NAVYUG SCHOOL LAXMI BAI NAGAR

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2023-2024

PHYSICS PROJECT FILE

ROLL NO. :

NAME : SAGAR SINGH

CLASS : XII-A

SUBJECT : PHYSICS

SUBMITTED TO : Mr. MP SINGH , PGT(PHYSICS)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my immense gratitude to
my physics teacher Mr. MP SINGH for the help and
guidance he provided for completing this project. I
also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs
in making this project. Most of all I thank our school
management, for providing us the facilities and
opportunity to do this project.

Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who have

done this project along with me. Their support made
this project fruitful.

STUDENT NAME: TEACHER SIGN. :

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that SAGAR SINGH
has successfully completed his Physics project
titled MUTUAL INDUCTION under the
supervision and guidance of PHYSIC
TEACHER Mr.MP SINGH in the
PartialfulfIllment of the Physics practical
assessment conducted during the academic
year 2023-2024.

EXAMINER TEACHER

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 INDEX
S NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1 TOPIC 06
2 AIM 07
3 HISTORY 08
4 INTRODUCTION 11
5 MATERIAL 16
REQURIED
6 PRINCIPLE 17
7 THEORY 18
8 FUNCTIONING 20
9 WORKING 21
10 APPLICATION 22

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11 OBSERVATION 24
12 CONCLUSION 25
13 PRECAUTION 26
14 BIBLOGRAPY 27
15 THANK YOU 28

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 TOPIC

MUTUAL INDUCTION

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 AIM

➢ To study the phenomenon of

Mutual Induction

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 HISTORY

A diagram of Faraday’s iron ring apparatus. Change

in the magnetic flux of the left coil induces a current
in the righ coil.

Faraday’s disk(homopolar generator)

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Electromagnetic induction was first discovered by Michael
Faraday, who made his discovery public in 1831. It was
discovered independently by Joseph Henry in 1832.

In Faraday’s first experimental demonstration (August 29, 1831), he

wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or “torus”
(an arrangement similar to a modern toroidal transformer). Based
on his understanding of electromagnets, he expected that, when
current started to flow in one wire, a sort of wave would travel
through the ring and cause some electrical effect on the opposite
side. He plugged one wire into a galvanometer, and watched it as
he connected the other wire to a battery. He saw a transient
current, which he called a “wave of electricity”, when he connected
the wire to the battery and another when he disconnected it. This
induction was due to the change in magnetic flux that occurred
when the battery was connected and disconnected. Within two
months, Faraday found several other manifestations of
electromagnetic induction. For example, he saw transient currents
when he quickly slid a bar magnet in and out of a coil of wires, and
he generated a steady (DC) current by rotating a copper disk near
the bar magnet with a sliding electrical lead (“Faraday’s disk”).

Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he

called lines of force. However, scientists at the time widely rejected
his theoretical ideas, mainly because they were not formulated
mathematically. An exception was James Clerk Maxwell, who used
Faraday’s ideas as the basis of his quantitative electromagnetic
theory. In
Maxwell’s model, the time varying aspect of electromagnetic
induction is expressed as a differential equation, which Oliver
Heaviside referred to as Faraday’s law even though it is slightly
different from Faraday’s original formulation and does not describe
motional EMF. Heaviside’s version (see Maxwell–Faraday equation

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below) is the form recognized today in the group of equations
known as Maxwell’s equations.

In 1834 Heinrich Lenz formulated the law named after him to

describe the “flux through the circuit”. Lenz’s law gives the direction
of the induced EMF and current resulting from electromagnetic
induction.

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 INTRODUCTION

Electro Magnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field
is produced by electric current. The magnetic field disappears
when the current is turned off.

INDUCTION:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.

Mutual Inductance:
When there are two coils in the neighborhood of each other, a
change of current, in one of them, would cause an induced e.m.f
in the other. This induced e.m.f would, as already stated, last only
as long as the current in the other coil is changing.

We can say:

The phenomenon of mutual induction implies the

production of an induced e.m.f in one coil, due to changes of
current in another neighboring coil. The induced e.m.f, as
always, would try to oppose the very cause to which it is
due.

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Coefficient of Mutual Inductance:
Let there be two coils, say 1 and 2, in the neighborhood
of each other. The magnetic flux, ф21, linked with coil
2, due to a current I1 in coil 1, would, as already
explained, be proportional to I1. We can, therefore,
write:

ф 21 ф I 1
Or, ф 21 = M21 I1
The constant of proportionality would depend on the two
coils involved in the phenomenon. The constant M21 can
be referred to as the coefficient of mutual inductance of
coil 2 with respect to coil 1. It can be defined as follows:

The coefficient of mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect

to coil 1, equal the magnetic flux linked with coil
2, due to a unit current in coil 1.

We also have, E21 = - d ф 21 /dt = -M21 dI1/dt

We can, therefore, say:

The coefficient of mutual inductance, of coil 2 with
respect to coil 1, equals the magnitude of the e.m.f,
induced in coil 2, when the current in coil 1 is changing at
a unit rate.

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Interchanging the roles of the two coils, we can
write:

12 = M12 I2

And, E12 = - d/dt = -M12 dI2/dt The

constant M12 can be referred to as the coefficient of mutual inductance
of coil 1 with respect to coil 2. It can be defined in each of the two ways
given above for defining M21.

An interesting query that can come up at this stage is concerned

with the equality or otherwise of the two coefficients M21 and
M12. We shall soon see that these two coefficients are always
equal to each other, i.e.

M21 = M12 = M

The constant M is, therefore, a characteristic of the

pair of coils involved. We can define M as follows:

The coefficient of mutual inductance, for a given

pair of coils, equals,

(i) the magnetic flux linked with one of them due

to the flow of a unit current in the other

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 OR
(ii) the magnitude of the e.m.f induced in one of
them when the current in the other is changing at a
unit rate.

→Factors Affecting the Coefficient of Mutual

Inductance for a given pair of coils:

The coefficient of mutual inductance for a given

pair of coils, would (as in the case of coefficient of
self inductance) depend on the,

(i) geometry of both the coils

(ii) nature of the medium between them

(iii) the distance of separation between the

given pair of coils.

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➢ The SI Unit for the Coefficient of
Mutual Inductance:

The SI unit, for the coefficient of mutual

inductance, would again be the henry (H).
We can now say that:

The coefficient of mutual inductance, for a given

pair of coils, equals one henry when the

(i) magnetic flux linked with one of them due

to a current of 1 A in the other equal one
weber.
(ii) magnitude of the emf induced in one of
them, due to a rate of change of current of
1 A/s, in the other, is one volt.
We may thus again say:
1H = 1 Wb/A = 1 V/As-1= 1 Ωs

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MATERIAL REQUIRED:

1- 9V Battery
2-Battery cap
3-1 LED (3V any colour)
4-1 Resistance of (15k - 20k any) ohm
OR ( 27K - 30K)ohm
5-1 Transistor (BC547 ) OR 2N2222A
6-Some copper wire (0.2mm - 32 gauge)
7- Connecting wire

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 PRINCIPLE
When two coils are brought in proximity to each
other, the magnetic field in one of the coils tends to
link with the other. This further leads to the
generation of voltage in the second coil .This
property of a coil which affects or changes the
current and voltage in a secondary coil is called
mutual inductance

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 THEORY
Its theory is very simple and it can be
understood by using two or more coils. It
was described by an American scientist
Joseph Henry in the 18th century. It is
referred to as one of the properties of the coil
or conductor used in the circuit. The property
inductance is, if the current in one coil
changes with time, then the EMF will induce
in another coil.

Oliver Heaviside introduced the term

inductance in the year 1886. The property of
mutual inductance is the working principle of
many electrical components that run with the
magnetic field. For example, the transformer
is a basic example of mutual inductance.
The main drawback of the mutual inductance
is, leakage of the inductance of one coil can
interrupt the operation of another coil
utilizing electromagnetic induction. To
reduce the leakage, electrical screening is
required the positioning of two coils in the
circuit decides the amount of mutual
inductance that links with one to the other
coil.

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→Mutual Inductance Formula:
The formula of two coils is given as

M= (μ0.μr. N1. N2. A) / L

Where μ0= permeability of free space = 4π10-2 μ

= permeability of the soft iron core
N1= turns of coil 1
N2= turns of coil 2
A= cross-sectional area in m2
L = length of the coil in meters

Unit of Mutual Inductance:

The unit of mutual inductance is kg. m2.s-2.A-2

The amount of inductance produces the voltage of one volt

due to the rate of change of current of
1Ampere/second.

The SI unit of mutual inductance is Henry. It is taken from the

American scientist Joseph Henry, who explained the
phenomenon of two coils.

The Dimension of Mutual Inductance:

The dimension of mutual inductance when L1 and
L2 are the same is given as

M = L /(T-2L2.A-2)

M = LT2L2.A-2

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Functioning :
• Let’s take two lengthy coaxial solenoids each
of length l.
• Denote the radius of the inner solenoid S1 by r1 and
the number of turns per unit let by n1. The outer
solenoid will be denoted by S2, r2, and n2. Let N1 and
N2 be the total numbers of turns of coils S1 and S2,
respectively.
• When a current I2 is set up through S2, it, in turn, sets
up magnetic flux through S1, denoted by 1. Now, the
corresponding flux linkage with solenoid S1 is
N1 1=M12I2

• The mutual inductance of solenoid S1 with respect to

solenoid S2 is known as M12. It can also be known as
the coefficient of mutual induction.

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WORKING AND CONSTRUCTION:
Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved
through a magnetic field because the magnetic lines of
force are applying a force on the free electrons in the
conductor and causing them to move. This process of
generating current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
induction. This is called induction because there is no
physical connection between the conductor and the
magnet. The current is said to be induced in the
conductor by the magnetic field. One requirement for this
electromagnetic induction to take place is that the
conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must be
perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in order to
produce the maximum force on the free electrons. The
direction that the induced current flows is determined by
the direction of the lines of force and by the direction the
wire is moving in the field. In the animation above the
ammeter (the instrument used to measure current)
indicates when there is curren in the conductor .

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APPLICATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTION

The principle of mutual inductance is followed in various electronic devices.

Some of them are as follows:

Motors:

Note the inductors (Lf and La) in the dc motor circuit that are
mutually inducted.

Note the inductors (L and La) in the dc motor circuit that are
mutually inducted.

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Transformer:

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 OBSERVATION
• Magnet is moved at certain rate and certain
voltage is produced.
• Magnet is moved at faster rate and creating a
greater.
• Magnet is moved at same speed through coil
that has greater number of turn and greater
voltage is induced.

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 CONCLUSION
Mutual inductance can be described
as the electromotive force induced
when one coil’s magnetic field opposes
the change of voltage and current in
another coil. The coils become
magnetically linked due to changes in
magnetic flux. Henry is the SI unit of
inductance. It is denoted by H. When
the primary current of the coil
decreases, the induced current of the
other coil opposes the decay of current
in the coil. When the primary current of
the coil increases, the induced current of
the other coil. Examples are
transformers, electric coil opposes
the increase of current in the
motors, generators, etc.

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 PRECAUTIONS

➢ Do all the connection carefully.

➢ Do not scratch insulated copper wire while

making loop.

➢ Do not use digital voltmeter for above

➢ Keep yourself safe from high voltage

➢ Before doing any experiment please consult

your subject teacher or lab assistance

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 BIBLIOGRAPY

➢ Wikipedia.com
➢ Google search engine
➢ Physics NCERT book class XII
➢ WWW.YOUTUBE.COM

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