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Computers everywhere

These days
every single
person is
known with
the word-
computer.
We can find
computers at
everywhere
around us. In
fact modern
world will be
incomplete
without
computers and their applications. It's almost impossible to
even imagine the modern facilities without the use of
computers. For many individuals computer means PC, on
which they can see movies, play games, prepare office
sheets and manage daily planners. But this is just a page
of the book of computers.

Computer means much more than a PC. A computer can

simply be defined as a machine which takes instructions
and perform computations and operations accordingly.
These commanded instructions are known as programs
and computers execute these programs to do an
operation. At a time, a set of instructions can be given to a
computer to perform several operations, simultaneously.
This feature is a point of distinction for the computers.
Many types of computers are available these days.
Depending on their usage and service application they can
be classified in various categories. Supercomputers are
capable of doing trillions of calculations in fraction of
seconds, so they are used as controlling units of banking
transactions; to keep records of railway and air
transportations; to conduct decent flow of
telecommunication and many more complex operations
can be controlled, organized and conducted by using
supercomputers.
On the other hand computers are also used in conducting
simple operations like billing, ticket transactions, record
maintenance, security analysis etc. And even computers
(PC) are also used to do home based general activities
like office sheet maintenance, day planner, entertainment
etc. So computers are involved in every sector of life with
different forms and different applications.

In modern word everything around us like GPS, ATM

machines, cell phones, petrol pumps, portable play
 stations and all other modern devices use computer
controlling units to conduct their featured operations.
Surely computers have very elaborated role in daily day
life of humans. The biggest proof is present at our
surroundings. Just having a look around at our
surroundings will be enough to prove the involvement of
computers in everyday lives. Shopping, banking, traveling,
stocking, literature, entertainment, public sector, private
sector, almost everywhere computers are playing their
roles efficiently. Computers can be designated as one of
the most creative innovations of human beings. In coming
days computers are even going to be more pervasive,
because technology is getting advanced day by day.

To know more..

Read this text

Think about What difficulties can you find while you are working in
a public places?. Write it in some words and Send it to the teacher.

Smartphone

A mobile
phone (also
known as a
cellular
phone, cell
phone and a
hand phone)
is a device
that can
make and
receive
telephone
calls over a
radio link
whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does so
by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile
phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone
network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only
within the short range of a single, private base station.
In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also
support a wide variety of other services such as text
messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range
wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business
applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that
offer these and more general computing capabilities are
referred to as smartphones.
 The first hand-held mobile phone was demonstrated by Dr
Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset
weighing around 1 kg. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was
the first to be commercially available. In the twenty years
from 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions
grew from 12.4 million to over 5.6 billion, penetrating the
developing economies and reaching the bottom of the
economic pyramid

A smartphone is a mobile phone built on a mobile

computing platform, with more advanced computing ability
and connectivity than a feature phone. The first
smartphones were devices that mainly combined the
functions of a personal digital assistant (PDA) and a
mobile phone or camera phone. Today's models also
serve to combine the functions of portable media players,
low-end compact digital cameras, pocket video cameras,
and GPS navigation units. Modern smartphones typically
also include high-resolution touchscreens, web browsers
that can access and properly display standard web pages
rather than just mobile-optimized sites, and high-speed
data access via Wi-Fi and mobile broadband.
The most common mobile operating systems (OS) used
by modern smartphones include Apple's iOS, Google's
Android, Microsoft's Windows Phone, Nokia's Symbian,
RIM's BlackBerry OS, and embedded Linux distributions
such as Maemo and MeeGo. Such operating systems can
be installed on many different phone models, and typically
each device can receive multiple OS software updates
over its lifetime.
The distinction between smartphones and feature phones
can be vague and there is no official definition for what
constitutes the difference between them. One of the most
significant differences is that the advanced application
programming interfaces (APIs) on smartphones for
running third-party applications can allow those
applications to have better integration with the phone's OS
and hardware than is typical with feature phones. In
comparison, feature phones more commonly run on
proprietary firmware, with third-party software support
through platforms such as Java ME or BREW. An
additional complication in distinguishing between
smartphones and feature phones is that over time the
capabilities of new models of feature phones can increase
to exceed those of phones that had been promoted as
smartphones in the past.

Iphone

In 2007,
Apple Inc.
introduced its
first iPhone.
It was initially
costly, priced
at $499 for
the cheaper
of two
models on
top of a two
year
contract. The
first mobile
phone to use a multi-touch interface, the iPhone was
notable for its use of a large touchscreen for direct finger
input as its main means of interaction, instead of having a
stylus, keyboard, and/or keypad, which were the typical
input methods for other smartphones at the time. The
iPhone featured a web browser that Ars Technica then
described as "far superior" to anything offered by that of its
competitors. Initially lacking the capability to install native
applications beyond the ones built-in to its OS, at WWDC
in June 2007 Apple announced that the iPhone would
support third-party "web 2.0 applications" running in its
web browser that share the look and feel of the iPhone
interface. As a result of the iPhone's initial inability to
install third-party native applications, some reviewers did
not consider the originally released device to accurately fit
the definition of a smartphone "by conventional terms." A
process called jailbreaking emerged quickly to provide
unofficial third-party native applications. The different
functions of the iPhone (including a GPS unit, kitchen
timer, radio, map book, calendar, notepad, and many
others) allowed consumers to replace all of these items.
In July 2008, Apple introduced its second generation
iPhone with a lower list price starting at $199 and 3G
support. Released with it, Apple also created the App
Store, adding the capability for any iPhone or iPod Touch
to officially execute additional native applications (both
free and paid) installed directly over a Wi-Fi or cellular
network, without the more typical process at the time of
requiring a PC for installation. Applications could
additionally be browsed through and downloaded directly
via the iTunes software client on Macintosh and Windows
PCs, rather than by searching through multiple sites
across the Internet. Featuring over 500 applications at
launch, Apple's App Store was immediately very popular,
quickly growing to become a huge success.
In June 2010, Apple introduced iOS 4, which included
APIs to allow third-party applications to multitask, and the
iPhone 4, which included a 960×640 pixel display with a
pixel density of 326 pixels per inch (ppi), a 5 megapixel
camera with LED flash capable of recording HD video in
720p at 30 frames per second, a front-facing VGA camera
for videoconferencing, an 800 MHz processor, and other
improvements. In early 2011 the iPhone 4 became
available through Verizon Wireless, ending AT&T's
exclusivity of the handset in the U.S., and allowing the
handset's 3G connection to be used as a wireless Wi-Fi
hotspot for the first time, to up to 5 other devices. Software
updates subsequently added this capability to other
iPhones running iOS 4.
The iPhone 4S was announced on October 4, 2011,
improving upon the iPhone 4 with a dual core A5
processor, an 8 megapixel camera capable of recording
1080p video at 30 frames per second, World phone
capability allowing it to work on both GSM & CDMA
 networks, and the Siri automated voice assistant. On
October 10, Apple announced that over one million iPhone
4Ss had been pre-ordered within the first 24 hours of it
being on sale, beating the 600,000 device record set by
the iPhone 4, despite the iPhone 4S failing to impress
some critics at the announcement due to their
expectations of an "iPhone 5" with rumored drastic
changes compared to the iPhone 4 such as a new case
design and larger screen. Along with the iPhone 4S Apple
also released iOS 5 and iCloud, untethering iOS devices
from Macintosh or Windows PCs for device activation,
backup, and synchronization, along with additional new
and improved features.
There are about 35 percent of Americans that have some
sort of smartphone. This shows that the market is
spreading fast and there are also more capabilities for
smartphones because of this spread.
Smartphones are also mainly valuable based on the
operating system. For example, the iPhone runs on the
iOS and other devices run different operating systems
which makes the functionality of these systems different.

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Iphone, more than a smartphone

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Android

The Android
operating
system for
smartphones
was released
in 2008.
Android is an
open-source
platform
 backed by
Google,
along with
major
hardware
and software developers (such as Intel, HTC, ARM,
Motorola and Samsung, to name a few), that form the
Open Handset Alliance. The first phone to use Android
was the HTC Dream, branded for distribution by T-Mobile
as the G1. The software suite included on the phone
consists of integration with Google's proprietary
applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, and a
full HTML web browser. Android supports the execution of
native applications and a preemptive multitasking
capability (in the form of services). Third-party apps are
available via Google Play (released October 2008 as
Android Market), including both free and paid apps.
In January 2010, Google launched the Nexus One
smartphone using its Android OS. Although Android has
multi-touch abilities, Google initially removed that feature
from the Nexus One, but it was added through a firmware
update on February 2, 2010.
Concerning the Xperia Play smartphone, an analyst at
CCS Insight said in March 2011 that "Console wars are
moving to the mobile platform". In the same month, the
HTC EVO 3D was announced by HTC Corporation, which
can produce 3D effects with no need for special glasses
(autostereoscopy). The HTC EVO 3D was officially
released on June 24, 2011

Symbian

In 2000, the
touchscreen
Ericsson
R380
Smartphone
was
released. It
was the first
device to use
an open
operating
system, the
Symbian OS. It was the first device marketed as a
'smartphone'. It combined the functions of a mobile phone
and a personal digital assistant (PDA). In December 1999
the magazine Popular Science appointed the Ericsson
R380 Smartphone to one of the most important advances
in science and technology. It was a groundbreaking device
since it was as small and light as a normal mobile phone.
In 2002 it was followed up by P800.
Also in 2000, the Nokia 9210 communicator was
introduced, which was the first color screen model from
the Nokia Communicator line. It was a true smartphone
with an open operating system, the Symbian OS. It was
followed by the 9500 Communicator, which also was
 Nokia's first cameraphone and first Wi-Fi phone. The 9300
Communicator was smaller, and the latest E90
Communicator includes GPS. The Nokia Communicator
model is remarkable for also having been the most costly
phone model sold by a major brand for almost the full life
of the model series, costing easily 20% and sometimes
40% more than the next most expensive smartphone by
any major producer.
In 2007 Nokia launched the Nokia N95 which integrated a
wide range of multimedia features into a consumer-
oriented smartphone: GPS, a 5 megapixel camera with
autofocus and LED flash, 3G and Wi-Fi connectivity and
TV-out. In the next few years these features would
become standard on high-end smartphones. The Nokia
6110 Navigator is a Symbian based dedicated GPS phone
introduced in June 2007.
February 2009 Samsung launched the i8910hd with well
working touchscreen under Symbian, 8 megapixel camera
with built-in photoshop-app, HD-video and full internet on
it's big size screen.
In 2010 Nokia released the Nokia N8 smartphone with a
stylus-free capacitive touchscreen, the first device to use
the new Symbian^3 OS. It featured a 12 megapixel
camera with Xenon flash able to record HD video in 720p,
described by Mobile Burn as the best camera in a phone,
and satellite navigation that Mobile Choice described as
the best on any phone. It also featured a front-facing VGA
camera for videoconferencing.
Symbian was the number one smartphone platform by
market share from 1996 until 2011 when it dropped to
second place behind Google's Android OS.

First with Symbian and then with Windows Phone, Nokia

tried to differentiate itself in the smartphone market but
Nokia could not fight against Apple and Samsung and the
other brands with Google's operating system.Bought by
Microsoft in 2012, it would be dismantled until it
disappeared but would come back hand in hand with HMD
Global, first with an Android tablet, the Nokia N1 in 2015
and later with a new series of Nokia mobiles with Android
in 2017, the year of the brand's return. to the headlines of
the world of technology.

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Fill in the gaps
A mobile phone is a device that can make and receive calls over a radio link
whilst moving around a wide geographic area.

In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety

of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access,
 short-range communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications,
gaming and photography.
Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities
are referred to as .

The first smartphones were devices that mainly combined the functions of
a personal digital assistant ( ) and a mobile phone or camera phone.

Modern smartphones typically also include high-resolution , web browsers

that can access and properly standard web pages rather than just mobile-
optimized sites, and high-speed data access via and mobile broadband.

Tablet

A tablet computer, or
a tablet, is a mobile
computer, larger than
a mobile phone or
personal digital
assistant, integrated
into a flat touch
screen and primarily
operated by touching
the screen rather
than using a physical
keyboard. It often
uses an onscreen virtual keyboard, a passive stylus pen,
or a digital pen.The term may also apply to a variety of
form factors that differ in position of the screen with
respect to a keyboard. The standard form is called slate,
which does not have an integrated keyboard but may be
connected to one with a wireless link or a USB port.
Convertible notebook computers have an integrated
keyboard that can be hidden by a swivel joint or slide joint,
exposing only the screen for touch operation. Hybrids
have a detachable keyboard so that the touch screen can
be used as a stand-alone tablet. Booklets include two
touch screens, and can be used as a notebook by
displaying a virtual keyboard in one of them.
Early examples of the information tablet concept originated
in the 19th and 20th centuries mainly as prototypes and
concept ideas; prominently, Alan Kay's Dynabook of 1968.
The first commercial portable electronic devices based on
the concept appeared at the end of the 20th century.
During the 2000s Microsoft attempted a relatively
unsuccessful product line with Microsoft Tablet PC, which
carved a niche market at hospitals and outdoor
businesses. In 2010, Apple released the iPad, which used
touch screen technology similar to that used in their
 iPhone and became the first mobile computer tablet to
achieve worldwide commercial success.
Besides having most PC computer capabilities, popular,
typical tablet computers purchased in the last year include
wireless Internet browsing functions, potential cell phone
functions, GPS navigation, and video camera functions,
weigh around two or three pounds (1-1.5 kilograms) and
typically have a battery life of three to ten hours. In many
ways the functions and purposes of laptops and tablets
and smartphones are drawing closer.

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages and disadvantages of tablet computers are highly

subjective measures. What appeals to one user may be exactly
what disappoints another. The following are commonly cited
opinions of tablet computers versus laptops:

Advantages
▪ Usage in environments not conducive to a keyboard and mouse
such as lying in bed, standing, or handling with a single hand.
▪ Lighter weight, lower power models can function similarly to
dedicated E-book readers like the Amazon Kindle.
▪ Touch environment makes navigation easier than conventional
use of keyboard and mouse or touch pad in certain contexts such
as image manipulation, musical, or mouse oriented games and for
people with certain disabilities.
▪ Digital painting and image editing are more precise and intuitive
than painting or sketching with a mouse.
▪ The ability for easier or faster entry of diagrams, mathematical
notations, and symbols.
▪ Allows, with the proper software, universal input, independent
from different keyboard localizations.
▪ Some users find it more direct and pleasant to use a stylus, pen
or finger to point and tap on objects, rather than use a mouse or
touchpad, which are not directly connected to the pointer on
screen.
▪ Current tablets typically have longer battery life than laptops or
netbooks.

Disadvantages
▪ Higher price - convertible tablet computers can cost significantly
more than non-tablet portable PCs although this premium has
been predicted to fall.
▪ Slower input speed - handwriting or typing on a virtual keyboard
can be significantly slower than typing speed on a conventional
keyboard, the latter of which can be as high as 50-150 WPM;
however, Slideit, Swype and other technologies are offered in an
effort to narrow the gap. Some devices also support external
keyboards (e.g.: Most tablets can accept Bluetooth keyboards and
USB keyboards through Dock Connector-to-USB adapter.)
▪ Less user-friendly ergonomics - a tablet computer, or a folded
 slate PC, does not provide room for a wrist rest. In addition, the
user will need to move his or her arm constantly while writing.
▪ More knowledge of the programs is needed - because, for
example, information on icons is not obtained by pointing at them.
(The Compaq Concerto from 1992 did not have this weakness.)
▪ Weaker video capabilities - Most tablet computers are equipped
with embedded graphics processors instead of discrete graphics
cards. In July 2010, one of tablet PCs with a discrete graphics card
was the HP TouchSmart tm2t, which has the ATI Mobility Radeon
HD5450 as an optional extra.
▪ Business-oriented tablet personal computers have been slower
sellers from 2001 to date.
▪ Higher screen risk - Tablet computers are handled more than
conventional laptops, yet many are built on similar frames; in
addition, since their screens also serve as input devices, they run a
higher risk of screen damage from impacts and misuse.
▪ Higher hinge risk - A convertible tablet computer's screen hinge is
often required to rotate around two axes, unlike a normal laptop
screen, subsequently increasing the number of possible
mechanical and electrical (digitizer and video cables, embedded
Wi-Fi antennas, etc.) failure points.

APPLE

The iPad
runs a
version of
iOS which
was first
created for
the iPhone
and iPod
Touch.
Although
built on the
same
underlying Unix implementation as MacOS, the operating
system differs radically at the graphical user interface
level. iOS is designed for finger based use and has none
of the tiny features which required a stylus on earlier
tablets. Apple introduced responsive multi touch gestures,
like moving two fingers apart to zoom in. iOS is built for the
ARM architecture, which uses less power, and so gives
better battery life than the Intel devices used by Windows
tablets. Previous to the iPad's launch, there were long
standing rumors of an Apple tablet, though they were often
about a product running Mac OS X and being in line with
Apple's Macintosh computers. This became partially true
when a 3rd party offered customized Macbooks with pen
input, known as the Modbook.
Previous to Apple's commercialization of the iPad,
Axiotron introduced at Macworld in 2007 an aftermarket,
heavily modified Apple MacBook called Modbook, a Mac
OS X-based tablet personal computer. The Modbook uses
Apple's Inkwell for handwriting and gesture recognition,
 and uses digitization hardware from Wacom. To get Mac
OS X to talk to the digitizer on the integrated tablet, the
Modbook is supplied with a third-party driver called
TabletMagic; Wacom does not provide driver support for
this device.

ANDROID

Google's
Linux-based
Android
operating
system has
been
targeted by
tablet

manufacturers following its success on smartphones due

to its open nature and support for low-cost ARM systems
much like Apple's iOS. In 2010, there have been
numerous announcements of such tablets. However, much
of Android's tablet initiative comes from manufacturers as
Google primarily focuses its development on smartphones
and restricts the App Market from non-phone devices.
Toshiba's AC100 laptop also runs on Android.
There is talk of tablet support from Google coming to its
web-centric Chrome OS.
Some vendors such as Motorola and Lenovo are delaying
deployment of their tablet computers until after 2011, after
Android is reworked to include more tablet features.
Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) is optimized specifically for
devices with larger screen sizes, mainly tablets, and has
access to the Google Play service. Android is the software
stack for mobile devices that includes operating system,
middleware and key applications.

Other Tablets

Microsoft

Following
Windows for
Pen
Computing,
Microsoft has
been
developing
support for
tablets
runnings Windows under the Microsoft Tablet PC name.
According to a 2001 Microsoft definition of the term,
"Microsoft Tablet PCs" are pen-based, fully functional x86
PCs with handwriting and voice recognition functionality.
Tablet PCs use the same hardware as normal laptops but
add support for pen input. For specialized support for pen
input, Microsoft released Windows XP Tablet PC Edition.
Today there is no tablet specific version of Windows but
instead support is built in to both Home and Business
versions of Windows Vista and Windows 7. Tablets
running Windows get the added functionality of using the
touchscreen for mouse input, hand writing recognition, and
gesture support. Following Tablet PC, Microsoft
announced the UMPC initiative in 2006 which brought
Windows tablets to a smaller, touch-centric form factor.
This was relaunched in 2010 as Slate PC, to promote
tablets running Windows 7, ahead of Apple's iPad launch.
Slate PCs are expected to benefit from mobile hardware
advances derived from the success of the netbooks.
Microsoft has since announced Windows 8 which will have
features designed for touch input, while running on both
PCs and ARM architecture. Microsoft states multiple builds
are needed, with 1 build for x86 processors and with 3
builds for ARM; ARM targets are defined for NVIDIA,
Qualcomm, and TI processors.
While many tablet manufacturers are moving to the ARM
architecture with lighter operating systems, Microsoft has
stood firm to Windows. Though Microsoft has Windows CE
for ARM support it has kept its target market for the
smartphone industry with Windows Mobile and the new
Windows CE 6 based Windows Phone. Some
manufacturers, however, still have shown prototypes of
Windows CE-based tablets running a custom shell.
Windows 8 will come a new line of Microsoft OS called
Windows on ARM(WOA) which will be windows designed
for ARM.Both Windows 8 and WOA will use Metro UI and
is designed for both touch and keyboard\mouse.

Linux
One early implementation of a Linux tablet was the
ProGear by FrontPath. The ProGear used a Transmeta
chip and a resistive digitizer. The ProGear initially came
with a version of Slackware Linux, but could later be
bought with Windows 98. Because these computers are
general purpose IBM PC compatible machines, they can
run many different operating systems. However, the device
is no longer for sale and FrontPath has ceased operations.
It is important to note that many touch screen sub-
notebook computers can run any of several Linux
distributions with little customization.
X.org now supports screen rotation and tablet input
through Wacom drivers, and handwriting recognition
software from both the Qt-based Qtopia and GTK+-based
Internet Tablet OS provide promising free and open source
systems for future development. KDE's Plasma Active is
graphical environments for tablet.
Open source note taking software in Linux includes
applications such as Xournal (which supports PDF file
annotation), Gournal (a Gnome based note taking
application), and the Java-based Jarnal (which supports
handwriting recognition as a built-in function). Before the
advent of the aforementioned software, many users had to
rely on on-screen keyboards and alternative text input
methods like Dasher. There is a stand alone handwriting
recognition program available, CellWriter, which requires
users to write letters separately in a grid.
A number of Linux based OS projects are dedicated to
tablet PCs, but many desktop distributions now have
tablet-friendly interfaces allowing the full set of desktop
features on the smaller devices. Since all these are open
source, they are freely available and can be run or ported
to devices that conform to the tablet PC design. Maemo
(rebranded MeeGo in 2010), a Debian Linux based
graphical user environment, was developed for the Nokia
Internet Tablet devices (770, N800, N810 & N900). It is
currently in generation 5, and has a vast array of
applications available in both official and user supported
repositories. Ubuntu since version 11.04 has used the
tablet-friendly Unity UI, and many other distributions (such
as Fedora) use the also tablet-friendly Gnome shell (which
can also be installed in Ubuntu if preferred). Previously the
Ubuntu Netbook Remix edition was one of the only linux
distibutions offering a tablet interface with all the
applications and features of a desktop distribution, but this
has been phased out with the expansion of Unity to the
desktop. A large number of distributions now have
touchscreen support of some kind, even if their interfaces
are not well suited to touch operation.
Canonical has hinted that Ubuntu will be available on
tablets, as well as phones and smart televisions, by 2014.

TabletKiosk currently offers a hybrid digitizer / touch device

running openSUSE Linux. It is the first device with this
feature to support Linux.

Intel and Nokia

The Nokia N800

Nokia entered the tablet space with the Nokia 770 running
Maemo, a Debian-based Linux distribution custom-made
for their Internet tablet line. The product line continued with
the N900 which is the first to add phone capabilities. The
user interface and application framework layer, named
Hildon, was an early instance of a software platform for
generic computing in a tablet device intended for internet
consumption. But Nokia didn't commit to it as their only
platform for their future mobile devices and the project
competed against other in-house platforms. The strategic
 advantage of a modern platform was not exploited, being
displaced by the Series 60.
Intel, following the launch of the UMPC, started the Mobile
Internet Device initiative, which took the same hardware
and combined it with a Linux operating system custom-
built for portable tablets. Intel co-developed the lightweight
Moblin operating system following the successful launch of
the Atom CPU series on netbooks. Intel is also setting
tablet goals for Atom, going forward from 2010.

MeeGo
MeeGo is a Linux-based operating system developed by
Intel and Nokia that supports Netbooks, Smartphones and
Tablet PCs. In 2010, Nokia and Intel combined the Maemo
and Moblin projects to form MeeGo. The first tablet using
MeeGo is the Neofonie WeTab launched September 2010
in Germany. The WeTab uses an extended version of the
MeeGo operating system called WeTab OS. WeTab OS
adds runtimes for Android and Adobe AIR and provides a
proprietary user interface optimized for the WeTab device.
On 27 September 2011 it was announced by the Linux
Foundation that MeeGo will be replaced in 2012 by Tizen,
an open source mobile operating system.

Post-PC operating systems

Tablets not following the personal computer (PC) tradition

use operating systems in the style of those developed for
PDAs and smartphones.

Blackberry
The BlackBerry PlayBook is a tablet computer announced
in September 2010 which runs the BlackBerry Tablet OS.
The OS is based on the QNX system that Research in
Motion acquired in early 2010. Delivery to developers and
enterprise customers is expected in October 2010. The
BlackBerry PlayBook was officially released to US and
Canadian consumers on April 19, 2011.

HP
Hewlett Packard announced the TouchPad, running
webOS 3.0 on a 1.2Ghz Snapdragon CPU, would be
released in June 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP
announced the discontinuation of the TouchPad, due to
sluggish sales. HP has announced that they will release
webOS as open-source.

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 Read the paragraph below and fill in the missing words.
A is a mobile computer, larger than a mobile phone or personal digital
assistant, integrated into a flat touch screen and primarily operated by
touching the screen rather than using a physical keyboard.
Booklets include two , and can be used as a notebook by displaying a virtual
in one of them.

The iPad runs a version of which was first created for the iPhone and iPod
Touch. Although built on the same underlying Unix implementation as
MacOS, the operating system differs radically at the graphical user
interface level. iOS is designed for finger based use and has none of the
tiny features which required a stylus on earlier tablets. Apple introduced
responsive multi touch gestures, like moving two fingers apart to zoom in.

Google's Linux-based operating system has been targeted by tablet

manufacturers following its success on smartphones due to its open nature
and support for low-cost ARM systems much like Apple's iOS.

Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) is optimized specifically for devices with larger

screen sizes, mainly tablets, and has access to the service.

has since announced Windows 8 which will have features designed for
touch input, while running on both PCs and ARM architecture.

Nokia entered the tablet space with the Nokia 770 running , a Debian-
based Linux distribution custom-made for their Internet tablet line.

is a Linux-based operating system developed by Intel and Nokia that

supports Netbooks, Smartphones and Tablet PCs.

The BlackBerry is a tablet computer which runs the BlackBerry Tablet OS.

Hewlett Packard announced the , running webOS 3.0 on a 1.2Ghz

Snapdragon CPU.

Apps

mobile
application
Also called
mobile apps,
it is a term
used to
describe
 Internet applications that run on smartphones and other
mobile devices. Mobile applications usually help users by
connecting them to Internet services more commonly
accessed on desktop or notebook computers, or help them
by making it easier to use the Internet on their portable
devices. A mobile app may be a mobile Web site
bookmarking utility, a mobile-based instant messaging
client, Gmail for mobile, and many other applications.

App Development

Mobile application
development is the
process by which
application software
is developed for small
low-power handheld
devices such as
personal digital
assistants, enterprise
digital assistants or
mobile phones. These applications are either pre-installed
on phones during manufacture, downloaded by customers
from various mobile software distribution platforms, or web
applications delivered over HTTP which use server-side or
client-side processing (e.g. JavaScript) to provide an
"application-like" experience within a Web browser.

Execution environments

Android, iOS, BlackBerry, HP webOS, Symbian OS, Bada

from Samsung, and Windows Mobile support typical
application binaries as found on personal computers with
code which executes in the native machine format of the
processor (the ARM architecture is a dominant design
used on many current models). Windows Mobile can also
be compiled to x86 executables for debugging on a PC
without a processor emulator, and also supports the
Portable Executable (PE) format associated with the .NET
Framework. Windows Mobile, Android, HP webOS and
iOS offer free SDKs and integrated development
environments to developers.Mobile application testing

Mobile applications are first tested within the development

environment using emulators and later subjected to field
testing. Emulators provide an inexpensive way to test
applications on mobile phones to which developers may
not have physical access. The following are examples of
tools used for testing application across the most popular
mobile operating systems.
▪ Google Android Emulator
It is Android Emulator which is patched to run on a
Windows PC as a standalone app without having to
download and install the complete and complex Android
SDK, and can be even installed and Android compatible
apps can be tested on it.
▪ Official Android SDK Emulator
It includes a mobile device emulator which mimics all of
the hardware and software features of a typical mobile
device (without the calls).
▪ eggPlant for mobile testing:eggPlant delivers a robotic
solution to mobile testing across all operating systems and
devices.
▪ MobiOne
MobiOne Developer is a mobile Web IDE for Windows that
helps developers to code, test, debug, package and
deploy mobile Web applications to devices such as
iPhone, BlackBerry, Android, and the Palm Pre.
▪ TestiPhone
It is a web browser based simulator for quickly testing
iPhone web applications. This tool has been tested and
works using Internet Explorer 7, Firefox 2 and Safari 3.
▪ iPhoney
It gives a pixel-accurate web browsing environment and it
is powered by Safari. It can be used while developing web
sites for the iPhone. It is not an iPhone simulator but
instead is designed for web developers who want to create
320 by 480 (or 480 by 320) websites for use with
iPhone.iPhoney will only run on Mac OS X 10.4.7 or later.
▪ BlackBerry Simulator
There are a variety of official BlackBerry simulators
available to emulate the functionality of actual BlackBerry
products and test how the BlackBerry device software,
screen, keyboard and trackwheel will work with
application.
▪ ZAP-fiX for Mobile Application Testing:ZAP-fiX delivers a
universal solution to mobile application testing across all
operating systems and devices.

Tools

▪ elusivestars.com: This is a crowdsourced service for

Android and iPhone applications, offering application
testing by real users with real devices.
▪ FoneMonkey: This is a free Mobile Application Testing
tool for iPhone applications
▪ Robotium: This is an automation tool for Android Mobile
Application
▪ Sikuli: This is a visual technology to automate and test
graphical user interfaces (GUI) using images.
▪ Deviceanywhere: This is an automation tool for Mobile
Application across all platforms, all devices.
▪ MITE: A Mobile content testing and validation tool for
Mobile Web application.
▪ Monkey Runner: A Mobile application testing tool for
Android.
▪ ZAP-fiX: enhances test automation by allowing enterprise
testing of mobile applications. It provides modular test
coverage across multiple operating systems and supports
 testing on multiple devices simultaneously. Supported
platforms are iPhone, iPad, Android, BlackBerry, webOS
and Windows Mobile.

Application stores

Several initiatives exist both from mobile vendor and

mobile operators around the world. Application developers
can propose and publish their applications on the stores,
being rewarded by a revenue sharing of the selling price.
Most famous is Apple's App Store, where only approved
applications may be distributed and run on iOS devices
(otherwise known as a walled garden). With extraordinary
speed Google's Android Market counting (at the moment)
the 2nd largest number of apps and which are running on
devices with Android OS. HP / Palm, Inc have also created
the Palm App Catalog where HP / Palm, Inc webOS
device users can download applications directly from the
device or send a link to the application via a unique web
distribution method. Recently, mobile operators such as
Telefonica Group and Telecom Italia have launched cross-
platform application stores for their subscribers.
Additionally, mobile phone manufacturers such as Nokia
has launched Ovi app store for Nokia smartphones.

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Intelligent Home

Home
automation is the residential extension of "building
automation". It is automation of the home, housework or
household activity. Home automation may include
centralized control of lighting, HVAC (heating, ventilation
and air conditioning), appliances, and other systems, to
provide improved convenience, comfort, energy efficiency
and security. Home automation for the elderly and
disabled can provide increased quality of life for persons
who might otherwise require caregivers or institutional
care.
A home automation system integrates electrical devices in
a house with each other. The techniques employed in
home automation include those in building automation as
well as the control of domestic activities, such as home
entertainment systems, houseplant and yard watering, pet
feeding, changing the ambiance "scenes" for different
events (such as dinners or parties), and the use of
domestic robots. Devices may be connected through a
computer network to allow control by a personal computer,
and may allow remote access from the internet. Through
the integration of information technologies with the home
environment, systems and appliances are able to
communicate in an integrated manner which results in
convenience, energy efficiency, and safety benefits.
Although automated homes of the future have been staple
exhibits for World's Fairs and popular backgrounds in
science fiction, complexity, competition between vendors,
multiple incompatible standards and the resulting expense
have limited the penetration of home automation to homes
of the wealthy or ambitious hobbyists. Possibly the first
"home computer" was an experimental home automation
system in 1966.