SQL → Structured Query Language (Sequal)

● Used for database management 用于数据库管理

● Connects front-end to back-end 连接前端和后端
● Execute queries against a database 对数据库执行查询
● Retrieve data from a database 从数据库中检索数据
● Insert records in a database 在数据库中插入记录
● Update records in a database 更新数据库中的记录
● Delete records from a database 从数据库中删除记录
● Create new databases 创建新数据库
● Create new tables in a database 在数据库中创建新表
● Create stored procedures in a database 在数据库中创建存储过程
● Create views in a database 在数据库中创建视图
● Set permissions on tables, procedures, and views 设置对表、过程和视图的权限

Client end (front) → server side (back)

2 types of developer
- Front-end developer (UI/UX)
- Back-end developer
People who knows both end is the → Full-Stack developer

Popular database: MySQL, SQL Server, MS Access,

Oracle, Sybase

SQL keywords are NOT case sensitive

GDPR - Gener al Data Pr otection Regulation

Database - PHP or ASP
Syntax - SELECT * FROM Customer s; * --> univer sal selector (select ever ything) Customer
→ The table’s name

— Ever y line is considered as one quer y 每一行都被视为一个查询

— Each query ends with a semicolon; 以分号结束
— Don’t have to capital the select (this language is not case-sensitive) 不必大写
— Although SQL is an ANSI/ISO standar d, there are differ ent

SQL Comment: - -
(2 dash and a space)
- - This is a comment
一些最重要的 SQL 命令
SELECT - 从数据库中提取数据
SELECT column1, column2, ...FROM table_name;
SELECT * FROM table_name;
SELECT DISTINCT - 如果有 91 个国家但有重复的名字 用于去掉重复的
SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name;
WHERE - SELECT column1, column2, ...FROM table_name WHERE condition;
The WHERE clause is not only used in SELECT statements, it is also used
in UPDATE, DELETE, etc.!
AND - 如果由 AND 分隔的所有条件都为真，AND 运算符将显示一条记录
SELECT column1, column2, ...FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ...;
OR - 如果由 OR 分隔的任何条件为 TRUE，则 OR 运算符显示一条记录
SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...;
NOT - 如果条件不为真，则 NOT 运算符显示一条记录
SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;
ORDER BY - SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;
(升序 a-z 也可以直接不写 ASC；降序 z-a——DESC）
BY Several Columns
SELECT * FROM Customers
ORDER BY Country, CustomerName;
UPDATE - 更新数据库中的数据
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
DELETE - 从数据库中删除数据
DELETE FROM customers WHERE Name = 'Jane';
INSERT INTO - 将新数据插入数据库
1. INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
2. INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
NULL - SELECT column_names FROM table_name
W HERE column_name IS (NOT) NULL;
MIN/MAX - SELECT MIN/MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
COUNT, AVG ,SUM - SELECT COUNT/AVG/SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
 LIKE - 在 WHERE 子句中用于搜索列中的指定模式
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;

WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%a' Finds any values that end with "a"

WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%or%' Finds any values that have "or" in any position

WHERE CustomerName LIKE '_r%' Finds any values that have "r" in the second position

WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a_%' Finds any values that start with "a" and are at least 2 characters in length

WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a__%' Finds any values that start with "a" and are at least 3 characters in length

WHERE ContactName LIKE 'a%o' Finds any values that start with "a" and ends with "o"

* Represents zero or more characters bl* finds bl, black, blue, and blob

? Represents a single character h?t finds hot, hat, and hit

[] Represents any single character within the brackets h[oa]t finds hot and hat, but not hit

! Represents any character not in the brackets h[!oa]t finds hit, but not hot and hat

- Represents any single character within the specified range c[a-b]t finds cat and cbt

# Represents any single numeric character 2#5 finds 205, 215, 225, 235, 245, 255, 265, 275, 285, and 295

% Represents zero or more characters bl% finds bl, black, blue, and blob

_ Represents a single character h_t finds hot, hat, and hit

[] Represents any single character within the brackets h[oa]t finds hot and hat, but not hit

^ Represents any character not in the brackets h[^oa]t finds hit, but not hot and hat

- Represents any single character within the specified range c[a-b]t finds cat and cbt

1. SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE ‘[a-f]%’;

2. SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE ‘[!acf]%’;
3. SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City LIKE ‘[acf]%’;
IN - 允许您在 WHERE 子句中指定多个值, 是多个 OR 条件的简写(either " " or " ".
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name (NOT) IN (value1, value2, ...);
BETWEEN - 运算符选择给定范围内的值, 这些值可以是数字、文本或日期
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name (NOT) BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
AS - SQL 别名用于为表或表中的列提供一个临时名称,别名仅在该查询期间存在,
使用 AS 关键字创建别名
1. SELECT column_name AS alias_name
FROM table_name;
2. SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name AS alias_name;
JOIN - 用于根据它们之间的相关列组合来自两个或多个表的行
(INNER) J OIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables 返回在两个表中都具有
匹配值的记录
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
LEFT (OUTER) J OIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched records from the
right table 返回左表中的所有记录，以及右表中匹配的记录
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
RIGHT (OUTER) J OIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the matched records from
the left table 返回右表中的所有记录，以及左表中匹配的记录
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
FULL (OUTER) J OIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left or right table 当左
表或右表中存在匹配项时返回所有记录
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name WHERE condition;

UNION - 运算符用于组合两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果集(ALL:允许重复

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
UNION (ALL)
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
GROUP BY - 语句将具有相同值的行分组到汇总行中，例如“查找每个国家/地区的客户数
量”。通常与聚合函数（COUNT()、MAX()、MIN()、SUM()、AVG()）一起
使用，以按一列或多列对结果集进行分组。
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
ORDER BY column_name(s);

CREATE DATABASE - 创建一个新的数据库

ALTER DATABASE - 修改数据库
CREATE TABLE - 创建一个新表
ALTER TABLE - 修改表
DROP TABLE - 删除一个表
CREATE INDEX - 创建一个索引（搜索键）
DROP INDEX - 删除索引

Select all the different values

从 Customers 表的 Country 列中选择所有不同的值。
SELECT DISTINCT Country FROM Customers;

Cr eating Tables:
CREATE TABLE customers (ID,Name,Gender,DOB);
INSERT INTO customers VALUES (01, 'Mary', 'F', '01/01/01');
INSERT INTO customers VALUES (02, 'Jane', 'F', '02/02/02');
INSERT INTO customers VALUES (03, 'Joe', 'M', '03/03/03');
SELECT * FROM customers
Execute:
1|Mar y|F|01/01/01
2|J ane|F|02/02/02
3|J oe|M|03/03/03
Change:
SELECT ID FROM customers;
Execute:
1
2
3
Get the second customer ’s infor mation:
Change SELECT * FROM customers;
to: SELECT * FROM customers WHERE ID=02;

To get distinct data (some customer s’ infor mation can be the same with gender , name,
DOB, etc:
CREATE TABLE customers (ID,Name,Gender,DOB);
INSERT INTO customers VALUES (01, 'Mary', 'F', '01/01/01');
INSERT INTO customers VALUES (02, 'Jane', 'F', '02/02/02');
INSERT INTO customers VALUES (03, 'Joe', 'M', '03/03/03');
INSERT INTO customers VALUES (04, 'Jane', 'M', '03/03/03');
SELECT * FROM customers WHERE Name='Jane' AND Gender='M';

SELECT City,PostalCode FROM Customers;

→ grouping selector (select multiple things together)

Cr eate Inser t Fetch

-- create a table
CREATE TABLE students ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT NOT NULL,
gender TEXT NOT NULL);
-- insert some values
INSERT INTO students VALUES (1, 'Ryan', 'M');
INSERT INTO students VALUES (2, 'Joanna', 'F');
-- fetch some values
SELECT * FROM students WHERE gender = 'F';
Execute: 2|J oanna|F

Delete data fr om the table:

CREATE TABLE customers (ID,Name,Gender,DOB);
INSERT INTO customers VALUES (01, 'Mary', 'F', '01/01/01');
INSERT INTO customers VALUES (02, 'Jane', 'F', '02/02/02');
INSERT INTO customers VALUES (03, 'Joe', 'M', '03/03/03');
INSERT INTO customers VALUES (04, 'Jane', 'M', '03/03/03');
DELETE FROM customers WHERE Name = 'Jane';
SELECT * FROM customers;
Execute:
1|Mar y|F|01/01/01
3|J oe|M|03/03/03

Only delete the male J ane:

Change DELETE FROM customers WHERE Name = 'Jane';
DELETE FROM customers WHERE Name = 'Jane' AND Gender='M';
-- Q1. Create a database table as shown above.
CREATE TABLE Employee (
WORKER_ID INT,
FIRST_NAME CHAR(20),
LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
SALARY INT,
STARTING_DATE datetime,
DEPARTMENT CHAR(20)
);

INSERT INTO Employee (WORKER_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY,

STARTING_DATE, DEPARTMENT) VALUES
(001, 'Monika', 'Arora', 100000, '2011-02-20', 'HR'),
(002, 'Johnson', 'Verma', 80000, '2019-06-11', 'Admin'),
(003, 'Vis', 'Singhal', 300000, '2018-02-20', 'HR'),
(004, 'Sally', 'Sima', 500000, '2014-02-20', 'Admin'),
(005, 'Vivek', 'Bhati', 500000, '2016-06-11', 'Admin'),
(006, 'Shane', 'Diwan', 200000, '2014-06-11', 'Account'),
(007, 'Santo', 'Kumar', 75000, '2014-01-20', 'Account'),
(008, 'Giann', 'Chauhan', 90000, '2015-04-11', 'Admin');

-- Q2. Show all the employee info if his/her salary is greater or equal to 100000.
SELECT*FROM Employee WHERE SALARY >= 100000;
-- Q3. Show all the employee info if his/her first name’s initial is ‘V’.
SELECT*FROM Employee WHERE FIRST_NAME LIKE 'V%';
-- Q4. Show all the employee info if he/she joined the company before 2018-01-01.
SELECT*FROM Employee WHERE STARTING_DATE < '2018-01-01';
-- Q5. Display only the names of employee who is in the Account Department.
SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME FROM Employee WHERE DEPARTMENT =
'Account';
-- Q6. Display the average salary among all the Admin employees.
SELECT AVG(SALARY) FROM Employee WHERE DEPARTMENT = 'Admin';
-- Q7. Display the total salary for Admin Department.
SELECT SUM(SALARY) FROM Employee WHERE DEPARTMENT = 'Admin';
-- Q8. Display the whole table using ascending order by employee’s last name (A - Z).
SELECT * FROM Employee ORDER BY LAST_NAME ASC;
-- Q9. Update the staring date of the employee who named Johnson to 2020-06-11.
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET STARTING_DATE = '2020-06-11' WHERE FIRST_NAME =
'Johnson';
-- Q10. Remove all HR department employees from the table.
DELETE FROM Employee WHERE DEPARTMENT