PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT MUTUAL INDUCTION

INDEX
1.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2.CERTIFICATE

3.AIM

4.INTRODUCTION

5.HISTORY

6.APPLICATIONS

7. ELECTRICAL GENERATOR

8. ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER

9. EDDY CURRENTS

10. ELECTROMAGNET LAMINATIONS

11. PARASTIC INDUCTION WITH INDUCTORS

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my duty to record my sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my respected teachers

for their valuable guidance, interest and constant encouragement for the fulfilment of the
project.

I am also highly obliged to our lab teacher who provided me the required apparatus and
materials.

SHIVEDALE SCHOOL

Department of physics
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ashmit Sirohi , a student of class XII-science has successfully completed
the research on the below mentioned project under the guidance of Mr. A.k Bansal , during the
year 2019-20 inpartial fulfillment of physics practical examination conduct by CBSE, New Delhi.

AIM
To make a PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT ON MUTUAL INDUCTION

INTRODUCTION

The Project

PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT ON Mutual Induction

Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (i.e., voltage)

across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field.

Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831, and James Clerk
Maxwell mathematically described it as Faraday’s law of induction. Lenz’s law describes the
direction of the induced field. Faraday’s law was later generalized to become the Maxwell–
Faraday equation, one of the four Maxwell’s equations in James Clerk Maxwell’s theory of
electromagnetism.

Electromagnetic induction has found many applications in technology, including electrical

components such as inductors and transformers, and devices such as electric motors and
generators.

A Solenoid

HISTORY

Electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday, published in 1831. It was

discovered independently by Joseph Henry in 1832.

In Faraday's first experimental demonstration (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a modern toroidal
transformer).Based on his understanding of electromagnets, he expected that, when current
started to flow in one wire, a sort of wave would travel through the ring and cause some
electrical effect on the opposite side. He plugged one wire into a galvanometer, and watched it
as he connected the other wire to a battery. He saw a transient current, which he called a "wave
of electricity", when he connected the wire to the battery and another when he disconnected
it.This induction was due to the change in magnetic flux that occurred when the battery was
connected and disconnected.Within two months, Faraday found several other manifestations of
electromagnetic induction. For example, he saw transient currents when he quickly slid a bar
magnet in and out of a coil of wires, and he generated a steady (DC) current by rotating a copper
disk near the bar magnet with a sliding electrical lead ("Faraday's disk").

Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force. However,
scientists at the time widely rejected his theoretical ideas, mainly because they were not
formulated mathematically.An exception was James Clerk Maxwell, who used Faraday's ideas as
the basis of his quantitative electromagnetic theory.

In Maxwell's model, the time varying aspect of electromagnetic induction is expressed as a

differential equation, which Oliver Heaviside referred to as Faraday's law even though it is
slightly different from Faraday's original formulation and does not describe motional EMF.
Heaviside's version (see Maxwell–Faraday equation below) is the form recognized today in the
group of equations known as Maxwell's equations.

In 1834 Heinrich Lenz formulated the law named after him to describe the "flux through the
circuit". Lenz's law gives the direction of the induced EMF and current resulting from
electromagnetic induction

Applications

The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many devices and systems, including:

·0 Current clamp

·1 Electric generators

·2 Electromagnetic forming

·3 Graphics tablet

·4 Hall effect meters

·5 Induction cooking

·6 Induction motors

·7 Induction sealing

·8 Induction welding

·9 Inductive charging
 ·10 Inductors

·11 Magnetic flow meters

·12 Mechanically powered flashlight

·13 Pickups

·14 Rowland ring

·15 Transcranial magnetic stimulation

·16 Transformers

·17 Wireless energy transfer

Electrical generator

The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative movement of a circuit and a
magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When a permanent magnet
is moved relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is
connected through an electrical load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated,
converting the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy. For example, the drum
generator is based upon the figure to the bottom-right. A different implementation of this idea is
the Faraday's disc, shown in simplified form on the right.

In the Faraday's disc example, the disc is rotated in a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the
disc, causing a current to flow in the radial arm due to the Lorentz force. Mechanical work is
necessary to drive this current. When the generated current flows through the conducting rim, a
magnetic field is generated by this current through Ampère's circuital law (labelled "induced B"
in the figure). The rim thus becomes an electromagnet that resists rotation of the disc (an
example of Lenz's law). On the far side of the figure, the return current flows from the rotating
arm through the far side of the rim to the bottom brush. The B-field induced by this return
current opposes the applied B-field, tending to decrease the flux through that side of the circuit,
opposing the increase in flux due to rotation. On the near side of the figure, the return current
flows from the rotating arm through the near side of the rim to the bottom brush. The induced
B-field increases the flux on this side of the circuit, opposing the decrease in flux due to r the
rotation. The energy required to keep the disc moving, despite this reactive force, is exactly
equal to the electrical energy generated (plus energy wasted due to friction, Joule heating, and
other inefficiencies). This behavior is common to all generators converting mechanical energy to
electrical energy.

Electrical transformer
When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the changing current creates a changing
magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this magnetic field will experience this change in
magnetic field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, d ΦB / d t. Therefore, an electromotive
force is set up in the second loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the two ends of
this loop are connected through an electrical load, current will flow.

Current clamp

A current clamp is a type of transformer with a split core which can be spread apart and clipped
onto a wire or coil to either measure the current in it or, in reverse, to induce a voltage. Unlike
conventional instruments the clamp does not make electrical contact with the conductor or
require it to be disconnected during attachment of the clamp.

Magnetic flow meter

Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of electrically conductive liquids and slurries. Such
instruments are called magnetic flow meters. The induced voltage ℇ generated in the magnetic
field B due to a conductive liquid moving at velocity v is thus given by:

E = -Blv

where l is the distance between electrodes in the magnetic flow meter.

Eddy currents

Electrical conductors moving through a steady magnetic field, or stationary conductors within a
changing magnetic field, will have circular currents induced within them by induction, called
eddy currents. Eddy currents flow in closed loops in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field.
They have useful applications in eddy current brakes and induction heating systems. However
eddy currents induced in the metal magnetic cores of transformers and AC motors and
generators are undesirable since they dissipate energy (called core losses) as heat in the
resistance of the metal. Cores for these devices use a number of methods to reduce eddy
currents:

·18 Cores of low frequency alternating current electromagnets and transformers, instead of
being solid metal, are often made of stacks of metal sheets, called laminations, separated
by nonconductive coatings. These thin plates reduce the undesirable parasitic eddy
currents, as described below.

·19 Inductors and transformers used at higher frequencies often have magnetic cores made
of nonconductive magnetic materials such as ferrite or iron powder held together with a
resin binder.

Electromagnet laminations

Eddy currents occur when a solid metallic mass is rotated in a magnetic field, because the
outer portion of the metal cuts more magnetic lines of force than the inner portion; hence
the induced electromotive force is not uniform; this tends to cause electric currents between
the points of greatest and least potential. Eddy currents consume a considerable amount of
energy and often cause a harmful rise in temperature.

Only five laminations or plates are shown in this example, so as to show the subdivision of
the eddy currents. In practical use, the number of laminations or punchings ranges from 40
to 66 per inch (16 to 26 per centimetre), and brings the eddy current loss down to about
one percent. While the plates can be separated by insulation, the voltage is so low that the
natural rust/oxide coating of the plates is enough to prevent current flow across the
laminations.
This is a rotor approximately 20 mm in diameter from a DC motor used in a CD player. Note
the laminations of the electromagnet pole pieces, used to limit parasitic inductive losses.

PARASTIC INDUCTION WITH INDUCTORS

In this illustration, a solid copper bar conductor on a rotating armature is just passing under
the tip of the pole piece N of the field magnet. Note the uneven distribution of the lines of
force across the copper bar. The magnetic field is more concentrated and thus stronger on
the left edge of the copper bar (a,b) while the field is weaker on the right edge (c,d). Since
the two edges of the bar move with the same velocity, this difference in field strength across
the bar creates whorls or current eddies within the copper bar.

High current power-frequency devices, such as electric motors, generators and

transformers, use multiple small conductors in parallel to break up the eddy flows that can
form within large solid conductors. The same principle is applied to transformers used at
higher than power frequency, for example, those used in switch-mode power supplies and
the intermediate frequency coupling transformers of radio receivers.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. NCERT Textbook class12

2.NCERT Physics lab Manuel

3.WIKIPEDIA