OOP FINAL - Merged

Lab 02 – Classes and Data Abstraction
1. Objective:
Objective of this lab is to understand the importance of classes and construction of objects
using classes.
2. Outcomes:
2.1 The student will be able to declare classes and objects.
2.2 The student will be able to declare member functions and member variables of a class.
2.3 He will understand the importance and use of constructor.
2.4 He will understand the use of destructor in class.
3. Introduction
3.1 Class & Object:
The fundamental idea behind object-oriented languages is to combine into a single unit
both data and the functions that operate on that data. Such a unit is called an object. A class
serves as a plan, or blueprint. It specifies what data and what functions will be included in
objects of that class. An object is often called an “instance” of a class Syntax:
Classes are generally declared using the keyword class, with the following format:
3.2 Data Abstraction:
Abstraction is the process of recognizing and focusing on important characteristics of a
situation or object and leaving/filtering out the un-wanted characteristics of that situation
or object. For example a person will be viewed differently by a doctor and an employer.
• A doctor sees the person as patient. Thus he is interested in name, height, weight, age,
blood group, previous or existing diseases etc of a person
• An employer sees a person as an employee. Therefore employer is interested in name,
age, health, degree of study, work experience etc of a person.
3.3 Member Functions and Variables:

Member variables represent the characteristics of the object and member functions
represent the behavior of the object. For example length & width are the member
variables of class Rectangle and set_values(int,int), area() are the member functions.
3.4 Constructors:
It is a special function that is automatically executed when an object of that class is
created. It has no return type and has the same name as that of the class. It is normally
defined in classes to initialize data members.
Syntax:
class_name( )
{
// Constructor body
}
3.5 Destructors:
It is a special function that is automatically executed when an object of that class is
destroyed. It has no return type and has the same name as that of the class preceded by
tild (~) character. Unlike constructors, destructors cannot take arguments.
Syntax:
~ class_name ()
{
// Destructor body
}
4. Examples
Basic:
4.1 The following example shows the declaration of class Rectangle. It also demonstrates
how member functions can be defined both inside and outside the class and how objects
of class rectangle can be used to access its member functions.
#include <iostream>
class Rectangle
{
private:
int length, width;
public:
void set_values(int,int); //set the values of length and width
int area ()
{
return (length*width);
}
};
void Rectangle::set_values (int l, int w)
{
length = l; width = w;
}
int main ()
{
Rectangle rect;
rect.set_values (3,4); //pass values to set length and width
cout<< "area =" <<rect.area( );
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
area= 12
4.2 This example demonstrates how constructors and destructors work
class counter
{
private:
int count;
public:
counter()
{
count=0;
cout<<"I am a constructor"<<endl;
}
~counter()
{ cout<<"I am a destructor"<<endl; }
};
int main( )
{
counter c;
}
5. Lab Tasks
5.1. Write a class that displays a simple message “I am object no. ”, on the screen
whenever an object of that class is created.
5.2. Write a program to calculate the number of objects created and destroyed for the
counter class.
5.3. Create a class that imitates part of the functionality of the basic data type ‘int’, call the
class Int. The only data in this class is an integer variable. Include member functions to
initialize an Int to 0, initialize it to an ‘int’ value, to display it, and to add two Int values.
Write a program that exercises this class by creating one uninitialized and two initialized
Int values, adding the two initialized Int values and placing the response in uninitialized
value and then displaying the result.
6. Post Lab Tasks:

6.1. Create a class named time, the data members are hours, minutes and seconds. Write a
function to read the data members supplied by the user, write a function to display the
data members in standard (24) hour and also in (12) hour format.
6.2. Write a class marks with three data members to store three marks. Write three member
functions, set_marks() to input marks, sum() to calculate and return the sum and avg() to
calculate and return average marks. Write a program that exercises this class by creating
its objects and displaying results.

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Lab 02 – Classes and Data Abstraction

3.3 Member Functions and Variables:

6. Post Lab Tasks:

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