts for 20-30% of
modified cornstarch, is an important thickener, water binder, emulsion
stabilizer, and gelling agent in both food and industrial contexts.

Furthermore, when other substances, such as amylopectin, are bound to

amylose, its viscosity (a material's resistance to flow) can be affected.
Furthermore, starch polymers contain a large number of functional hydroxyl
groups, making the material hydrophilic. Pearson Education Inc. claims that
Although hydroxyl groups are considered non-reactive, hydrogen bonds can be
easily formed and contribute to the solubility of molecules in water. Hydrophilic
refers to a molecule or a portion of a molecule whose thermodynamic
interactions with other polar substances and water are more favorable than
their interactions with hydrophobic solvents and oil as well. Hydrophobicity is
a physical property of a molecule that appears to be repelled from a mass of
water, as opposed to hydrophilicity, which appears to be attracted to water.
The binding activities of corn starch were investigated, and it was determined
that preliminary production of briquettes from sawdust and cornstarch was
possible. According to the results of the parameters evaluated, it was deduced
that as the volume of binder, cornstarch, increased with the same amount of
sawdust, the performance of briquettes increased as well. This demonstrates
that cornstarch is an effective binder. It is recommended for the production of
other briquettes made from other agricultural waste. (Chinyere, D.C. et al.).

According to a study titled "Utilization Of Dried Coconut (Cocus Nucifera)

Leaves In Making Corkboard," cassava starch has many remarkable properties,
including high paste viscosity, high paste clarity, and high freeze-thraw
stability, which are beneficial to any industry.

Austria, J. M. (n.d.). Utilization Of Dried Coconut (Cocus Nucifera) Leaves

In Making Corkboard | PDF | Coconut | Density. Scribd.
https://www.scribd.com/doc/304366844/UTILIZATION-OF-DRIED-
COCONUT-COCUS-NUCIFERA-LEAVES-IN-MAKING-CORKBOARD.

Cura, C. C., Macabuhay, K. F., Manansala, I. P., Sevilla, K. D., &

Villasanta, P. L. (2019, January 21). Rice Hull As Cork Board -
PDFCOFFEE.COM. pdfcoffee.com. https://pdfcoffee.com/rice-hull-as-cork-
board-pdf-free.html.

CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT CONTROLLED
 DENSITY  AMOUNT OF
 TYPE OF  LEVEL OF WATER, LEAVES
LEAVES ACCEPTANCE AND CASSAVA
TO THE TARGET STARCH
COMMUNITY

RESEARCH DESIGN
This study will be designed as experimental as it aims to determine the
potential of dried mango (Mangifera indica) leaves and guava (Psidium guajava)
leaves as an alternative component in making corkboard.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

In this experimental research, dried mango and guava leaves was

collected at researchers’ backyard, Brgy. Tuban, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.
The cassava starch was purchased at Sablayan Public Market. To achieve the
goal and expected outcomes, the following materials were used to create the
product.
Materials
 Mango leaves
 Guava leaves
 Water
 Cassava starch

Assembling apparatus
 Weighing scale
 Leaves crusher
 Molder

In preparing the mold, 15 x 10 cm wood was used. After crushing the

leaves, the different set-ups were prepared such as; Set-up A will have 200g of
crushed dried mango leaves mixed with 150g of cassava starch and 500ml of
water; Set-up B will have 200g of crushed dried guava leaves mixed with 150g
of cassava starch and 500ml of water; Set-up C will have 100g of crushed dried
mango leaves and 100g of guava leaves mixed with 150g of cassava starch and
500ml of water. After preparing all the set-ups, it will be put in the molder and
dried under the sun.
After the product has been prepared, it has been tested in terms of
a. Density
 It was measured by observing the compactness of the product
b. Level of acceptance to the target community
 In measuring the level of acceptance to the target community 10
persons will answer the survey to rate the corkboard.

To analyze data in determining the level of acceptance of the target

community, averaging the means is used to determine the physical appearance
and cost. This table was used.
 Scale for physical appearance: Scale for cost:
5-very high 4- high 5- very expensive 4- expensive
3-average 2- low 3- average 2- cheap
1-very low 1- very cheap

Set-ups Physical Cost

Appearance

Summary of the level of acceptance of the target community.

 Set-up A
Participants Physical appearance Cost
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Average

 Set-up B

Participants Physical appearance Cost

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Average

 Set-up C
Participants Physical appearance Cost
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Average

Gathered data from the experimentation were subjected to averaging the

means to determine the potential of dried mango (Mangifera indica) and guava
(Psidium guajava) leaves as an alternative component in making corkboard.