The document discusses using a transformer to step down 220V AC voltage to 15V AC for a sensor, explaining that a transformer provides higher efficiency, stability, and is more cost effective than an inverter. It then provides calculations for selecting a transformer with a turns ratio of 14.67:1 to achieve the needed voltage transformation. Finally, it reviews the SPI and I2C communication protocols, explaining their advantages and disadvantages for different applications.
The document discusses using a transformer to step down 220V AC voltage to 15V AC for a sensor, explaining that a transformer provides higher efficiency, stability, and is more cost effective than an inverter. It then provides calculations for selecting a transformer with a turns ratio of 14.67:1 to achieve the needed voltage transformation. Finally, it reviews the SPI and I2C communication protocols, explaining their advantages and disadvantages for different applications.
The document discusses using a transformer to step down 220V AC voltage to 15V AC for a sensor, explaining that a transformer provides higher efficiency, stability, and is more cost effective than an inverter. It then provides calculations for selecting a transformer with a turns ratio of 14.67:1 to achieve the needed voltage transformation. Finally, it reviews the SPI and I2C communication protocols, explaining their advantages and disadvantages for different applications.
The document discusses using a transformer to step down 220V AC voltage to 15V AC for a sensor, explaining that a transformer provides higher efficiency, stability, and is more cost effective than an inverter. It then provides calculations for selecting a transformer with a turns ratio of 14.67:1 to achieve the needed voltage transformation. Finally, it reviews the SPI and I2C communication protocols, explaining their advantages and disadvantages for different applications.
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I.
Source circuit for Sensor
To make a voltage supply for Sensor, we need a transformer which can make 220VAC to 15VAC.
1. Reasons for choosing a transformer from a 220VAC source to obtain a 15VAC output instead of using an inverter: • Higher Efficiency: Transformers operate directly at the AC power source frequency, offering higher efficiency compared to the energy losses in the DC to AC conversion process in inverters. • Enhanced Stability: Transformers provide a more stable output, minimizing fluctuations caused by power source variations, unlike inverters that may introduce frequency oscillations. • Cost-effectiveness and Simplification: Using a transformer directly from a 220VAC source reduces costs and simplifies the system by eliminating the need for a complex inverter circuit and electronic control components. • Higher Maintenance Capability: Transformers are less complex and more reliable than inverters, leading to lower maintenance costs and improved system stability.
About Transformer: Power (P) = 30W
Frequency (f) = 50Hz (standard for many regions)
Power Factor (PF) = 0.8 (typical value for AC loads)
2. Calculations:
a) Current (I):
I=P/V
Let's assume a standard mains voltage of 220VAC: Assuming an efficiency of 90% (η =
0.9):
30W /0.9 I Primary = ≈0.1515A (for the primary side) 220 V 30 W Assuming an ideal transformer, I Secondary = ≈2A (for the secondary side) 15 V b) Voltage Ratio (Turns Ratio):
Turns Ratio: n= V ¿ 220 V = =14 ,67 V out 15 V Choose N ¿ =748=¿ N out =51
SS/CS (Slave Select/Chip Select): Selects which slave will perform data transmission.
Advantages:
Continuous data transmission without interruption.
Higher data transmission speed compared to I2C.
Separate MISO and MOSI lines allow for simultaneous data transmission and reception.
Supports connection to multiple slaves with one master.
Disadvantages:
Requires more wires (4 wires).
No acknowledgment of successfully received data.
No error-checking mechanism like parity bit in UART.
Only allows for a single master.
I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit):
Structure:
SDA (Serial Data): Transmits and
receives data between devices.
SCL (Serial Clock): Clock signal for
synchronizing data transmission. Advantages:
Uses only two wires.
Supports multiple masters and multiple slaves.
Bit ACK/NACK confirms each frame is successfully transmitted.
Hardware is less complex compared to UART.
Widely used and renowned protocol.
Disadvantages:
Slower data transmission speed than SPI.
Frame size limited to 8 bits.
Requires more complex hardware deployment compared to SPI.
Summary:
SPI: Suitable for applications requiring high data transmission speed, unconcerned about the number of connecting wires, and not requiring data acknowledgment.
I2C: A good choice for applications needing a reduction in the number of wires, supporting multiple masters and slaves, and providing a data acknowledgment mechanism. Particularly useful in embedded systems and microcontroller applications.
Contacting the Project:
We employ the I2C communication protocol to facilitate communication between the
microcontroller and the 16x2 LCD through an I2C module. The decision to use I2C instead of SPI is based on the strengths and weaknesses of each communication protocol mentioned above.
