XI MODULE - I

BASIC MATHEMATICS &

PROGRESSION

Modus Operandi for Practice

(Suggested Ideal Approach)

Step – I CatalyseR 's Practice Sheets & NCERT Problems

{while Chapter is running in Class-Room}
(Mandatory)

Step – II
CatalyseR 's Module
(Mandatory)

Step – III Previous Years’ KVPY &

JEE Subjective & Objective Questions
(Mandatory)

Step – IV After Completion of Step – III, if time permits, students can

solve questions from Mathematics books by
(Optional) R. D. Sharma (Objective), A. Das Gupta (Subjective)

This Study Package is Prepared by

d`fr
seR
o f Cataly
t Wing
Conten
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 1

BASIC MATHEMATICS
INDEX

 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (BASIC MATHEMATICS) 1 – 15

 SOLVED EXAMPLES 16

 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (LOGARITHMS) 17 – 18

 SOLVED EXAMPLES 19

 BASIC SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE 20 – 22

 ADVANCED OBJECTIVE EXERCISE 23 – 27

 ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE # 01 28 – 30

 ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE # 02 30 – 33

 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (SET) 34 – 45

 SOLVED EXAMPLES 46 – 54

 OBJECTIVE EXERCISE 55 – 59

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 1

BASIC MATHEMATICS
1.1 REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Natural Numbers N = { 1, 2, 3, 4………..}.
Whole Numbers W = { 0, 1, 2……… }.
Integers I (or Z) = {….. – 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3……..}

 Note :  Natural numbers are sometimes called positive integers and are also denoted
by I  or Z  .
 The set of whole numbers is also called as the set of non – negative integers.
 The set of negative integers is denoted by I  and consists of { ……, -3, -2, -1}
 The set of non – positive integers is { …….., -3, -2, -1, 0}
1.2 PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBER
A natural number which is larger than unity is a prime number if it has no divisors except
for unity and itself. A natural number which is larger than unity is a composite number if
it has at least one divisor different from unity and itself.

 Note :  ‘1’ is neither prime nor composite.

 ‘2’ is the only even prime number.
 Natural numbers which are not prime are composite numbers (except 1)
 ‘4’ is the smallest composite number.
1.3 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC
For every natural number p > 1 there is a unique prime factorization.

 Note :  If a number m is a divisor of numbers n1 and n2 , then m is a divisor of the

sum n1  n2 .
 If a number m is a divisor of numbers n1 and n2 , and n1  n2 , then the
number m is a divisor of the difference n1  n2 .
 L.C.M (p, m) x G.C.D. (p, m) = p . m

1.4 CO-PRIME NUMBERS OR RELATIVE PRIME NUMBERS

Two natural numbers (not necessarily prime) are co-prime, if their G.C.D. is unity, i.e.
having only one as common factor.
For example (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4), (3, 10), (3, 8), (5, 6), (7, 8) are co-prime numbers.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

2 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

 Note :  Two distinct prime numbers are always co-prime but converse need not be
true.
 Consecutive numbers are always co-prime numbers.
 If natural numbers, p1 and p2 are co-prime and a natural number p is
divisible both by p1 and by p2 , then p is divisible by the product p1 p2 .

1.5 TWIN PRIME NUMBERS

If the difference between two prime numbers is two, then the numbers are called as twin
prime numbers.
For example {3, 5}, {5, 7}, {11, 13}, {17, 19}, {29, 31} are twin prime numbers.

1.6 RATIONAL NUMBERS

p
Rational numbers are of the form , where q is a natural number and p is an integer. The
q
set of rational numbers is denoted by the letter Q.

p
 Note :  Any fraction , where the natural number q does not have any prime
q
divisors other than 2 and 5 can be written as a terminating decimal fraction.

1.7 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

An irrational number is a number which can be written as a non-terminating non-periodic
decimal fraction.
p
Irrational numbers are numbers which cannot be expressed in form and their set is
q
c
denoted by Q or Q'. (i.e. complementary set of Q). Example, 2 ,1  3, e,  , etc. are
irrational numbers.

 Note :  e  2.71 is called Napier’s constant and   3.14 .

1.8 REAL NUMBERS

When we combine the set of all irrational numbers with the set of all rational numbers,
we obtain the set of all real numbers, denoted by R.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 3

1.9 SQUARE ROOT OF A NUMBER

 Note :  Symbol stands for the non-negative square root only.
 Square of a real number is always non negative (i.e. x 2  0 )
 Square root of a positive number is always positive e.g. 42
 x 2   x but x2  x

1.10 COMPLEX NUMBERS

The set of all numbers in the form a + bi with real numbers a and b, and i, the imaginary
unit, is called the set of complex numbers. The imaginary unity i is defined as i  1
where i 2  1
The real number a is called the real part, and the real number b is called imaginary part of
the complex number a + bi.
Every real number is a complex number in the form a + bi with b = 0.
If a = 0 and b  0 , then the complex number bi is called a purely imaginary number.
The set of complex numbers is denoted by C. Note that N  W  I  Q  R  C.

1.11 INTERVALS
There are two numbers a, b  R such that a < b, we can define four types of intervals as
follows :
(a) Open interval : (a,b) = {x : a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included.
(b) Closed interval :  a , b   {x : a  x  b} i.e. end points are also included.
This is possible only when both a and b are finite.
(c) Semi open or semi closed interval:  a, b   {x : a  x  b};  a , b   {x : a  x  b}
(d) The infinite intervals are defined as follows :
(i) (a, )  {x : x  a} (ii)  a ,    {x : x  a}
(iii)  , b   {x : x  b} (iv)  , b   {x : x  b}
(v)  ,    R

 Note :  For some particular values of x, we use symbol {} e.g. If x = 1, 2, 3, 4 we

can write it as x  1, 2, 3, 4
 If there is no value of x, then we say x  (null set)

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

4 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Set – Builder
Interval Notation Graph
Notation

(a, b) x | a  x  b x
a b

[a, b] x | a  x  b x
a b

a , b  x | a  x  b x
a b

 a, b  x | a  x  b x
a b

a,    x | x  a x
a

 a,    x | x  a x
a

 , b   x | x  b x
b

 , b   x | x  b x
b

  ,    x | x  R x

INEQUALITY

Properties of inequalities

1. (i) If a < b, then a + c < b + c for any real c

(ii) If a  b, then a + c  b + c for any real c

2. (i) If a < b, then ac < bc , if c > 0

and ac > bc , if c < 0
(ii) If a  b, then ac  bc, if c0
and ac  bc, if c < 0

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 5

1 1 1
3. (i) If a < b < c, 
then  . If a, b, c  (0, ∞) or a, b, c  (–∞, 0)
a b c
1 1 1
(ii) If a  b  c, then   . If a, b, c  (0, ∞) or a, b, c  (–∞, 0)
a b c

4. (i) If a < b and c < d, then a + c < b + d

(ii) If a  b and c  d, then a + c  b + d
(iii) If a < b and c  d, then a + c < b + d

5. If a < b and c < d, then ac < bd if a, b, c, d  (0, ∞)

6. If a  b and c  d, then ac  bd if a, b, c, d  [0, ∞)

Remark : (i) Never subtract or divide two inequalities.

(ii) Never do cross multiplication in inequalities, until and unless it is not
known that the quantity/expression is always positive.
(iii) Remember that when you multiply or divide an inequality by a negative
number, you must reverse the inequality symbol.

1.12 DIVISIBILITY TEST

(i) A number will be divisible by 2 iff the digit at the unit place is divisible by 2.
(ii) A number will be divisible by 3 iff the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
(iii) A number will be divisible by 4 iff last two digits of the number together are
divisible by 4.
(iv) A number will be divisible by 5 iff digit at the unit place is either 0 or 5.
(v) A number will be divisible by 6 iff the digit at the unit place of the number is
divisible by 2 & sum of all digits of the number is divisible by 3.
(vi) A number will be divisible by 8 iff the last 3 digits, all together, is divisible by 8.
(vii) A number will be divisible by 9 iff sum of all its digits is divisible by 9.
(viii) A number will be divisible by 10 iff its last digit is 0.
(ix) A number will be divisible by 11 iff the difference between the sum of the digits
at even places and sum of the digits at odd places is a multiple of 11.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

6 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

1.13 RATIO AND PROPORTION

1. If A and B be two quantities of the same kind, then their ratio is A : B; which may
A
be denoted by the fraction (This may be an integer or fraction).
B
a ma na
2. A ratio may be represented in a number of ways e.g.    .......
b mb nb
where m, n, …… are non – zero numbers.
3. To compare two or more ratio, reduce them to common denominator.
4. Ratio between two ratio may be represented as the ratio of two integers
a c a / b ad
e.g. :   or ad : bc.
b d c / d bc
a c e ace
5. Ratios are compounded by multiplying them together i.e. . . .......  .........
b d f bdf
Proportion
When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities compositing them are said to be
a c
proportional. If  , then it is written as a : b = c : d or a : b : : c : d
b d
a c ab cd
1. If  , then  (Componendo and dividendo)
b d a b cd
(Very Important concept for IIT – JEE)
a c e a  c  e  ....... Sum of the numerators
2. If    ....... , then each  
b d f b  d  f  ....... Sum of the denominators
a c a c ac
3. If  then each  OR (Very Important concept for IIT – JEE)
b d bd bd
1.14 POLYNOMIALS
An expression of the form a 0 x n  a1 x n 1  a 2 x n  2  ........  a n 1 x  a n is known as a
polynomial if all the powers of the variable (i.e. x) are non negative integers and
co-efficients a0 , a1, a2 ......an are real numbers.

Example: p  x   2 x 2  3 x  5 (2 degree polynomial)

p  x   2 (constant polynomial) etc.

If a0  0 , then we say that the polynomial is of degree n. The number zero is also
considered to be a polynomial, being the only polynomial which is not assigned a degree.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 7

1.15 DIVISION WITH REMAINDER

If a polynomial p(x) is divided by another polynomial T(x), then we can write
p(x) = q(x) T(x)+ r(x), where q(x) is the quotient polynomial and r(x) is the remainder
polynomial with deg (r(x)) <deg (T(x)) or r(x) = 0.
Remainder theorem: The remainder r of the division of the polynomial P(x) by the
binomial  x    is equal to the value of the polynomial P(x) for x   , i.e. r  P   .
Factor theorem: The polynomial P(x) is exactly divisible by the binomial  x    if and
only if the value of the polynomial is zero for x   , i.e. P    0
Zero/Roots of a polynomial
The number  is a zero/root of the polynomial P(x) if P    0.
1.16 SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAE:
2 2
1.  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2   a  b   4ab
2 2
2.  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2   a  b   4ab
3. a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
3
4.  a  b   a3  b3  3ab  a  b 
3
5.  a  b   a3  b3  3ab  a  b 
3
6. a3  b3   a  b   3ab  a  b    a  b   a 2  b 2  ab 
3
7. a3  b3   a  b   3ab  a  b    a  b   a 2  b2  ab 
2  1 1 1
8.  a  b  c  a 2  b2  c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca  a 2  b 2  c 2  2abc    
a b c
1 2 2 2
9. a2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca   a  b    b  c    c  a    0 if a, b, c are real.
2 
10. a3  b3  c3  3abc   a  b  c   a 2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca 
1 2 2 2
  a  b  c   a  b    b  c    c  a  
2
11. 
a  b4   a  b  a  b  a 2  b 2
4

2
12. a4  a 2  1   a 2  1  a 2  1  a  a 2 1  a  a 2 
13.  
a4  a 2  1  a 2  3a  1 a 2  3a  1 
14. a 4  ka 2  1  a 2     
2  k a  1 a2   
2  k a 1 
Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!
8 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

2 2 2 2
15.  ab  bc  ca    ab    bc    ca   2abc  a  b  c 
3
16.  a  b  c   a3  b3  c3  3ab  a  b   3bc  b  c   3ca  c  a   6abc
17. ab  a  b   bc  b  c   ca  c  a   2abc   a  b  b  c  c  a 
n
x2  1
18.  x  1  x 2
 1 x  1 x  1 .......... x
4 8
 2n1

1 
x 1
, x 1

 Note :  Cyclic Factors: If an expression remain same after replacing a by b, b by c

& c by a, then it is called cyclic expression and its factors are called cyclic
factors. e.g. a  b  c  b  c  a   c  a  b
1.17 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION BY INTERSECTION OF GRAPHS
To solve the equation f  x   g  x  graphically, draw the graphs of y1  f  x  and
y 2  g  x  . The x – coordinate of any point of intersection of the two graphs is a solution
of the equation.
1.18 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION BY X – INTERCEPT
To solve the equation f  x  g  x graphically, draw the graphs of
y  f  x   g  x   h  x  . Any x – intercept of the graph of y  h  x  (or zero) is a
solution of the equation.
1.19 RATIONAL FUNCTION
A rational expression is an algebraic fraction which is the quotient of the division of one
polynomial by another (non zero).
g  x
A rational function is a function of the form. y  f  x   , where g  x  & h  x  are
h  x
polynomials. It is defined for all real values of x excluding the roots of h  x   0 .

1.20 MODULUS FUNCTION y=-x y=x

x if x0
The modulus of a real number x is defined as x  
 x if x0
O

Modulus is also known as absolute value. The case x  0

tells us that the modulus of non – negative number is the
1 1
number itself. Thus, 5  5    0 0
3 3

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 9

The case x < 0 tells us that the modulus of a real number is never negative. For example,
1  1 1
3    3   3             
3  3 3
1.21 LAWS OF INDICES
1
(i) a0 = 1,  a  0  (ii) a m  ,  a  0
am
(iii) a m n  ama n , where m and n are rational numbers.
am
(iv) a m n  n , where m and n are rational numbers, a  0 .
a
n
(v) a m
 a mn (vi)
q
a p/q  a p
x y
(vii) If x  y , then a  a , but the converse may not be true.
If a  1, or 0, then x  y
If a  1, then x , y may be any real number
If a  1, then x , y may be both even or both odd
If a  0, then x , y may be any non-zero real number
(viii) am .bm  (ab)m is not always true as a b  ( ab ) , only when atleast one of a or
b is non-negative if both are negative a . b   ab .
(ix) If a x  b x then consider the following cases :
(i) If a  b, then x  0 (ii) If a  b  0, then x may have any real value
(iii) If a  b , then x is even.

 Note : 
 (x)  (x)
If we have to solve the equation of the form [ f ( x)]  [ g ( x)] i.e., same
index, different bases, then we have to solve
(a) f ( x)  g ( x) , (b) f ( x)   g ( x) , (c)  ( x)  0
Verification should be done in (b) and (c) cases.
1.22 SURDS
Definition
Any root of a number which cannot be exactly found is called a surd.
Let a be a rational number and n is a positive integer. If the nth root of x i.e., x1/n is
irrational, then it is called a surd of order n.

 Note :  If a is not rational, n

a is not a surd.
For example, (5  7) is not a surd as 5  7 is not a rational
number.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

10 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

1.23 FACTORIAL

Factorial notation: Let n be a positive integer. Then, the continued product of first n natural
numbers is called factorial n, to be denoted by n ! or n . Also, we define 0 ! = 1.
If n is negative or a fraction, n ! is not defined.
Thus, n ! = n (n – 1) (n – 2) ......3.2.1.
Deduction: n ! = n(n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) ......3.2.1
= n[(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)......3.2.1] = n [(n  1)!]
Examples:
4! = 4  3  2  1  24 6!  6  5  4  3  2  1  720
1.24 BASIC CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRY:

(A) BASIC THEOREMS & RESULTS OF TRIANGLES:

(a) Thales theorem (Basic Proportionality Theorem): In a triangle, a line
drawn parallel to one side, to intersect the other sides in distinct points,
divides them in the same ratio then the line must be parallel to the third side.
(b) If in a triangle the square of one side is equal to the sum of squares of other
two sides, then the triangle is right triangle.
If in a triangle the square of one side is more the sum of squares of other two
sides, then the triangle is obtuse angled triangle. i.e. if in triangle ABC, if
AC2 > AB2 + BC2, then the triangle is obtuse angled at B.
If in a triangle the square of one side is less the sum of squares of other two
sides, then the triangle is acute angled triangle. i.e. if in triangle ABC, if
AC2 < AB2 + BC2, then the triangle is acute angled at B.

(B) TANGENTS TO A CIRCLE:

Theorem 1:
A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
Converse:
A line drawn through the end point of a radius and perpendicular to it is a tangent
to the circle.
Theorem 2:
If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an external point, then:
(i) they are equal.
(ii) They subtend equal angles at the centre.
(iii) They are equally inclined to the segment, joining the centre to that point.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 11

Theorem 3:
If two chords of a circle intersect inside or outside the circle when produced, the
rectangle formed by the two segments of one chord is equal in area to the
rectangle formed by the two segments of the other chord. PA  PB  PC  PD
A
D A
O B
P
P
D
C B C
Theorem 4 :
If PAB is a segment to a circle intersecting the circle at A and B and PT is tangent
segment, then PA  PB  PT 2

OR
Area of the rectangle formed by the two segments of a chord is equal to the area
of the square of side equal to the length of the tangent from the point on the circle.
Theorem 5: (Alternate segment Theorem)
If a chord is drawn through the point of contact of a tangent to a circle, then the
angles which this chord makes with the given tangent are equal respectively to the
angles formed in the corresponding alternate segments.
BAQ  ACB and BAP  ADB

Converse:
If a line is drawn through an end point of a chord of a circle so that the angle
formed with the chord is equal to the angle subtended by the chord in the alternate
segment, then the line is a tangent to the circle.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

12 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Theorem 6:
If two circles touch each other (internally or externally) the point of contact lies
on the line through the centres.

1.25 BASIC CONCEPTS OF MENSURATION

(A) TRIANGLE:
(a) Sum of three angles is 1800
(b) Perimeter = Sum of three sides = a + b + c = 2s (where s = semi perimeter)
1
(c) Area = (Base  Height)  s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
2
 3
(d) Equilateral Triangle : All three sides and angles (600) are equal; h   a;
 2 
 
1 1  3  3  2 h2
Area =   base  height =   (a)   a  a 
2 2  2   4  3
   
(B) QUADRILATERAL :
C
D h2
h1
B
A
(a) Sum of all angles is 3600
1
Area =  AC  h1  h2  i.e. sum of area of  ACD +  ABC =
2
1
d1d 2 sin 
2
(b) Parallelogram:
a
A D
d2
b h b
O d1
B C
a

(i) Opposite sides are parallel and equal.

(ii) Opposite angles are equal.  B  D and A  C 
(iii) Diagonals bisects each other. AO = OC & BO = OD
(iv) Perimeter = 2(a+b);

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 13

1 1
(v) Area =  ah    ah   ah i.e. sum of areas of ACD  ABC
2 2
D C
p1 p1 p2
Also, Area =
sin 
 p2
A
B

(c) Special cases of parallelogram:

(i) Rhombus : All sides are equal and opposite angles are equal.
Diagonals are not equal (d1  d2 ) but bisects each other at 900
1
Area   d1  d 2 
2
(ii) Rectangle: Opposite sides are equal and parallel, all angles are equal
(900) and diagonals are equal and bisects each other but not at 900.
Area = a  b; Perimeter = 2  a  b 

(iii) Square : All sides are equal and all angles are equal (900) Diagonals
are equal and are perpendicular bisectors of each other
d2
Area = a 2 
2
(iv) Trapezium : Any two opposite sides are parallel but not equal.
Diagonals cuts in same proportion.
b
A D
d1
d2
h O

B C
E a 1
Area =    a  b  h
 2

(C) POLYGON:
A plane figure enclosed by line segments (sides of polygon).

(a) n sides polygon have n sides : Triangle and quadrilaterals are polygon of three
and four sides respectively. The polygons having 5 to 10 sides are called,
PENTAGON, HEXAGON, OCTAGON, NANOGON and DECAGON
respectively.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

14 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

(b) Regular polygon : Polygon which has all equal sides and equal angles and
can be inscribed in a circle whose center coincides with the center of
polygon. Therefore the center is equidistant from all its vertices.


h

(i) A regular polygon can also circumscribe a circle.

1
(ii) Area = n  ah
2
(iii) Perimeter = na
(iv) Sum of all interior angle =  n  2   180  and each interior angle of

 n2 0
polygon =    180
 n 
(v) Angle subtended at the center of inscribed/circumscribed circle by one
side = 360 / n
(vi) Sum of all exterior angles = 3600 and each exterior angle = 360 / n
(vii) Convex polygon : If any two consecutive vertices are joined then
remaining all other vertices will lie on same side.

(D) Circle :
2
Area A =  r ; Circumference (perimeter) = 2 r

(a) Sector of a circle : Bounded by arc of circle (subtending angle ‘  ’ at

center) and two radii. Circle is divided into minor (containing ‘  ’) and
major sectors

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 15

 0 
(i) Arc length of sector : l =   
2 r
 360 
 0  2  l 
(ii) Area : A =  0 
r   r
 360  2
(iii) Perimeter of sector AOC = 2r + l

(b) Segment of a circle : Bounded by arc of the circle and the chord
(determining the segment).
Major
O
r  r
A B
C
 0  2 1 2
(i) Area (segment ACB) =  0 
 r    r sin 
 360  2
1.26 SOLIDS

(A) FRUSTUM OF CONE:

A frustum of a cone or truncated cone is the result of cutting a cone by a plane
parallel to the base and removing the part containing the apex.

Slant Height
Height

2
(a) Slant Height: s  h2   R  r 

(b) Lateral Area of a Truncated Cone: AL   . R  r  . S

(c) Surface area of a Truncated Cone : AT   S  R  r   R2  r 2 

1
(d) Volume of a Truncated Cone: V  .  . h  R2  r 2  R . r 
3

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

16 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

SOLVED EXAMPLES

1. Express the intervals in terms of inequalities:

(i)  1, 4  (ii)  2.5, 4  (iii)  4,  
Sol.: (i) 1  x  4 (ii) 2.5  x  4 (iii) x  4

2. Express each set in interval notation:

(i) 1, 4    2, 6  (ii)  2,     3,   (iii)  2, 1   2,3
(iv) 1, 4    2, 6  (v)  2,     3,   (vi)  2, 1   2,3
Sol.: (i)  2, 4  (ii)  3,   (iii) 
(iv) 1,6 (v)  2,   (vi)  2, 1   2,3

3. Prove that the following equation have no solution:

(i)  2 x  7    x  4  0 (ii)  x  4   5
(iii)  6  x    x  8  2
Sol.: (i) We have  2 x  7    x  4   0 The left hand side of the equation is
positive but right hand side is zero. Therefore the equation has no roots.
(ii) We have  x  4   5 The left hand side of the equation is positive but right
hand side is negative. Therefore the equation has no roots.
(iii) We have 6  x  x 8  2 The equation is defined for
x  6
6  x  0 and x  8  0   Consequently, there is no x for which both
x  8
expressions would have meaning, therefore the equation has no roots.

4. Evaluate by rewriting as an equivalent expression without modulus sign:

(i) 3 1 (ii) 2  

Sol.: (i) Since 3  1.7 , the expression inside the modulus sign is positive. The modulus
of a positive number is the number itself. Thus, 3  1  3  1

(ii) Since   3.14 , the number inside the modulus sign is negative. The modulus of
x when x < 0 is – x. Thus, 2      2       2 .

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 17

LOGARITHMS
2.1 DEFINITION
“The Logarithm of a given number to a given base is the index of the power to which the
base must be raised in order to equal the given number.”
If a  0 and  1, then logarithm of a positive number N is defined as the index x of that
power of 'a' which equals N i.e., log a N  x if a x  N  a log a N
 N , a  0, a  1 and
N  0 . It is also known as fundamental logarithmic identity.
The function defined by f ( x)  loga x, a  0, a  1 is called logarithmic function.
Its domain is (0, ) and range is R. a is called the base of the logarithmic function.
When base is 'e' then the logarithmic function is called natural or Napierian logarithmic
function and when base is 10, then it is called common logarithmic function.

 Note :  The logarithm of a number is unique i.e. No number can have two different
log to a given base.
log e a
 loge a  loge 10.log10 a or log10 a   0.434 log e a
log e 10
2.2 CHARACTERISTIC AND MANTISSA
(1) The integral part of a logarithm is called the characteristic and the fractional part
is called mantissa.
log10 N  integer  fraction (  ve)
 
Characterstics Mantissa
(2) The mantissa part of log of a number is always kept positive.
(3) If the characteristics of log10 N be n, then the number of digits in N is (n+1)
(4) If the characteristics of log10 N be (– n) then there exists (n – 1) number of zeros
after decimal part of N.

2.3 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

Let m and n be arbitrary positive numbers such that a  0, a  1, b  0, b  1 then
(1) loga a  1, loga 1  0
1
(2) loga b.logb a  1 loga a  logb b  log a b 
log b a
log b a
(3) logc a  logb a. logc b or log c a 
log b c

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

18 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

m
(4) loga (mn)  loga m  loga n (5) log a    log a m  log a n
n
(6) log a m n  n log a m (7) a loga m  m
1 1
(8) log a     log a n (9) log a n  log a n
n 

(10) log a n  loga n , (   0) (11) alogc b  blogc a , (a, b, c  0 and c  1)

log a b log b a
(12) a b

 f ( x)  g ( x) if a  1
(13) If loga f(x)  loga g(x)  
 f ( x)  g ( x) if 0  a  1
 f (x )  ( a ) y a  1
(14) If loga f(x)  y   y
 f (x )  (a ) if 0  a  1
y
 f ( x )  ( a ) a 1
(15) If loga f(x)  y   y
 f ( x )  ( a ) 0  a  1

SOLVED EXAMPLES

1. Logarithm of 32 5 4 to the base 2 2 is

(a) 3.6 (b) 5 (c) 5.6 (d) None of these
x
Sol: (a) Let x be the required logarithm , then by definition (2 2 )  32 5 4
3x 2
5
(2.21/2 ) x  25.22/5 ;  2 2  2 5

3 27 18
Here, by equating the indices, x ,  x   3.6
2 5 5
2. The number log 2 7 is
(a) An integer (b) A rational number
(c) An irrational number (d) A prime number
Sol: (c) Suppose, if possible, log 2 7 is rational, say p / q where p and q are integers, prime
p
to each other. Then,  log 2 7  7  2 p / q  2 p  7q ,
q
which is false since L.H.S is even and R.H.S is odd. Obviously log 2 7 is not an
integer and hence not a prime number

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 19

3. If log7 2  m, then log49 28 is equal to

1  2m
(a) 2(1  2m) (b)
2
2
(c) (d) 1  m
1  2m
log 28 log 7  log 4 log 7 log 4 1 1 1 1
Sol: (b) log 49 28   =    log7 4 =  .2 log 7 2
log 49 2log 7 2 log 7 2 log 7 2 2 2 2
1 1 1  2m
=  log 7 2   m 
2 2 2

 ab  1
4. If log e    (log e a  log e b) , then relation between a and b will be
 2  2
b
(a) a  b (b) a 
2
b
(c) 2a  b (d) a 
3
 ab  1 1
Sol.: (a) log e    (log e a  log e b)  log e ( ab)  log e ab
 2  2 2
a b 2

2
 ab  a  b  2 ab   a b   0  a  b  0  ab

5. If log10 3  0.477 , the number of digits in 340 is

(a) 18 (b) 19
(c) 20 (d) 21
40
Sol.: (c) Let y  3 , Taking log both the sides, log y  log340  log y  40log3
 log y  19.08  Number of digits in y  19  1  20

6. Which is the correct order for a given number  in increasing order (α > 0)
(a) log2  ,log3  ,loge  ,log10  (b) log10  ,log3  ,loge  ,log2 
(c) log10  ,loge  ,log2  ,log3  (d) log3  ,loge  ,log2  ,log10 
Sol.: (b) Since 10, 3, e, 2 are in decreasing order
Obviously, log10  ,log3  ,loge  ,log2  are in increasing order.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

20 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

BASIC SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE

1. Find the values of each of the following:

(a) log9 81 (b) log10 0.0001 (c) log 2
4 (d) log 2 1 / 32 

2. Find the values of x in each of the following:

(a) log2 x  3 (b) log 3
x4 (c) log10 x  3

3. If log10 x  a , find the value of 10a1 in terms of x.

4. If log5 x  a and log 2 y  a , find 1002 a1 in terms of x and y.

11 130 55
5. Prove that (a) log 72  2log3  3log 2 (b) 2 log  log  log  log 2
13 77 91

6. Express each of the following as the logarithm of a single number (take base as 10 if
required):
2 1 1
(a) log a  log a (b) 1  log 27 (c) log 9  2 log 3  log 6  log 2  2
3 2

7. Prove that:
11 14 22 16 25 81
(a) log  log  log  log 7 (b) 7 log  5 log  3log  log 2
5 3 15 15 24 80
70 22 7 1 1
(c) log  log  log  3log 2  2 log 3 (d) 3log 4  2 log 5  log 64  log16  2
33 135 18 3 2

8. Evaluate
1
(a) 2 log10 5  log10 8  log10 4 (b) 3log2 5  log2 10  log2 625
2
(c) log10 10  log10 100  log10 1000  log10 10000

9. Find the values of x in each of the following:

log10 144
(a)  log10 x (b) log x 4  log x 16  log x 64  12
log10 12
log 81
(c) log x  log  x  1  log 3 (d) x
log 9

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 21

10. Evaluate
1 1/3
1log 2.75 10 log 2 121
(a)  2.75 (b) 83

(c) 10log10 m 2log10 n3log10 p (d)  log 3 5  .  log 25 27 

11. If log12 18  a & log24 54  b , prove that ab  5  a  b   1 .

1 1 1 1
12. If n  2002 , evaluate    ............  .
log 2 n log 3 n log 4 n log 2002 n

log x log y log z x y z

13. If x, y, z >0 and x  1, y  1, z  1 such that   , prove that x y z  1
y z z x x y

14. If a & b are the lengths of the sides of a right angled triangle and c is the length of the hypotenuse
such that c  b  1, c  b  1 then prove that log c  b a  log c  b a  2  log c  b a  log c  b a  .

 a b 1 2 2
15. If log     log a  log b  , prove that a  b  7ab .
 3  2

a
16. If a2 x 3b2 x  a6 xb5 x , then prove that 3log a  x log .
b

1
17. If log10 a  log10 b  1 , prove that ba2 = 100
2
log 12loga 23loga 3................. n loga n
18. Prove that: a a  22.33.44.....nn

19. Prove that: log10 tan 1o. log 10 tan 2 o.log 10 tan 3 o........ log 10 tan 50 o  0
1
20. Prove that: log 3 2.log 4 3.log 5 4.........log16 15 
4
21. If a, b, c are in G.P., prove that log x a, log x b, log x c are in A.P.
 7
22. If log 3 2, log 3  2 x  5  and log3  2 x   are in A.P., find the value of x.
 2
log a x.log b x log a n
23. Prove that : (i)  log ab x (ii)  1  log a b
log a x  log b x log ab n

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

22 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

ANSWERKEY

BASIC SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE

1. (a) 2 (b) –4 (c) 4 (d) –5

x x4 y4
2. (a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 0.001 3. 4.
10 100
 9 
6. (a) log a (b) log10 30 (c) log10  
 100 
3
8. (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 10 9. (a) 100 (b) 2 (c) (d) 2
2
2 3 3
10. (a) 27.5 (b) 242 (c) mn p (d) 12. 1 22. 3
2

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 23

ADVANCE OBJECTIVE EXERCISE

1. 
If N  2log70 9800  5 log70 140
 7 log70 2
 , then N is equal to
(A) 20 (B) 60 (C) 18 (D) 40

log q log q y 
log3 p
 log q p 
 
 6  6  6 ...... 
2. The expression q   simplified to
(A) p (B) q (C) r (D) 3
ln  ln 3
3. The value of ee is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 3 (D) ln 3

 
4. Let  = 19  8 3  7  4 3 and  = 83  18 2  6  4 2 , then log2   lies
 
in the interval
 1   1 
(A) ( – 2, – 1) (B)  , 0  (C) (0, 1) (D)  1, 
 2   2 

5. The value of log 2  3

2 5  3
2 5  is equal to

1
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) (D) log23
2
1 1

 3 1 

log a 2  3  log b  
1
6. If a, b are co-prime numbers and satisfying 2  3    3 1 
=
12
,

then (a + b) can be is equal to

(A) 13 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 8

7. Let ABC be a triangle such that ABC = and let a, b and c denote the lengths of the
2
sides opposite to A, B and C respectively. The value of
log 2 (b  c)
log a  
b  c  log a  b c  
log 4 ( a 2 )
is equal to
(A) abc (B) a (C) 2 (D) 3

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

24 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

x x
8. If 2(log2 3)  3(log3 2) then the value of x is equal to
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 3 6
log 2 x
log 2log 2 2log 2 2
log2 2 2
9. The value of x sat isfying the equat io n 2 = 5, is
(A) 5 (B) 16 (C) 25 (D) 32
2 2 2
     
 log a p    log b p    log c p 
10. The expression  b   c   a
2
 , wherever defined, simplifies to
 
 log a p  log b p  log c p 
 b c a 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

11. If x1 and x2 are the value of x satisfying the equation x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 where x1 > x2 then
 
the value of log x2  x1 x1 x1 x1.......  is equal to

 
 1
(A) (B) – 1 (C) (D) – 2
2 2

12. The number of value(s) of x satisfying the equation

log 2  ln x 
4  1  ln 3 x  3 ln 2 x  5 ln x  7  0
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
2
  2
 ln ex 2  1  sin
13. The number of solutions of the equation    7 is equal to
2
 ln  e      
  x2    sin  cos 
    7 7 
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

14. The value of the expression (log102)3 + log108 · log105 + (log105)3 is

(A) rational which is less than 1 (B) rational which is greater than 1
(C) equal to 1 (D) an irrational number

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 25

 2
   
3log 2  2 log log 103  log  log106 




15. Let N = 10 where base of the logarithm is 10. The
characteristic of the logarithm of N to the base 3, is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

16. Statement-1: The inequality log2 (x + 2) > log 1 ( x  1) is valid for every x > 0.
2

Statement-2: The value of logba is positive if either 0 < a, b < 1 or 1 < a, b < .
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct
explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

log 

17. Statement-1: If  >  > 1, then is greater than 1.
log  

log a b
Statement-2: logcb = , if 0 < a , b, c  1.
log a c
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct
explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

[COMPREHENSION TYPE]
Paragraph for question nos. 18 to 20
A denotes the product xyz where x, y and z satisfy
log3 x = log5 – log7 log5 y = log7 – log3 log7z = log3 – log5
B denotes the sum of square of solution of the equation
log2 (log2x6 – 3) – log2 (log2x4 – 5) = log23
C denotes characteristic of logarithm
log2 (log23) – log2 (log43) + log2 (log45) – log2 (log65) + log2 (log67) – log2(log87)

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

26 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

18. The value of A + B + C is equal to

(A) 18 (B) 34 (C) 32 (D) 24

19. The value of log2A + log2B + log2C is equal to

(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 4

20. The value of | A – B + C | is equal to

(A) – 30 (B) 32 (C) 28 (D) 30

[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]

21. Let a, b, c > 0 such that a > b > c and a + c > 2b. If ln(a + c) + ln(a – 2b + c) = 2 ln(a – c),
then which of the following relation is(are) correct?
1 1 2 c bc
(A)   (B) b2 = ac (C)  (D) b2 = a2 + c2
a c b a a b

log 3 135 log 3 5

22. Let N =  . Then N is
log15 3 log 405 3
(A) a natural number (B) coprime with 3
(C) a rational number (D) a composite number

23. The equation log 2 16 + log2x64 = 3 has

x

(A) one irrational solution (B) no prime solution

(C) two real solutions (D) no integral solution

24. Which of the following real numbers is(are) non-positive ?

 2 3 
(A) log 1 
  (B) log12  65  7 
2  2 3 
2
3 3
(C) log 2  log 5 3·log 7 5 ·log 3 7  (D) log 7  
2

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 27

[MATRIX TYPE]
25. Column - I Column-II
(A) The expression
log a b · log 2 a 2 · log 3 b3 · log 4 a 4 ....... log 100 a100 simplifies to (P) –4
b a b b

(B) The value of x (x < 0) satisfying the equation log2x2 + log2 | x | = 3a, (Q) 4
where a is an even prime number, is equal to
log 1 4 1
log81
(C) The value of x satisfying the equation 2 3 x 16 , (R) 1
is equal to
(S) –2

26. Column-I Column-II

(A) If log3  5  8log49  5  log7 49  = k, then (k2 + 1) is equal to (P) 1
2
1 2
(B) If x = 9  77 , then  x   is equal to (Q) 2
11  x
20
 1 
(C) If N =   , then number of digits in N before decimal starts, (R) 5
 0.4 
is equal to (Use: log102 = 0.3010) (S) 8
(D) If log175(5x), = log343(7x), then find the value of log42(x4 – 2x2 + 7).

27. Column-I Column-II

1
1
(A) 3 5 log7 5  simplifies to (P) 2
 log10 (0.1)
3a
(B) If logb 3 = 4 and log , 27  (Q) 3
2 b2

then the value of (a2 – b4) is equal to

(C) If number of digits in 1211 is 'd', and number of cyphers after (R) 5
decimal before a significant figure starts in (0.2)9 is 'c',
then (d – c) is equal to
(D) 
If N = antilog3 log 6 anti log 5 
(log 5 1296) , (S) 6

then the characteristic of log N to the base 2, is equal to (T) 13

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

28 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

ADVANCE SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE – 1

1. Show that : 2 log (8/45) + 3 log (25/8)  4 log (5/6) = log 2.

loga N
2. Prove that = 1 + logab & indicate the permissible values of the letters.
logab N

3. (a) Given : log1034.56 = 1.5386, find log103.456 ; log100.3456 & log100.003456.

(b) Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the
base of the logarithm is 7.
(c) If log102 = 0.3010 & log103 = 0.4771, find the value of log10(2.25).
(d) Find the antilogarithm of 0.75, if the base of the logarithm is 2401.

4. If log102 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4771. Find the number of integers in :

(a) 5200
(b) 615
(c) the number of zeros after the decimal in 3100.

Solve for x (Q.5 to Q.7):

5. (a) If log10 (x2  12x + 36) = 2

(b) 91+logx  31+logx  210 = 0 ; where base of log is 3.

6. Simplify :
logb  logb N 
4 3 1  4/3 logb a
(a) log1/3 729 . 9 . 27 ; (b) a

7. (a) If log4 log3 log2 x = 0 ; (b) If loge log5 [ 2 x  2  3] = 0

8. (a) Which is smaller? 2 or (log2 + log2 ).

(b) Prove that log35 and log27 are both irrational.

9. Let a and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real number c,
different from 1, such that
2(logac + logbc) = 9logabc
Find the largest possible value of logab.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 29

10. Find the square of the sum of the roots of the equation
log3 x · log4x · log5x = log3x · log4x + log4x · log5x + log5x · log3x.

2 3
11. Find the value of the expression  .
log 4 (2000) log 5 (2000) 6
6

12. Find a rational number which is 50 times its own logarithm to the base 10.

13. Calculate :

5log4 2 3  6  6log8   3 2 
(a) 7 log3 5  3log 5 7  5 log 3 7  7 log 5 3 (b) 4
1 3
log 9 log 6 3 2
81 5 3  
14. Simplify :
409
.

 
7 log 25 7
 125 
log 25 6



15. Simplify : 5

log1/5 1
2
 log
4
 log1/2
1
.
2
7  3 10  2 21

16. Show that 10 2  (1/2) log16 = 20, where the base of log is 10.
2 2
17. Find 'x' satisfying the equation 4log10 x 1 – 6log10 x – 2.3log10 x = 0.

18. Express log4a + log8 (a)1/3 + [1/loga8] as a logarithm to the base 2.

1log7 2
19. Find the value of 49 + 5 log5 4 .

20. Given that log2 3 = a , log3 5 = b, log7 2 = c, express the logarithm of the number
63 to the base 140 in terms of a, b & c.

log 2 24 log 2 192

21. Prove that  = 3.
log96 2 log12 2

22. Prove that ax – by = 0 where x = loga b & y = logb a , a > 0 , b > 0 & a , b  1.

23. Prove the identity :

log a N . logb N . logc N
loga N . logb N + logb N . logc N + logc N . loga N =
log abc N

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

30 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

log10 ( x  3) 1
24. (a) Solve for x  ,
 2
log10 x  21  2

(b) log (log x) + log (log x3  2) = 0 ; where base of log is 10 everywhere.

(c) logx2 . log2x2 = log4x2
(d) 5logx + 5 xlog5 = 3 (a > 0) ; where base of log is a.

25. Solve the system of equations :

log a x log a ( xyz )  48
log a y log a ( xyz )  12 , a > 0, a  1.
log a z log a ( xyz )  84

ADVANCE SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE – 2

Note : From Q.1 to Q.9, solve the equation for x :

1. loga(x) = x where a = xlog4 x .

2. (1/12) (log10 x)2 = (1/3) – (1/4) (log10 x)

3. xlogx+4 = 32, where base of logarithm is 2.

4. logx+1 (x² + x  6)2 = 4

5. x + log10(1 + 2x) = x . log105 + log106.

6. 5logx – 3logx-1 = 3logx+1 – 5logx-1, where the base of logarithm is 10.

1  log 2 ( x  4)
7. =1
log 2
( x  3  x  3)

8. log5 120 + (x  3)  2 . log5 (1  5x–3) = log5(0.2  5x–4)

 1 
9. log 4 +  1 
 2x
 log 3 = log  x 3  27 .
10. Prove that log710 is greater than log1113.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 31

11. Find the real solutions to the system of equations

log10(2000xy) – log10x · log10 y = 4
log10(2yz) – log10y · log10z = 1
and log10(zx) – log10z · log10x = 0

12. If a = log1218 & b = log2454 then find the value of ab + 5 (a  b).

13. If x = 1 + logabc , y = 1 + logbca, z = 1 + logcab, then prove that xyz = xy + yz + zx.

14. If p = loga bc, q = logb ca, r = logc ab, then prove that pqr = p + q + r + 2.

15. If logba . logca + logab . logcb + logac . logb c = 3 (Where a, b, c are different positive real
numbers  1), then find the value of abc.

16. Given a2 + b2 = c2 & a > 0 ; b > 0 ; c > 0, c – b  1, c + b  1. Prove that :

logc+ba + logc-ba = 2 . logc+b a . logc-ba.

log a N log a N  logb N

17. If  where N > 0 & N  1, a, b, c > 0 & not equal to 1, then
logc N logb N  logc N
prove that b2 = ac.
2
log x   log x 2
18. Find all the solutions of the equation x  1 
3
 x 1 ,
where base of logarithm is 10.

19. Find the product of the positive roots of the equation (2005)( x)log 2005 x  x 2 .

20. If (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are the solution of the system of equation
log225(x) + log64(y) = 4
logx(225) – logy(64) = 1,
then show that the value of log30(x1 y1 x2 y2) = 12.

 4  4  2 2 
21. Find x satisfying the equation log 2 1    log 2 1    2 log   1 .
 x  x4  x 1 

22. Solve : log3  x x 1  

= log9 4 x  3  4 x 1 

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

32 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

 b a
 loga 4 ab  logb 4 ab  loga 4  logb 4  . loga b


a b
 2 if b  a 1
23. Prove that : 2 =  log b
a if 1b  a
2

 1  1
24. Solve for x : log2 (4  x) + log (4  x) . log  x    2 log2  x   = 0.
 2  2

25. If P is the number of integers whose logarithms to the base 10 have the characteristic p ,
and Q the number of integers the logarithms of whose reciprocals to the base 10 have the
characteristic  q, then compute the value of log10 P  log10 Q in terms of p and q.

ANSWERKEY
ADVANCE OBJECTIVE EXERCISE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D C C B B C C A C A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B C C C B A D B A D
21 22 23 24
AC AC ABC ACD

25. (A) R (B) P (C) Q

26. (A) R (B) Q (C) S (D) P

27. (A) P (B) T (C) S (D) Q

ADVANCE SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE – 1

2. a > 0 , a  1 , N > 0 , N  1 , b > 0 , b  1/a

3. (a) 0.5386 1.5386 ; 3.5386 ; (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 343
4. (a) 140 (b) 12 (c) 47

5. (a) x = 16 or x =  4 (b) x = 5

6. (a)  1 (b) logb N

7. (a) 8 (b) x = 3
1
8. (a) 2 9. 2 10. 3721 11.
6

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 33

12. N = 100 13. (a) 0 (b) 9 14. 1

1
15. 6 17. x=
100

17 25 1  2 ac
18. . log2 a 19. 20.
18 2 2c  a b c  1

24. (a) x = 5 (b) x = 10

(c) x = 2 2
or 2  2
(d) x = 2-loga where base of log is 5 .

 1 1 1
25. (a4, a, a7) or  4 , , 7 
a a a 

ADVANCE SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE – 2

1
1. x=2 2. x = 10 or 104 3. x = 2 or
32

4. x=1 5. x=1 6. x = 100

7. x=5 8. x=1 9. x  

11. x = 1, y = 5, z = 1 or x = 100, y = 20, z = 100 12. 1

1
15. abc = 1 18. x = 2 or or 1000 19. (2005)2
10

 7 3  24 
21. x  2 or 6 22. [0, 1]  {4} 24. 0 , , 
 4 2 

25. p q + 1

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

34 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

SETS
3.1 DEFINITION
A set is a well-defined class or collection of objects. By a well defined collection we
mean that there exists a rule with the help of which it is possible to tell whether a given
object belongs or does not belong to the given collection.
The objects in sets may be anything, numbers, people, mountains, rivers etc. For
example, vowels in the alphabet of English language form a set because any of the
alphabet is either a vowel or a consonant.
The collection of all honest persons in India is not a set, because the term ‘honesty’ is not
well-defined.
The objects constituting the set are called elements or members of the set. The elements
of a set are generally denoted by small letters a, b, c, ….., x, y, z. The sets are generally
denoted by capital letters A, B, C, ……, X, Y, Z.
If an element x is in set A, then we say x belongs to A and we write x  A. If an element
x is not in A, then we say x does not belong to A and we write x  A.

 Note :  Symbols
Symbol Meaning
 Implies
 Belongs to
AB A is a subset of B
 Implies and is implied by
 Does not belong to
s.t. or : Such that
 For every | For all
 There exists
Iff If and only if

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 35

3.2 REPRESENTATION OF SETS

A set can be represented either by stating all its elements or by stating properties which
are satisfied by the elements of the set and not by any other element. Based on these
considerations, we have two methods of representing sets, namely

(1) Roster method or Listing method or Tabular Method :

In this method a set is described by listing elements, separated by commas, within
braces {}. The set of vowels of English alphabet may be described as {a, e, i, o, u}.
The set of even natural numbers can be described as {2, 4, 6..........}. Here the dots
stand for ‘and so on’.

 Note :  The order in which the elements are written in a set makes no difference.
Thus {a, e, i, o, u} and {e, a, i, o, u} denote the same set. Also the repetition
of an element has no effect. For example, {1, 2, 3, 2} is the same set as
{1, 2, 3}

(2) Set-builder method or Rule method or Property Method :

In this method, a set is described by a characterizing property P(x) of its elements
x. In such a case the set is described by {x : P(x) holds} or {x | P(x) holds}, which
is read as ‘the set of all x such that P(x) holds’. The symbol ‘|’ or ‘:’ is read as
‘such that’.
If A contains all values of ‘x’ for which the condition P(x) is true, then we write
A   x : P  x  .
Illustrations:
(i) The set E of all even natural numbers can be written as
E = {x | x is natural number and x = 2n for n  N}
or E = {x | x  N, x = 2n, n  N} or E = {x  N | x = 2n, n  N}
2
(ii) The set A  {0,1,4,9,16,....} can be written as A  {x | x  Z}

(iii) Let A   x : 4  x  7, x  N  .
∴ A contains all natural numbers which lies between 4 and 7, both inclusive.
The possible values of x are 4, 5, 6, 7.
∴ A  4, 5, 6, 7 .

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

36 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

(iv) If A is the set of all positive factors of 36, then

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 18, 36} (By roster method)
And A = {x : x is a factor of 36, x  N } (By property method)

3.3 TYPES OF SETS

(1) Null set or Empty set:
The set which contains no element at all is called the null set. This set is
sometimes also called the ‘empty set’ or the ‘void set’. It is denoted by the symbol
 or {}. ∴   
A set which has at least one element is called a non-empty set.

Illustrations
2
(i) Let A  {x : x 1  0 and x is real)
Since there is no real number which satisfies the equation x 2  1  0 , therefore the
set A is empty set.

(ii) The set {0} is not a null set, because this set contains one element, namely ‘0’.

 Note :  If A and B are any two empty sets, then x  A iff x  B is satisfied
because there is no element x in either A or B to which the condition may
be applied. Thus A = B. Hence, there is only one empty set and we denote it
by  . Therefore, article 'the' is used before empty set.

(2) Singleton set:

A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.
The sets {7}, {–15} are singleton sets.  x : x  4  0, x  Z  is a singleton set,
because this set contains only one integer namely, –4. The set  x : x  4  0, x  N 
is a null set, for there is no natural number which may satisfy the equation x  4  0 .

(3) Finite set:

A set is said to be finite set if it contains only finite number of elements i.e. a set
is called a finite set if it is either void set or its elements can be listed (counted,
labelled) by natural number 1, 2, 3, … and the process of listing terminates at a
certain natural number n (say).

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 37

Cardinal number or Order of a finite set:

The number n in the above definition is called the cardinal number or order of a
finite set A and is denoted by n(A) or O(A).

(4) Infinite set:

A set whose elements cannot be listed by the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, …., n, for
any natural number n is called an infinite set.
Illustrations:
(i) The set {2, 4, 5, 10} is a finite set, because it contains only 4 elements.
(ii) The set of all even numbers is an infinite set.

(5) Equivalent set:

Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if their cardinal numbers are same
i.e. n(A) = n(B).

Illutration:
(i) The sets {a, b, c} and {4, 7, 10} are equivalent.
(ii) A  {1,3,5,7} ; B  {10, 12,14,16} are equivalent sets [ O( A)  O( B)  4]

(6) Equal set:

Two sets A and B are said to be equal iff every element of A is an element of B
and also every element of B is an element of A. We write “A = B” if the sets A and
B are equal and “A  B” if the sets A and B are not equal. Symbolically, A = B if x
 A  x  B.
The statement given in the definition of the equality of two sets is also known as
the axiom of extension.

Illustrations:
(i) If A  {2,3,5,6} and B  {6,5,3,2} . Then A  B, because each element of A is an
element of B and vice-versa.
(ii) Let A   x : x  N , 2  x  6 and B  2, 3, 4, 5, 6 . We have A = B.

(iii) Let A  2, 3, 4 and B  2, 3, 4, 4, 4 . We have A = B.

Since, It is sufficient to write an element in a set only once.

 Note :  Equal sets are always equivalent but equivalent sets may need not be equal set.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

38 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

(7) Universal set :

A set that contains all sets in a given context is called the universal set.
or
A set containing all possible elements which occur in the discussion is called a
universal set and is denoted by U.
Thus in any particular discussion, no element can exist out of universal set.

 Note :  Universal set is not unique. It may differ in problem to problem.

(8) Subsets (Set inclusion) :

Let A and B be two sets. If every element of A is an element of B, then A is called
a subset of B.
If A is subset of B, we write A  B, which is read as “A is a subset of B” or “A is
contained in B”.
∴ A  B if x  A ⇒ x  B.
If A  B, then we also say that B is a superset of A and write B  A.

Illustrations:
(i) N  Q, N  Z , Z  Q, R  C.
(ii) Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. We have
A B because 1 B. B  C is true. A  C is also true.
(iii) Let A = {a, e, i, o, u} and B = {a, b, c, ….., x, y, z}. We have A  B.
If A is not a subset of B, then there must exist at least one element in A, which is
not in B. If A is not a subset of B, then we write A B .

 Note :  The null set is subset of every set.

Let A be any set.
  A, for there is no element in  which is not in A.
 Every set is subset of itself.
Let A be any set.
∴ x A ⇒ x  A, though trivially. ∴ A  A.
 If A  B and B  C , then A  C .

 A  B if A  B and B  A.

 The total number of subset of a finite set containing n elements is 2n.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 39

Proper Subsets:
A set A is said to be a proper subset of set B, if A is a subset of B and A is not
equal to B. If A is a proper subset of B, then we write A  B. . If A is a proper
subset of B, then B must have at least one element which is not in A.
Illustration:
(i) N  Z , because 2  Z and 2  N .
(ii) If A  1, 2, 3 , then proper subsets of A are
 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 1, 2 , 1, 3 , 2, 3 .

 Note :  If A  B then every element of A is in B and there is a chance that A may

be equal to B i.e., every element of B is in A, but in case A  B, then every
element of A is in B and there is no chance that A my be equal to B i.e.,
there will exist at least one element in B which is not in A.
∴ A B ⇒ A  B, A  B i.e., A  B, B / A.
 If A  B, we may have B  A, but if A  B, we cannot have B  A.

(9) Power set :

If A is any set, then the family of all the subsets of A is called the power set of A.
The power set of A is denoted by P(A). Symbolically, P(A) = {B : B  A}.
Obviously  and A are both elements of P(A).
Illustration:
Let A = {a, b, c}, then P(A) = {  , {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}}.

 Note :  If A   , then P( A) has one element  ,  n[ P( A)]  1

 Power set of a given set is always non-empty.
 If A has n elements, then P(A) has 2n elements.
 P( )  {}
P( P( ))  { ,{}}  P[ P( P( ))]  { ,{},{{}},{ ,{}}}
Hence n{P[ P( P( ))]}  4 .

3.4 VENN-EULER DIAGRAMS

The relationships between sets can be visualized by means of diagrams which are called
Venn diagrams.
In Venn diagrams, the universal set is represented by a rectangle and its subsets by closed
curves usually circles and ellipses, within the rectangle.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

40 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

The combination of rectangles and circles are called Venn-Euler diagrams or simply
Venn-diagrams.
If a set A is a subset of a set B, then the circle representing A is drawn U
inside the circle representing B. If A and B are not equal but they A
have some common elements, then to represent A and B we draw two
intersecting circles. Two disjoints sets are represented by two non-
intersecting circles.
3.5 OPERATIONS ON SETS

(1) Union of sets : U

Let A and B be two sets. The union of A and B is the set of all
elements which are in set A or in B or both. We denote the union
A
of A and B by A  B which is usually read as “A union B”.
B

A B
Symbolically, A  B  {x : x  A or x  B}.
It should be noted here that we take standard mathematical usage of “or”. When we
say that x  A or x B we do not exclude the possibility that x is a member of both
A and B.

Illustrations:
(i) If A  1, 2, 3, 4 and B  2, 3, 4, 5, 6
then A  B  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 .
(ii) If A   x : x  N , 0  x  5 and B   x : x  N , 4  x  6 , then

A  B  1, 2, 3, 4  5  1, 2, 3, 4, 5 .

 Note :  A  B literally means “or”, i.e. “atleast one of A or B”

 If x  A  B, then it means that x is neither in A nor in B, otherwise it
would have been in A  B.
 If A1, A2 ,......, An is a finite family of sets, then their union is denoted by
n
 Ai or A1  A2  A3......  An .
i1

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 41

(2) Intersection of sets:

Let A and B be two sets. The intersection of A and B is the set of all U
A
those elements that belong to both A and B.
The intersection of A and B is denoted by A  B (read as “A B

intersection B”)
A B
Symbolically, A  B = {x : x  A and x  B}.
Clearly, x  A  B  x  A and x  B.
In fig. the shaded region represents A  B. Evidently A  B  A, A  B  B.

Illustrations:
(i) If A  1, 2, 3, 4 and B  2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , then A  B  2, 3, 4 .
(ii) If A   x : x  N , 0  x  5 and B   x : x  N , 4  x  6 ,
then A  B  1, 2, 3, 4  5   .

 Note :  A  B literally means “and”, i.e. “both A and B”

 If x  A  B, then it means that x is not in either A or B, otherwise it would
have been in A  B.
 If A1, A2 , A3......., An is a finite family of sets, then their intersection is
n
denoted by  A or A1  A2  A3 ........  An .
i
i 1

 Note :  If A  B, then A  B  B and A  B  A.

 If A   , then A  B  B and A  B   .

(3) Disjoint sets :

Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint, if A  B = . If A  B  , then A and B
are said to be non-intersecting or non-overlapping sets.

In other words, if A and B have no element in common, then A and B are called
disjoint sets.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

42 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Illustration:
(i) Sets {1, 2}; {3, 4} are disjoint sets.
(ii) The sets  x : 2  x  3, x  Q and  x : 2  x  3, x  N  are also disjoint.

(4) Difference of sets :

Let A and B be two sets. The difference of A and B written as A – B, is the set of all
those elements of A which do not belong to B.
Thus, A – B = {x : x  A and x  B} or A – B = {x  A : x  B}

Clearly, x  A – B  x  A and x  B. In fig. the shaded part represents A – B.

Similarly, the difference B  A is the set of all those elements of B that do not
belong to A i.e. B  A  {x  B : x  A}
U U
A
A B B

A B B A

 Note :  In general, A – B and B – A are not equal sets.

Illustrations:
(i) Let A  1, 2, 3, 4 and B  2, 3, 4, 5, 6
∴ A  B  1 and B  A  5, 6
(ii) Let A   x : x  N , 0  x  5 and B   x : x  N , 4  x  6 .
∴ A  B  1, 2, 3, 4  5  1, 2, 3, 4
and B  A  5  1, 2, 3, 4  5 .

(iii) R  Q is the set of all irrational numbers.

 Note :  If A  B, then A  B   and B  A may or may not be  .

 If A   , then A  B   and B  A  B.
 We have A  B  B  A and A  B  B  A, but A  B and B  A not be
equal sets.
 If A  B   , then A  B  A and B  A  B.
 If A  B, then A  B and B  A are both null sets.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 43

(5) Symmetric difference of two sets:

Let A and B be two sets. The symmetric difference of sets A and B is the set
( A  B)  ( B  A) and is denoted by AB .
Thus, AB = ( A  B)  ( B  A)  {x : x  A  B}

AB

Illustrations:
(i) Let A  1, 2, 3, 4 and B  2, 3, 4, 5, 6, , then A  B  1, 5, 6 .
(ii) Let A   x : x  N , 0  x  5 and B   x : x  N , 4  x  6 , then

A  B  1, 2, 3, 4, 5 .

(6) Complement of a set :

Let U be the universal set and let A be a set such that A  U. Then, the complement
of A with respect to U is denoted by A or Ac or C ( A) or U – A and is defined the
set of all those elements of U which are not in A.
U

Thus, A = {x  U : x  A}. Clearly, x  A  x  A

Illustration:
Consider U  {1, 2,......,10} and A  {1,3,5,7,9} . Then A  {2, 4,6,8,10}

3.6 LAWS OF ALGEBRA OF SETS.

(1) Idempotent laws :

For any set A, we have (i) A  A = A (ii) A  A = A

(2) Identity laws :

For any set A, we have (i) A   = A (ii) A  U = A
i.e.  and U are identity elements for union and intersection respectively.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

44 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

(3) Commutative laws :

For any two sets A and B, we have
(i) A  B = B  A (ii) A  B = B  A (iii) A B  B  A
i.e. union, intersection and symmetric difference of two sets are commutative.
(iv) AB  B A
i.e., difference of two sets are not commutative
(4) Associative laws :
If A, B and C are any three sets, then
(i) (A  B)  C = A  (B  C) (ii) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  C
(iii) ( AB)C  A( BC )
i.e., union, intersection and symmetric difference of two sets are associative.
(iv) ( A  B)  C  A  ( B  C ) i.e., difference of two sets are not associative.

(5) Distributive law :

If A, B and C are any three sets, then
(i) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C) (ii) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
i.e. union and intersection are distributive over intersection and union respectively.

(6) De-Morgan’s law : If A and B are any two sets, then

(i) (A  B) = A  B (ii) (A  B) = A  B
(iii) A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  ( A  C ) (iv) A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  ( A  C )

 Note :  Theorem 1: If A and B are any two sets, then

(i) A – B = A  B (ii) B – A = B  A
(iii) A–B=AAB= (iv) (A – B)  B = A  B
(v) (A – B)  B =  (vi) A  B  B  A
(vii) (A – B)  (B – A) = (A  B) – (A  B)

 Theorem 2 : If A, B and C are any three sets, then

(i) A – (B  C) = (A – B)  (A – C) (ii) A – (B  C) = (A – B)  (A – C)
(iii) A  (B – C) = (A  B) – (A  C) (iv) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 45

3.7 SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN SETS.

Theorem I. If A and B be two finite disjoint sets, then
n  A  B   n  A  n  B  .

A B A B
A B
Corollary. If A and B are finite sets, then
n  A  B   n  A  n  A  B .

A B

A B A B
B A
Theorem II. If A and B be two finite sets, then prove that
n  A  B   n  A  n  B   n  A  B  .

A B

Theorem III. If A, B and C be three finite sets, then prove that

n  A  B  C   n  A   n  B   n C   n  A  B   n  B  C   n  A  C   n  A  B  C  .

A B

 Note : If A, B and C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set, then
 n(A  B) = Number of elements which belong to exactly one of A or B
= n(A) + n(B) – 2n(A  B)
 n (Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A, B, C)
= n(A  B) + n(B  C) + n(C  A) – 3n(ABC)
 n(Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A, B, C)
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – 2n(A  B) – 2n(B  C) – 2n(A C) + 3n(A  B  C)
 n(A  B) = n(A  B) = n(U) – n(A  B)
 n(A  B) = n(A  B) = n(U) – n(A  B)

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

46 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

SOLVED EXAMPLES

1. Which of the following collections are sets?

(i) The collection of all prime numbers between 7 and 19.
(ii) The collection of rich persons in India.
(iii) Collection of all factors of 50 which are greater than 6.
(iv) The collection of all integers which are not natural numbers.
Sol.: (i) Prime numbers between 7 and 19 are 11, 13, 17.
∴ Given collection is a set and contains 11, 13, 17.
(ii) The concept of ‘rich person’ is vague and there is no rule for deciding whether a
particular person is rich or not. ∴ Given collection is not a set.
(iii) The factors of 50 are 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 and out of these, 10, 25 and 50 are
greater than 6. ∴ Given collection is a set and contains 10, 25 and 50.

(iv) Integers are 0,  1,  2,  3, ..... and natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, ……

∴ Integers which are not natural numbers are 0,  1,  2,  3, …….
∴ Given collection is a set and contain 0,  1,  2,  3, …….

2. Write the following sets by roster method:

(i) The set of all natural number ‘x’ such that 4 x  9  50.
(ii) The set of all integers ‘x’ such that x 2  5x  6  0 .
41
Sol.: (i) 4 x  9  50 ⇒ 4x < 41 ⇒ x ⇒ x < 10.25
4
Since x is a natural number, so x can take values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
∴ Given set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.

(ii) x 2  5x  6  0
5  25  24
⇒ x
2
5  1
⇒ x  3,  2
2
 3,  2 are both integers.

∴ Given set = {  3,  2}.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 47

3. Describe the following sets by set property method:

(i) {6, 10, 14, 18}
(ii) {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}
Sol.: (i) The given set is {6, 10, 14, 18}.
We observe that 6  4 1  2, 10  4  2   2, 14  4  3   2, 18  4  4   2.

∴ The given set is equal to  x : x  4 n  2, n  4, n  N  .

(ii) The given set is {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}.
We observe that 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 are all prime numbers.
∴ Given set =  x : x is a prime number , x  11 .

4. Which of the following sets are null sets?

(i) The set A of all prime numbers lying between 15 and 19.
(ii) A :  x : x  5, x  6 .
Sol.: (i) Natural numbers lying between 15 and 19 are 16, 17, 18. Out of these, only 17 is a
prime number.
∴ Given set = {17}, which is not a null set.

(ii) If a number is less than 5, then it cannot be greater than 6.

∴ There is no ‘x’ for which x < 5 and x > 6.

5. Which of the following are true?

(i) If A = {3, 6, 7}, B = {2, 3, 7, 8, 10}, then A  B.
(ii) If A = {1, 5, 5, 5}, B = {1, 3, 5}, then A B .

Sol.: (i) The element 6 of A is not in B.

∴ A  B. ∴ Given statement is false.

(ii) A contains 1 and 5 and both are in B.

∴ A  B. ∴ Given statement is false.

6. Assume that P  A   P  B  . Prove that A  B.

Sol.: Let x  A.
⇒  x  A ⇒  x  P  A  ⇒  x  P  B  ⇒  x  B ⇒ xB
∴ A  B. Similarly B  A. ∴ A  B.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

48 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

7. Which of the following is the empty set

2
(a) {x : x is a real number and x  1  0}
2
(b) {x : x is a real number and x  1  0}
2
(c) {x : x is a real number and x  9  0}
2
(d) {x : x is a real number and x  x  2}
2
Sol.: (b) Since x 1  0, gives x2  1  x   i
 x is not real but x is real (given)
 No value of x is possible.
8. Two finite sets have m and n elements. The total number of subsets of the first set is 56
more than the total number of subsets of the second set. The values of m and n are
(a) 7, 6 (b) 6, 3
(c) 5, 1 (d) 8, 7
n mn 3
Sol.: (b) Since 2m  2n  56  8  7  23  7  2 (2 1)  2  7
 n  3 and 2mn  8  23
 m n  3  m 3 3  m  6  m  6, n  3 .
n
9. If X  {8  7n 1: n  N} and Y  {49(n  1) : n  N }, then
(a) X  Y (b) Y  X
(c) X  Y (d) None of these
n n
Sol.: (a) Since 8  7n 1  (7  1)  7n 1= 7 n  n C1 7 n 1  n C 2 7 n  2  .....  n C n 1 7  n C n  7 n  1
= n C 2 7 2  n C 3 7 3  .....  n C n 7 n ( n C 0  n C n , n C1  n C n 1 etc.)
= 49[ n C 2  n C 3 (7)  ......  n C n 7 n  2 ]
 8n  7n  1 is a multiple of 49 for n  2 .
For n  1 , 8n  7n  1  8  7  1  0 ; For n  2, 8n  7n  1  64  14  1  49
 8n  7n  1 is a multiple of 49 for all n  N .
 X contains elements which are multiples of 49 and clearly Y contains all multiplies of 49.
 X Y .
10. Find the smallest set Y such that Y  1, 2  1, 2, 3, 5, 9 .
Sol.: The elements 3, 5 and 9 must belong to Y since these are not in 1, 2 and are in

1, 2, 3, 5, 9 . Since Y is to be the smallest set, we must have Y  3, 5, 9 .

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 49

11. If X  1, 2, 3,........,11 , A  2, 5, 9, 10 , B  1, 4, 7, 9 , then verify that:

(i)  A  B  '  A ' B ' (ii)  A  B  '  A ' B '
Sol.: (i) A  B  2, 5, 9, 10  1, 4, 7, 9  1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10

∴ L.H .S .   A  B  '  1, 2, 3,........., 11  1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10  3, 6, 8, 11 .

Also A '  1, 2, 3,........, 11  2, 5, 9, 10  1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11

and B '  1, 2, 3,......., 11  1, 4, 7, 9  2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11

∴ R.H .S .  A ' B '  1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11  2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11  3, 6, 8, 11
∴  A  B  '  A ' B '
(ii) A  B  2, 5, 9, 10  1, 4, 7, 9  9
∴ L.H .S .   A  B '  9 '  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11
Also A '  2, 5, 9, 10 '  1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11
and B '  1, 4, 7, 9 '  2,3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11

∴ R.H .S .  A ' B '  1,3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11  2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11

 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11
∴  A  B  '  A ' B '
1 30 n
12. If the sets A and B are defined as A  {( x, y ) : y  , 0  x  R},  Ai   B j , then
x i 1 j 1

(a) A  B  A (b) A  B  B
(c) A  B   (d) None of these
1 1
Sol.: (c) Since y , y  x meet when  x   x2  1 , which does not give any real
x x
value of x. Hence A  B   .

13. Show the following by Venn diagrams:

(i) Sets A and B, where A  B
(ii) A  B, A  B, A  B, B  A, where A  1, 3, 4, 6, 9 and B  3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 12 .
(iii) A’, where X  1, 2,......, 10 and A  2, 3, 6 .
(iv) A  B, where A and B are any sets.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

50 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Sol.: (i)

A B
(ii) The following are the Venn diagrams:

A B A B

From the venn diagrams, we have

A  B  1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12 , A  B  3, 4 , A  B  1, 6, 9
and B  A  5, 8, 11, 12

(iii) From the Venn diagram,

A '  1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10

(iv) Case I. A  B   Case II. A  B  

A B A B

Case III. A  B Case IV. B  A

A B   A B

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 51

14. Let A and B be sets. If A  X  B  X   and A  X  B  X for some set X, show

that A  B.
Sol.: Let x  A
⇒ x X  A  X   
x A  x A X  A  A  X 
⇒ xB X
⇒ xB  x  X 
∴ A B
Similarly, B A
∴ A  B.

15. Let n(U )  700, n( A)  200, n( B)  300 and n( A  B )  100, then n ( A c  B c ) 

(a) 400 (b) 600
(c) 300 (d) 200
Sol.: 
(c) n Ac  B c 
= n[(A  B)c] = n(U )  n( A  B)
= n(U )  [n( A)  n( B)  n( A  B )]
= 700 – [200 + 300 – 100] = 300.

16. If A  [( x, y ) : x 2  y 2  25] and B = [( x , y ) : x 2  9 y 2  144] , then A  B contains

(a) One point
(b) Three points
(c) Two points
(d) Four points
Sol.: (d) A = Set of all values (x, y) : x 2  y 2  25  52
2 2
x y
2 2 2 2  1
x y x y (12) 2 (4 )2
B=   1 i.e., 2
+ 1.
144 16 (12) (4) 2
Clearly, A  B consists of four points. 2 2
x +y =5
2

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

52 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

17. A market research group conducted a survey of 1000 consumers and reported that 720
consumers liked product A and 450 consumers liked product B. What is the least number
that must have like both products?
X
Sol.: Let X = set of all consumers
P = set of consumers liking A P
Q
Q = set of consumers liking B.
∴ n  X   1000, n  P   720, n  Q   450
We have, n  P  Q   n  P   n  Q   n  P  Q 
∴ n  P  Q   720  450  n  P  Q 
⇒ n  P  Q   1170  n  P  Q 
∴ n  P  Q   1170  n  P  Q  …(1)
∴ n  P  Q  is least when n  P  Q  is maximum
Maximum value of n  P  Q   n  X  i.e., 1000
∴ (1) ⇒ Least value of n  P  Q   1170  1000  170.

18. There are 20 students in a Chemistry class and 30 students in a Physics class. Find the number
of students which are either in Physics class or Chemistry class in the following cases:
(i) Two classes meets at the same hour
(ii) The two classes meet at different hours and ten students are enrolled in both the courses.
Sol.: Let C = set of students in Chemistry class
and P = set of students in Physics class.
∴ n  C   20, n  P   30
C P
(i) Since the classes meet at the same hour, there cannot be any
student enrolled in both the courses. ∴ n C  P   
∴ n  C  P   n  C   n  P   20  30  50.
(ii) We have n  C  P   10. C P

Since the classes meet at different hours, these 10 students would be able to attend
both the courses.
∴ n  C  P   n  C   n  P   n  C  P   20  30  10  40.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 53

19. In a survey of 25 students, it was found that 15 had taken Mathematics, 12 had taken
Physics and 11 had taken Chemistry, 5 had taken Mathematics and Chemistry, 9 had
taken Mathematics and Physics, 4 had taken Physics and Chemistry and 3 had taken all
three subjects. Find the number of students that had

M P

C
(i) only Chemistry
(ii) only Mathematics
(iii) only Physics
(iv) Physics and Chemistry but not Mathematics
(v) Mathematics and Physics but not Chemistry
(vi) only one of the subjects
(vii) at least one of three subjects
(viii) none of three subjects.

Sol.: Let M = set of students who have taken Mathematics

P = set of students who have taken Physics
And C = set of students who have taken Chemistry.
∴ n  M   15, n  P   12, n  C   11,
n  M  C   5, n  M  P   9, n  P  C   4, n  M  P  C   3
(i) No. of students taking Chemistry only
 n C   M  P   n C   n C   M  P 

 n  C   n C  M   n C  P   n C  M  P   11  5  4  3  5.

(ii) No. of students taking Mathematics only

 n  M   P  C   n  M   n  M   P  C 

 n M   n M  P  n M  C   n M  P  C 
 15  9  5  3  4.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

54 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

(iii) No. of students taking Physics only

 n  P   M  C   n  P   n  P   M  C 

 n P  n P  M   n P  C   n P  M  C 
 12  9  4  3  2.
(iv) No. of students taking Physics and Chemistry but not Mathematics
 n   P  C   M   n  P  C   n  P  C  M   4  3  1.

(v) No. of students taking Mathematics and Physics but not Chemistry
 n  M  P   C   n  M  P   n  M  P  C   9  3  6
(vi) No. of students taking only one subject
 n   only M    only P    only C  

 n  only M   n  only P   n  only C   4  2  5  11.

(vii) No. of students taking at least one of the subjects
 n M  P C
 n  M   n  P  n C   n  M  P   n  P  C   n  M  C   n  M  P  C 
 15  12  11  9  4  5  3  23
(viii) No. of students taking none of three subjects
 25  n  M  P  C   25  23  2.

20. Suppose A1 , A2 , A3 ,........, A30 are thirty sets each having 5 elements and B1 , B2 , ......., Bn
30 n
are n sets each with 3 elements. Let  Ai   B j = S and each elements of S belongs to
i 1 j 1

exactly 10 of the Ai' s and exactly 9 of the B 'j s . Then n is equal to

(a) 15 (b) 3
(c) 45 (d) None of these
1
Sol.:  
(c) O(S) = O  Ai 
30

i 1 10
(5  30)  15

Since, element in the union S belongs to 10 of Ai' s

3n n n
Also, O(S) = O   B j  
n
 ,   15  n  45 .

j 1  9 3 3

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 55

OBJECTIVE EXERCISE

1. If A  { ,{}}, then the power set of A is

(a) A (b) { ,{}, A}
(c) { ,{}, ({}}, A} (d) None of these

 1 
2. If Q   x : x  , where y  N  , then
 y 
2
(a) 0  Q (b) 1 Q (c) 2  Q (d) Q
3

3. Which set is the subset of all given sets

(a) {1, 2, 3, 4,......} (b) {1} (c) {0} (d) {}

4. Let S  {0,1,5, 4, 7} . Then the total number of subsets of S is

(a) 64 (b) 32 (c) 40 (d) 20

5. If A  {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, then the number of proper subsets of A is

(a) 120 (b) 30 (c) 31 (d) 32

6. Let A  {1, 2,3, 4}, B  {2,3, 4,5, 6} , then A  B is equal to

(a) {2, 3, 4} (b) {1, 2, 3} (c) {5, 6} (d) {1}

7. The smallest set A such that A  {1, 2} = {1, 2, 3, 5, 9} is

(a) {2, 3, 5} (b) {3, 5, 9} (c) {1, 2, 5, 9} (d) None of these

8. If A  B = B, then
(a) A  B (b) B  A (c) A   (d) B  

9. For two sets A  B  A iff

(a) B  A (b) A  B (c) A  B (d) A  B
10. If A and B are two sets, then A  B  A  B iff
(a) A  B (b) B  A
(c) A  B (d) None of these
11. Let A and B be two sets. Then
(a) A  B  A  B (b) A  B  A  B
(c) A  B = A  B (d) None of these

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

56 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

12. Let A  {( x , y ) : y  e x , x  R} , B  {( x , y ) : y  e  x , x  R}. Then

(a) A  B   (b) A  B  
(c) A  B  R 2 (d) None of these
13. If A and B are any two sets, then A  (A  B) is equal to
(a) A (b) B (c) Ac (d) B c
14. If A, B, C be three sets such that A  B = A  C and A  B = A  C, then
(a) A = B (b) B = C
(c) A = C (d) A = B = C

15. Let A = {a, b, c}, B = {b, c, d}, C = {a, b, d, e}, then A  (B  C) is

(a) {a, b, c} (b) {b, c, d}
(c) {a, b, d, e} (d) {e}
16. If A = {2, 3, 4, 8, 10}, B = {3, 4, 5, 10, 12}, C = {4, 5, 6, 12, 14} then (A  B)  (A  C)
is equal to
(a) {2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12} (b) {2, 4, 8, 10, 12}
(c) {3, 8, 10, 12} (d) {2, 8, 10}

17. If A and B are sets, then A  (B – A) is

(a)  (b) A (c) B (d) None of these
18. Let A and B be two non-empty subsets of a set X such that A is not a subset of B, then
(a) A is always a subset of the complement of B
(b) B is always a subset of A
(c) A and B are always disjoint
(d) A and the complement of B are always non-disjoint

19. If A  B , then A  B is equal to

(a) A (b) B (c) Ac (d) B c
20. If A and B are two sets, then A  ( A  B) is equal to
(a) A (b) B
(c)  (d) None of these
21. If aN  {ax : x  N }, then the set 3 N  7 N is
(a) 21 N (b) 10 N
(c) 4 N (d) None of these

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 57

22. The shaded region in the given figure is

A

C B

(a) A  (B  C) (b) A  (B  C) (c) A  (B – C) (d) A – (B  C)

23. If A  [ x : f ( x)  0] and B  [ x : g ( x)  0] , then A  B will be

f ( x)
(a) [ f ( x )]2  [ g ( x )]2  0 (b)
g ( x)
g ( x)
(c) (d) None of these
f ( x)
24. Let A and B be two sets then ( A  B)  ( A  B ) is equal to
(a) A (b) A (c) B (d) None of these

25. If n( A)  3 , n( B )  6 and A  B . Then the number of elements in A  B is equal to

(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 6 (d) None of these
26. If n( A)  3 and n( B )  6 and A  B . Then the number of elements in A  B is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 6 (d) None of these
27. If A and B are disjoint, then n ( A  B ) is equal to
(a) n( A) (b) n( B) (c) n( A)  n( B) (d) n( A). n( B )
28. In a certain town 25% families own a phone and 15% own a car, 65% families own
neither a phone nor a car. 2000 families own both a car and a phone. Consider the
following statements in this regard:
1. 10% families own both a car and a phone
2. 35% families own either a car or a phone
3. 40,000 families live in the town
Which of the above statements are correct ?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
29. Out of 800 boys in a school, 224 played cricket, 240 played hockey and 336 played
basketball. Of the total, 64 played both basketball and hockey; 80 played cricket and
basketball and 40 played cricket and hockey; 24 played all the three games. The number
of boys who did not play any game is
(a) 128 (b) 216 (c) 240 (d) 160

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

58 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS , RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

30. A survey shows that 63% of the Americans like cheese whereas 76% like apples. If x% of
the Americans like both cheese and apples, then
(a) x  39 (b) x  63 (c) 39  x  63 (d) None of these
31. Of the members of three athletic teams in a school 21 are in the cricket team, 26 are in the
hockey team and 29 are in the football team. Among them, 14 play hockey and cricket,
15 play hockey and football, and 12 play football and cricket. Eight play all the three
games. The total number of members in the three athletic teams is
(a) 43 (b) 76 (c) 49 (d) None of these
32. In a college of 300 students, every student reads 5 newspaper and every newspaper is
read by 60 students. The no. of newspaper is
(a) At least 30 (b) At most 20 (c) Exactly 25 (d) None of these
33. If A and B are two sets, then A × B = B × A iff
(a) A  B (b) B  A (c) A  B (d) None of these

34. Let A and B be subsets of a set X. Then

(a) A  B  A  B (b) A  B  A  B
(c) A  B  Ac  B (d) A  B  A  B c
35. If A, B and C are any three sets, then A  ( B  C ) is equal to
(a) ( A  B)  ( A  C ) (b) ( A  B)  ( A  C )
(c) ( A  B)  C (d) ( A  B)  C

36. The number of non-empty subsets of the set {1, 2, 3, 4} is

(a) 15 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) 17
37. If A and B are two sets then (A – B)  (B – A)  (A  B) is equal to
(a) A  B (b) A  B (c) A (d) B



CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 BASIC MATHEMATICS, LOGARITHMS, SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 59

OBJECTIVE EXERCISE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C B D B C A B B A C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B B A B A A A D A C
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A D A A C A C C D C
31 32 33 34 35 36 37
A C C D A A A

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

 PROGRESSION
INDEX

 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (PROGRESSION) 61 – 73

 SOLVED EXAMPLES 74 – 82
 ADVANCED OBJECTIVE EXERCISES 83
 ADVANCED OBJECTIVE EXERCISE # 01 83 – 84
 ADVANCED OBJECTIVE EXERCISE # 02 85 – 87
 ADVANCED OBJECTIVE EXERCISE # 03 88 – 89
 ADVANCED OBJECTIVE EXERCISE # 04 90 – 92
 ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE # 01 93 – 96
 ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE # 02 97 – 100
 JEE (MAIN) CORNER 101 – 103
 JEE (ADVANCED) CORNER 104 – 107
 ANSWER KEY 108

WEIGHTAGE OF ‘PROGRESSION’ IN JEE (MAIN & ADVANCED)

in Last Three Years
JEE (MAIN) Formely known as AIEEE

MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
MATHEMATICS TOTAL MARKS
2015 2 8/120
2016 2 8/120
2017 1 4/120

JEE (ADVANCED)
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
MATHEMATICS TOTAL MARKS
2015 2 6/168
2016 1 3/124
2017 0 0/122
 PROGRESSION 61

PROGRESSION
1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.1. Sequence
A sequence is a set of terms which may be algebraic, real or complex
numbers, written according to definite rule and the sequence thus formed is
called a progression.
e.g. 0, 1, 7, 26.............. (rule is n3 – 1)
1, 4, 7, 10 .............
2, 4, 6, 8, ............... etc.
1.1.2. Series :
By adding or subtracting the terms of a sequence, we get a series.
If t1 , t2 , t3 ,..... tn ,..... is a sequence, then the expression t1  t2  t3  .....  tn .... is a
1 1 1 1
series. Example : 1      .... is a series.
2 3 4 5
A series is finite or infinite as the number of terms in the corresponding sequence
is finite or infinite.

1.1.3. Progression :
A progression is a sequence whose terms follow a certain pattern i.e. the terms are
arranged under a definite rule.
Example : 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …….. is a progression whose terms are obtained by the
rule : Tn  2n  1 , where Tn denotes the nth term of the progression.
Progression is mainly of three types :
Arithmetic progression, Geometric progression and Harmonic progression.
However, here we have classified the study of progression into five parts as :
(i) Arithmetic progression
(ii) Geometric progression
(iii) Arithmetico-geometric progression
(iv) Harmonic progression
(v) Miscellaneous progressions

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
62 PROGRESSION

1.2. DEFINITION (ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION)

A sequence of numbers  tn  is said to be in arithmetic progression (A.P.) when the
difference tn  tn 1 is a constant for all n  N. This constant is called the common
difference of the A.P., and is usually denoted by the letter d.
If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ the common difference, then an A.P. can be represented as
a, a  d , a  2d , a  3d ,........
Example : 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, …… is an A.P. whose first term is 2 and common difference is 5.
1.3. GENERAL TERMS OF AN ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
(1) nth term of an A.P. from the begining:
Let ‘a’ be the first term and ‘d’ be the common difference of an A.P. Then its nth
term is a  (n  1)d . i.e. Tn  a  (n  1)d
(2) pth term of an A.P. from the end :
Let ‘a’ be the first term and ‘d’ be the common difference of an A.P. having n
terms. Then pth term from the end is (n  p  1)th term from the beginning.
p th term from the end  T( n  p 1)  a  ( n  p ) d

 Note:  General term (Tn) is also denoted by l (last term).

 Common difference can be zero, +ve or –ve.
 n (number of terms) always belongs to set of natural numbers.
 If Tk and Tp of any A.P. are given, then formula for obtaining Tn is
Tn  Tk Tp  Tk
 .
nk pk
 If pTp = qTq of an A.P., then Tp + q = 0.
 If pth term of an A.P. is q and the qth term is p, then Tp + q = 0
and Tn = p + q – n.
1 1
 If the pth term of an A.P. is and the qth term is , then its pqth term is 1.
q p
 If Tn = pn + q, then it will form an A.P. of common difference p and first
term p + q.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 63

1.4. SELECTION OF TERMS IN AN A.P.

When the sum is given, the following way is adopted in selecting certain number of
terms:
Number of terms Terms to be taken
3 a – d, a, a + d
4 a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
5 a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d
In general, we take a – rd, a – (r – 1)d, ……., a – d, a, a + d, ……, a + (r – 1)d, a + rd, in
case we have to take (2r + 1) terms (i.e. odd number of terms) in an A.P.
And, a  (2r  1)d , a  (2r  3)d ,......., a  d , a  d ,......., a  (2r  1)d , in case we have to
take 2r terms (i.e. even number of terms) in an A.P.
When the sum is not given, then the following way is adopted in selection of terms.
Number of terms Terms to be taken
3 a, a  d , a  2d
4 a, a  d , a  2d , a  3d
5 a, a  d , a  2d , a  3d , a  4d

1.5. SUM OF N TERMS OF AN A.P.

The sum of n terms of the series a  (a  d )  (a  2d )  .......  {a  (n  1) d } is given by

n
S n  [2a  (n  1) d ]
2
n
Also, S n  (a  l ) , where l = last term = a  (n  1) d
2
n
Also S n  [2 l  (n  1) d ]
2

 Some standard results

n
n (n  1)
(1) Sum of first n natural numbers  1  2  3  ........  n  r 
r 1 2
(2) Sum of first n odd natural numbers
n
2
 1  3  5  .....  (2n  1)   (2r  1)  n
r 1

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
64 PROGRESSION

(3) Sum of first n even natural numbers

n
 2  4  6  ......  2n   2r  n ( n  1)
r 1

 (1) If for an A.P. sum of p terms is q and sum of q terms is p, then sum of
(p + q) terms is {–(p + q)}.
(2) If for an A.P., sum of p terms is equal to sum of q terms, then sum of
(p + q) terms is zero.
1 1
(3) If the pth term of an A.P. is and qth term is , then sum of pq terms
q p
1
is given by S pq  ( pq  1)
2
1.6. ARITHMETIC MEAN
1.6.1. Definition
(i) If three quantities are in A.P. then the middle quantity is called Arithmetic
mean (A.M.) between the other two.
If a, A, b are in A.P., then A is called A.M. between a and b.

(ii) If a, A1 , A2 , A3 ,....., An , b are in A.P., then A1 , A2 , A3 ,......, An are called n

A.M.’s between a and b.

1.6.2. Insertion of Arithmetic Means

(i) Single A.M. between a and b : If a and b are two real numbers then single
a b
A.M. between a and b 
2
(ii) n A.M.’s between a and b : If A1 , A2 , A3 ,......., An are n A.M.’s between a
and b, then
ba ba
A1  a  d  a  , A2  a  2d  a  2 ,
n 1 n 1
ba ba
A3  a  3d  a  3 , ……., An  a  nd  a  n
n 1 n 1

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 65

 Note:  Sum of n A.M.’s between a and b is equal to n times the single A.M.
 a b 
between a and b. i.e. A1  A2  A3  ..........  An  n  
 2 
 If number of terms in any series is odd, then only one middle term
th
 n 1
exists which is   term.
 2 
 If number of terms in any series is even then there are two middle
th th
n  n  
terms, which are given by   and    1 term.
2  2  

1.7. PROPERTIES OF ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

(1) If a1 , a2 , a3 ..... are in A.P. whose common difference is d, then for fixed non-zero
number K  R.
(i) a1  K , a2  K , a3  K ,..... will be in A.P., whose common difference will be d.
(ii) Ka1 , Ka2 , Ka3 ........ will be in A.P. with common difference = Kd.
a1 a2 a3
(iii) , , ...... will be in A.P. with common difference = d/K.
K K K

(2) The sum of terms of an A.P. equidistant from the beginning and the end is constant
and is equal to sum of first and last term. i.e. a1  an  a2  an 1  a3  an  2  ....

(3) Any term (except the first term) of an A.P. is equal to half of the sum of terms
1
equidistant from the term i.e. an  (an k  an  k ) , k < n.
2

(4) If number of terms of any A.P. is odd, then sum of the terms is equal to product of
middle term and number of terms.

(5) If number of terms of any A.P. is even then A.M. of middle two terms is A.M. of
first and last term.

(6) If the number of terms of an A.P. is odd then its middle term is A.M. of first and
last term.

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
66 PROGRESSION

(7) If a1 , a2 ,......an and b1 , b2 ,......bn are the two A.P.’s. Then a1  b1 , a2  b2 ,......an  bn
are also A.P.’s with common difference d1  d 2 , where d1 and d 2 are the common
difference of the given A.P.’s.

(8) Three numbers a, b, c are in A.P. iff 2b  a  c .

(9) If Tn , Tn 1 and Tn  2 are three consecutive terms of an A.P., then 2Tn 1  Tn  Tn  2 .

(10) If the terms of an A.P. are chosen at regular intervals, then they form an A.P.
(11) If the nth term of any sequence is linear in n then the progression is an A. P. i.e. if nth
term is an = pn + q, then the progression is an A. P.
(12) If the sum of n terms of any sequence is quadratic in n then the progression is an A.
P. i.e. ifsum of n terms is Sn = pn2 + q, then the progression is an A. P.

1.8. DEFINITION (GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION)

A progression is called a G.P. if the ratio of its each term to its previous term is always
constant. This constant ratio is called its common ratio and it is generally denoted by r.
Example:
12 36 108
The sequence 4, 12, 36, 108, ….. is a G.P., because    .....  3 , which is constant.
4 12 36
Clearly, this sequence is a G.P. with first term 4 and common ratio 3.
1 1 3 9 1
The sequence ,  , ,  ,.... is a G.P. with first term and common ratio
3 2 4 8 3
 1 1 3
     
 2  3 2

1.9. GENERAL TERMS OF A GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

(1) nth term from the begining of a G.P. :
We know that, a, ar , ar 2 , ar 3 ,.....ar n 1 is a sequence of G.P.
Here, the first term is ‘a’ and the common ratio is ‘r’.
The general term or nth term of a G.P. is Tn  ar n 1
T2 T3
It should be noted that, r    ......
T1 T2

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 67

(2) pth term from the end of a finite G.P. :

If G.P. consists of ‘n’ terms, pth term from the end  (n  p  1)th term from the
beginning  ar n  p .
Also, the pth term from the end of a G.P. with last term l and common ratio r is
n 1
1
l 
r

b c
 Note:  If a, b, c are in G.P.   or b 2  ac
a b

1.10. SUM OF FIRST ‘n’ TERMS OF A G.P.

If a be the first term, r the common ratio, then sum S n of first n terms of a G.P. is given by
a(1  r n )
Sn  , |r|< 1
1 r
a(r n  1)
Sn  , |r|> 1
r 1
S n  na , r=1

1.11. SUM OF INFINITE TERMS OF A G.P.

a
(1) When |r|< 1, (or 1  r  1) then S 
1 r
(2) If r  1, then S  does not exists

1.12. SELECTION OF TERMS IN A G.P.

When the product is given, the following way is adopted in selecting certain number of
terms :
Number of terms Terms to be taken
3 a
, a, ar
r
4 a a
3
, , ar , ar 3
r r
5 a a
2
, , a, ar , ar 2
r r

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
68 PROGRESSION

1.13. GEOMETRIC MEAN

1.13.1. Definition :
(i) If three quantities are in G.P., then the middle quantity is called geometric
mean (G.M.) between the other two. If a, G, b are in G.P., then G is called
G.M. between a and b.
(ii) If a, G1 , G2 , G3 ,.... Gn , b are in G.P. then G1 , G2 , G3 ,.... Gn are called n G.M.’s
between a and b.

1.13.2. Insertion of Geometric Mean :

(i) Single G.M. between a and b : If a and b are two real numbers then single
G.M. between a and b  ab
(ii) n G.M.’s between a and b : If G1 , G2 , G3 ,......, Gn are n G.M.’s between a and
b, then
1 2
 b  n 1  b  n 1
G1  ar  a   , G2  ar 2  a   ,
a a
3 n
 b  n 1  b  n 1
G3  ar  a   , ……………….., Gn  ar n  a  
3

a a

 Note:  Product of n G.M.’s between a and b is equal to nth power of single

geometric mean between a and b i.e. G1 G2 G3 ...... Gn  ( ab ) n
 G.M. of a1 , a2 , a3 ,......, an is (a1 a2 a3 .....an )1/ n
1
 b  n 1
 If n G.M.’s inserted between a and b then r   
a

1.14. PROPERTIES OF G.P.

(1) If all the terms of a G.P. be multiplied or divided by the same non-zero constant,
then it remains a G.P., with the same common ratio.
(2) The reciprocal of the terms of a given G.P. form a G.P. with common ratio as
reciprocal of the common ratio of the original G.P.
(3) If each term of a G.P. with common ratio r be raised to the same power k, the
resulting sequence also forms a G.P. with common ratio r k .

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 69

(4) In a finite G.P., the product of terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is
always the same and is equal to the product of the first and last term.
i.e., if a1 , a2 , a3 ,...... an be in G.P.
Then a1 an  a2 an 1  a3 an  2  an an 3  ..........  ar . an  r 1

(5) If the terms of a given G.P. are chosen at regular intervals, then the new sequence
so formed also forms a G.P.

(6) If a1 , a2 , a3 ,....., an ...... is a G.P. of non-zero, non-negative terms, then

log a1 , log a2 , log a3 ,.....log an ,...... is an A.P. and vice-versa.

(7) Three non-zero numbers a, b, c are in G.P. iff b 2  ac .

(8) Every term (except first term) of a G.P. is the square root of product of terms
equidistant from it. i.e. Tr  Tr  p  Tr  p ; [r > p]

(9) If first term of a G.P. of n terms is a and last term is l, then the product of all
terms of the G.P. is (al ) n / 2 .

(10) If there be n quantities in G.P. whose common ratio is r and S m denotes the sum
of the first m terms, then the sum of their product taken two at a time is
r
S n Sn 1 .
r 1
1.15. DEFINITION (HARMONIC PROGRESSION)

A progression is called a harmonic progression (H.P.) if the reciprocals of its terms are in
A.P.
1 1 1
Standard form : , , ,....
a a  d a  2d
1 1 1 1
Example: The sequence 1, , , , ,... is a H.P., because the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …..
3 5 7 9
is an A.P.

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
70 PROGRESSION

1.16. HARMONIC MEAN

1.16.1. Definition :
If three or more numbers are in H.P., then the numbers lying between the first and
1 1 1
last are called harmonic means (H.M.’s) between them. For example 1, , , ,
3 5 7
1 1 1 1 1
are in H.P. So , and are three H.M.’s between 1 and .
9 3 5 7 9
Also, if a, H, b are in H.P., then H is called harmonic mean between a and b.
1.16.2. Insertion of harmonic means :
2ab
(i) Single H.M. between a and b 
a b

(ii) H, H.M. of n non-zero numbers a1 , a2 , a3 ,...., an is given by

1 1 1
  ..... 
1 a1 a2 an
 .
H n
(iii) Let a, b be two given numbers. If n numbers H1 , H 2 ,...... H n are inserted
between a and b such that the sequence a, H1 , H 2 , H 3 ...... H n , b is an H.P.,
then H1 , H 2 ,...... H n are called n harmonic means between a and b.
1 1 1 1 1
Now, a, H1 , H 2 ,...... H n , b are in H.P.  , , ,...... , are in A.P.
a H1 H 2 Hn b
Let D be the common difference of this A.P. Then,
1 1 1 a b
 (n  2)th term  Tn  2    (n  1) D  D 
b b a (n  1) ab

Thus, if n harmonic means are inserted between two given numbers a and b,
then the common difference of the corresponding A.P. is given by
a b 1 1 1 1 1 1
D Also,   D,   2D ,…….,   nD
(n  1) ab H1 a H2 a Hn a

1.17. PROPERTIES OF H.P.

(1) No term of H.P. can be zero.
a b a
(2) If a, b, c are in H.P., then  .
bc c

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 71

(3) If H is the H.M. between a and b, then

1 1 1 1
(i)    (ii) ( H  2a)( H  2b)  H 2
H a H b a b
H a H b
(iii)  2
H  a H b

 Note:  Recognization of A.P., G.P., H.P. : If a, b, c are three successive terms

of a sequence.
a b a
Then if,  , then a, b, c are in A.P.
bc a
a b a
If,  , then a, b, c are in G.P.
bc b
a b a
If,  , then a, b, c are in H.P.
bc c

 If pth, qth and rth terms of a G.P. are in G.P. Then p, q, r are in A.P.
 If a, b, c are in A.P. as well as in G.P. then a  b  c .
 If a, b, c are in A.P., then x a , x b , x c will be in G.P. ( x  1)

1.18. nth TERM OF AN ARITHMETICO-GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (A.G.P.)

If a1 , a2 , a3 ,......, an ,...... is an A.P. and b1 , b2 , ......, bn ,...... is a G.P., then the sequence
a1b1 , a2b2 , a3b3 , ......, an bn ,..... is said to be an arithmetico-geometric sequence.
Thus, the general form of an arithmetico geometric sequence is
a, (a  d ) r , (a  2d ) r 2 , (a  3d ) r 3 ,.....
From the symmetry we obtain that the nth term of this sequence is [a  (n  1) d ] r n 1

1.19. SUM OF A.G.P.

1.19.1. Sum of n terms :
The sum of n terms of an arithmetico-geometric sequence a, (a  d ) r , (a  2d ) r 2 ,
(a  3d ) r 3 ,..... is given by
 a (1  r n 1 ) {a  (n  1) d }r n
1  r  dr  , when r  1
(1  r ) 2 1 r
Sn  
 n [2a  (n  1) d ], when r  1
 2

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
72 PROGRESSION

1.19.2. Sum of infinite sequence :

Let |r|< 1. Then r n , r n 1  0 as n   and it can also be shown that n . r n  0 as n
a dr
 . So, we obtain that S n   , as n  .
1  r (1  r )2

In other words, when |r|< 1 the sum to infinity of an arithmetico-geometric series

a dr
is S   
1  r (1  r )2
1.19.3. Method for finding sum:
This method is applicable for both sum of n terms and sum of infinite number of
terms. First suppose that sum of the series is S, then multiply it by common ratio
of the G.P. and subtract. In this way, we shall get a G.P., whose sum can be easily
obtained.
1.20. METHOD OF DIFFERENCE
If the differences of the successive terms of a series are in A.P. or G.P., we can find nth
term of the series by the following steps :
Step I: Denote the nth term by Tn and the sum of the series upto n terms by S n .
Step II: Rewrite the given series with each term shifted by one place to the right.
Step III: By subtracting the later series from the former, find Tn .
Step IV: From Tn , S n can be found by appropriate summation.

 Note:  Sum of squares of first n natural numbers

n
n (n  1)(2n  1)
 12  22  32  .......  n 2   r 2 
r 1 6
 Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers
n 2
3 3 3 3 3  n (n  1) 
3
 1  2  3  4  .......  n   r   
r 1  2 

1.21. Vn METHOD ( Telescopic Sum)

This method is used to find the sum of series in which each term have product of two or
more numbers or factors. In this method we split each term in the difference of two terms
and because of this most of the trems get cancelled and finally we are left with two/ three
terms.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 73

1.22. PROPERTIES OF ARITHMETIC, GEOMETRIC AND HARMONIC MEANS BETWEEN

TWO GIVEN NUMBERS
Let A, G and H be arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means of two numbers a and b.
ab 2ab
Then, A  , G  ab and H 
2 a b
These three means possess the following properties :
(1) A  G  H
In general we have RMS  AM > LM > GM  HM, where RMS stands for root mean
ln b  ln a
square, and LM for logarithmic mean and LM =
ba
ab 2ab
A , G  ab and H 
2 a b
ab ( a  b )2
 AG   ab  0
2 2
 AG …..(i)
2ab  a  b  2 ab  ab
G  H  ab   ab    ( a  b )2  0
ab  a b  a b
 GH …..(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get A  G  H
Note that the equality holds only when a = b

(2) A, G, H form a G.P., i.e. G 2  AH

a  b 2ab
AH    ab  ( ab ) 2  G 2 Hence, G 2  AH
2 a b
(3) If A, G, H be A.M., G.M., H.M. between a and b,
 A when n  0
a n 1  b n 1 
then  G when n  1 / 2
a n  bn  H when n  1


1.23. APPLICATION OF A.M., G.M. and H.M.

There are many applications of progressions that are applied in science and engineering.
Properties of progressions are applied to solve problems of inequality and maximum or
minimum values of some expression can be found by the relation among A.M., G.M. and
H.M.


Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
74 PROGRESSION

1.24. SOLVED EXAMPLES




1. The sum of the series (n).1 + (n –1).2 + (n –2).3 + ……+ 1.n is

n  n  1 n  2  n  n2  1
(A) (B)
6 6
n  n2  1 n  n  1
(C) (D)
6 6
th
Sol : The r term of the series is given by Tr = (n –r + 1)r
n n n
Sum of the series = T r  (n  1) r   r 2
r 1 r 1 r 1

 Sn =
 n  1 n  n  1  n  n  1 2n  1
2 6
n  n  1  2n  1  n  n  1 n  2 
 Sn=   n  1  =
2  3  6
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

2. If A1 be the A.M. and G1 , G2 be two G.Ms between two positive numbers a and b, then
G13  G23
is equal to
G1G2 A1
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None of these
1/3 2/3
ab b b
Sol : A1  , G1  a.   , G2  a.  
2 a a
b
G13  a 2 b, G23  b 2 a, G1G2  a 2 .    ab
a
G13  G23 ab(a  b).2
  2
G1G2 A1 ab(a  b)
3. If the sum to n terms of a series be 5n2 + 2n, then second term is
(A) 15 (B) 17 (C) 10 (D) 5
2 2
Sol : Sn = 5n + 2n, Sn –1 = 5(n –1) + 2(n –1)
 Tn = Sn –Sn –1 = 10n –3  T2 = 20 –3 = 17
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 75

4. If a,b,c,d  R  and a, b, c d are in H.P., then

(A) a + d > b + c (B) a + b > c + d (C) a + c > b + d (D) None of these
Sol : Using A.M.  H.M.
ac
we get > b,  a + c > 2b
2
bd
and > c,  b + d > 2c
2
 a + c + b + d > 2b + 2c  a+d>b+c

5. The sum of the series 1 + 4 + 3 + 6 + 5 + 8 + ……. upto n terms when n is an even

number is
n2  n n 2  3n n2  1 n  n  1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 4 4 4
Sol : The series can be written as
S = (1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + …..n/2 terms) + (4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + …..n/2 terms)
n n   n n   n n
S=  2    1 2   8    1 2  = [n] + [8 + n –2]
4 2   4 2   4 4
n n  n  6  2n  6n
2 2 2
n  3n
=   =
4 4 4 4
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
2
2 2 2 2 2 n  n  1
2
6. The sum of the first n terms of the series 1 +2.2 +3 +2.4 +5 +2.6 + . . . is ,
2
when n is even. When n is odd, the sum is
n 2  n  1 n  n  1 2n  1
(A) (B)
2 6
2 2
n  n  1 n 2  n  1
(C) (D)
2 2
2
 n  1 n  1  1 n 2  n  1
Sol : If n is odd, n–1 is even. Sum of (n–1) terms will be  .
2 2
The nth term will be n2. Hence the required sum
n 2  n  1 2 n 2  n  1
= +n =
2 2
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
76 PROGRESSION

7. The third term of a G.P. is 4, the product of the first five terms is
(A) 43 (B) 45 (C) 44 (D) None of these
Sol : Let the first five terms of the given G.P. be a1 , a2 , a3 , a4, a5 .
Hence a3 = 4 . Now a1 a5 = a2 a4 = a32  a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 = 45.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
8. If first and (2n–1)th terms of an A.P. , G. P. and H.P. , are equal and their nth
terms are a, b, c respectively , then
(A) a+c = 2b (B) a+c = b (C) a  b  c (D) ac –b2 = 0
Sol : Let  be the first and  be the (2n–1) terms of an A.P. , G.P. and H.P. , then , a, 
will be in A.P. , , b,  will be in G.P. , c,  will be in H.P.
Hence a, b, c are respectively A. M. , G.M. and H.M. of  and .
Since A.M.  G.M. H.M. , a  b  c.
 2
Again a = , b2 =  and c = . Hence ac–b2 =0.
2 
Hence (C) and (D) are correct answers.

1 1 1
9. The sum of the infinite series    . . . . is:
1.4 4.7 7.10
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 4 7

1 1 1 1   1 1 
Sol : S= 
1 4 4  7
 …= 
r 1 (3 r  2) (3 r  1)
    
3 r 1  (3 r  2) 3 r  1 
1 1 1 1 1  1
=
     ... 
3 1 4 4 7  3
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
a b
10. If a, b, c are in H.P., then is always equal to
bc
c a b a
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a c a b
1 1 1 1
Sol :   
b a c b
a b bc a b a
   
ab bc bc c
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 77

3 5 7
11. The sum of n terms of the series  2  2  ....... is:
1 1  2 1  2 2  32
2 2

6n n 6
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
n 1 n 1 n 1
n n
3 5 7 2 r 1 6(2 r  1)
Sol : Sn = 2  2 2
 2
1 1 2 1 2 3 2 2
 ...   2 2
r 1 1  2  ...r
2
 r 1 r ( r  1) (2 r  1)
n
6  n 1 1   1  6n
= 
r 1 r ( r  1)
 6    
 r 1 r r  1 
= 6 1   =
 n  1 n  1
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

th th
12. If  p  q  term of a G.P. is ‘a’ and its  p  q  terms is ‘b’ where a, b  R  then its

p th term is:

a3 b3
(A) (B) (C) ab (D) None of these
b a
Sol : Let ‘A’ be the first term and ‘r’ be the common ratio. Then
a = Ar p  q 1 , b  A.r p  q 1
 ab  A2 .r 2 p  2  ab  A.r p 1  p th term Hence (C) is the correct answer.

1 1 1
13. The sum of the series to infinity:    ....... is:
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 4 7

1 1 1 1 (r  2)  r
Sol : S=  +…=   
1 2  3 2  3  4 r 1 r ( r  1) ( r  2) 2 (r  2) (r  1) r
1   1 1  1 1 1
=     
2 r 1  r (r  1) (r  1) (r  2)  2 2 4
 Hence (C) is the correct answer.

14. If a, b, c  R  such that a + b + c = 18, then the maximum value of a 2b3c 4 is equal to:
(A) 218.32 (B) 218. 33 (C) 219. 32 (D) 219. 33
a b c
Sol : a + b + c = 18  2. + 3. + 4. = 18
2 3 4
Using weighted A.M. and G.M. inequality, we get
a b c
2.  3.  4. 2 3 4 1/9
4    a   b   c    29  a . b . c  a 2b3c 4  33.219
2 3 4
2 3
9   2   3   4   22 33 44
 
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
78 PROGRESSION

1 1 1
15. The following consecutive terms , , of a series are in
1 x 1 x 1 x
(A) H.P (B) G.P (C) A.P (D) A.P, G.P
1 x 1 1 x
Sol : 1 x , 1, 1 + x are in A.P.  , , are in A.P.
1 x 1 x 1 x
1 1 1
 , , are in A.P. Hence (C) is the correct answer.
1  x 1 x 1  x

16. a, b, c  R  and form an A.P. and abc = 4 then minimum value of ‘b’ is:
2/3 1/3 2/3
(A)  2  (B)  2  (C)  4  (D) None of these
1 2
Sol : b  ac  b 2  ac  b3  abc = 4  b  (4) 3 or b  23
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

17. If log2, log(2x – 1) and log(2x + 3) are in A.P. , then the value of x is
5
(A) (B) log25 (C) log35 (D) log53
2
Sol : (2x  1)2 = 2. (2x + 3)  22x  4. 2x  5 = 0
 (2x  5) (2x + 1) = 0  2x + 1  0 so 2x  5 = 0  x = log2 5
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

18. a, b, c, d  R  such that a, b, c are in A.P. and b, c, d are in H.P., then:

(A) ab = cd (B) ac = bd (C) bc = ad (D) None of these
2bd
Sol : 2b = a + c, c =  2bd = c(b + d) = (a + c)d  bc + cd = ad + cd
bd
 bc = ad Hence (C) is the correct answer.

19. If ax = by = cz and x, y, z are in H.P., then a, b, c are in

(A) A.P (B) G.P (C) H.P (D) None of these
x y z
Sol : a = b = c  x log a = y log b = z log c = k
k k k 2 1 1
x= ,y= ,z= now    2 log b = log a + log c  b2 = ac
log a log b log c y x z
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 79

n(n  1)
20. If Sn = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 +.........+ then Sn is
2
n (n  1)(n  2) n (n  1)(2n  1)
(A) (B)
6 6
2 2
n (n  1)
(C) (D) None of these.
4
r (r  1)
Sol : Tr =
2
n
1 n n
 1  n (n  1) (2n  1) n (n  1)  n (n  1)(n  2)
Sn =  Tr =   r 2   r  =    =
r 1 2  r 1 r 1  2 6 2  6
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

...
21. The rational number which equals to the number 2.357 with reccurring decimal is
2355 2370 2355
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
1001 997 999
Sol : S = 2.357357357… = 2 + .357357
1000 S = 2357.357357 … = 2357 + .357357 …
2355
1000 S = 2357 + S  2  999S = 2355  S =
999
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

22. Ai  xi , yi  , i = 1, 2, …., n is a point on the curve y  2 x . If x1 , x2 ,....xn are in G.P. with

x1  1, x2  2 , then yn is equal to:
n n1
(A)  2 (B)  2 (C) 2n (D) None of these
Sol : yn2  4.xn
n 1 n 1
x  n 1
 4.x1.  2   4.1.(2) n1  2n1
 x1 
 yn  2 2
  2
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

23. The least value of the expression 5sinx – 1 + 5– sinx – 1

(A) 2/5 (B) 1/5 (C) 5 (D) 5/2
1 1 
Sol : S = 5sinx1 + 5sinx1 = 5sin x  sin x 
5 5 
1 2
now 5sinx + sin x  2  s  Hence (A) is the correct answer.
5 5

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
80 PROGRESSION

24. Sum of first ‘n’ terms of the sequence 5, 7, 11, 17, 25,…. is equal to:
2n  n 2  4  n2  n  4 
(A) (B)
3 2
n 2 n
(C)  n  29  (D)  2n 2  28 
6 6
Sol : S = 5 + 7 + 11 + 17 + 25 + …. + Tn
S = 5 + 7 + 11 + 17 + …. + Tn 1 + Tn
0 = 5 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 …. – Tn
Tn = 5 + 2[1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + …. + (n – 1) terms]
 n 1 
=5+2  n = n(n – 1) + 5
 2 
n
 S =  Tn =  ( n2 – n + 5)
n 1

n(n  1)(2n  1) n(n  1) n

=  + 5n = (2 n2 + 28)
6 2 6
Hence (D) is the correct answer.
b  c  2a c  a  2b a  b  2c
25. If , , are in A.P., then a, b, c are in
a b c
(A) A.P (B) G.P
(C) H.P (D) none of these
b  c  2a c  a  2b a  b  2c
Sol : , , are in A.P.
a b c
bc ca a b
  2,  2,  2 are in A.P.
a b c
bc ca a b
  1,  1,  1 are in A.P.
a b c
a bc a bc abc
 , , are in A.P.
a b c
1 1 1
 , , are in A.P.
a b c
 a, b, c are in H.P.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 81
z

26. If 1+a+ a2+ a3+….an = (1+a)(1+a2) (1+a4) then n is given by

(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 9
Sol : If 1 + a + a2 + … + an = (1 + a) (1 + a2) (1 + a4)
then value of n will be the highest power of a, which will be 4 + 2 + 1 = 7
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

1 3 7 15
27.     .....' n ' terms, is equal to:
2 4 8 16
n n
1 1
(A) 2n  2    (B) n  2   
2 2
n
1
(C) n  1    (D) None of these
2
n
1 1 
1    
1
r
n n 
r
1  2   2   = n– 1+ 1
n

Sol : T(r) = 1 –     T(r) =  1     = n   

r1   1
2 r 1
  2  1 2
2
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

28. Find the sum of the 1.2.3.4. +2.3.4.5 + 3.4.5.6 + ………..up to n- terms
Sol. Method 1: (By Vn method) Here Tn  n(n  1)(n  3)
Consider Vm  m(m 1)(m  2)(m  3)(m  4) 

Vm1  (m  1)(m)(m  1)(m 2)(m  3)

Vm  Vm1  m(m  1)(m  2)(m  3) [( m  4)  ( m  1)]
1
 5m(m  1)(m  2)(m  3)  5Tm  Tm = [Vm  Vn 1 ]
5
n
1
 S n   Tm  (V1  V0 )  (V2  V1 )  (V3  V2 )  ........(Vn  Vn1 )
n 1 5
1 1
 [Vn  V0 ]  [n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)(n  4)  0]
5 5
1
Thus S n  n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)(n  4)
5

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
82 PROGRESSION

1
Method 2: [Fastest Method] Tn  n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)  n(n  1)(n  3)[(n  4)  (n  1)]
5
[(n  4) is next to ( n + 3 ) and (n – 1) is preceding to n]
1
Tn  [n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3) (n  4)  (n  1)(n)(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)]
5
S n  T1  T2  T3  T4  ......  Tn
1
 [(1.2.3.4.5  0)  (2.3.4.5.6  1.2.3.4.5)  (3.4.5.6.7  2.3.4.5.6).....  n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)
5
(n  4)  (n  1)(n)(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)]
1
 n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)(n  4)
5
[ remaining terms cancel out in pairing diagonally]

29. Find the sum of the products of the ten numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and  5 taking two at a time.
2
Sol. We have, 1  1  2  2  ...  5  5   12  12  22  22  ...52  52  2S ,
Where S is required sum. Hence, 0  2 12  22  32  42  52  2 S   S  55

30. Find the Sum  1 .

0  i  j n

n n  n  n  n
1  1  1   1   1
n 2  n n  n  1

i 1 i  j i j j 1  j 1  j 1
Sol.  1 
0 i  j  n 2 2

2

2

 



CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 83


ADVANCE OBJECTIVE EXERCISES

1.25. ADVANCE OBJECTIVE EXERCISE - 1




1. If a, b, c are distinct positive real in H.P., then the value of the expression,
ba bc
 is equal to
ba bc
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
1 1 1
2. The sum to infinity of the series    ....... is equal to :
1 1 2 1 2  3
5
(A) 2 (B) (C) 3 (D) none of these
2
3. Along a road lies an odd number of stones placed at intervals of 10 m. These stones have
to be assembled around the middle stone. A person can carry only one stone at a time. A
man carried out the job starting with the stone in the middle, carrying stones in
succession, thereby covering a distance of 4.8 km. Then the number of stones is
(A) 15 (B) 29 (C) 31 (D) 35

4. If S = 12 + 32 + 52 + ....... + (99)2 then the value of the sum 22 + 42 + 62 + ....... + (100)2

is
(A) S + 2550 (B) 2S (C) 4S (D) S + 5050

5. In an A.P. with first term 'a' and the common difference d (a, d  0), the ratio ' ' of the
sum of the first n terms to sum of n terms succeeding them does not depend on n. Then
a
the ratio and the ratio ' ', respectively are
d
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) , (B) 2, (C) , (D) ,2
2 4 3 2 3 2

6. The arithmetic mean of the nine numbers in the given set {9, 99, 999, ....... 999999999} is
a 9 digit number N, all whose digits are distinct. The number N does not contain the digit
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 9

7. If for an A.P. a1 , a2 , a3 ,.... , an , a1 + a3 + a5 = – 12 and a1 a2 a3 = 8

then the value of a2 + a4 + a6 equals
(A) – 12 (B) – 16 (C) – 18 (D) – 21

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
84 PROGRESSION

8. An H.M. is inserted between the number 1/3 and an unknown number. If we diminish the
reciprocal of the inserted number by 6, it is the G.M. of the reciprocal of 1/3 and that of
the unknown number. If all the terms of the respective H.P. are distinct then
(A) the unknown number is 27 (B) the unknown number is 1/27
(C) the H.M. is 15 (D) the G.M. is 21
9. If x  R, the numbers (51+x + 51  x), a/2, (25x + 25–x) form an A.P. then 'a' must lie in the
interval
(A) [1, 5] (B) [2, 5] (C) [5, 12] (D) [12, )
10. If the sum of the first 11 terms of an arithmetical progression equals that of the first 19
terms, then the sum of its first 30 terms, is
(A) equal to 0 (B) equal to – 1 (C) equal to 1 (D) Non unique



ANSWER KEY
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ANS B A C D C A D B D A



CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 85

1.26. ADVANCE OBJECTIVE EXERCISE – 2

1. Let s1 , s2 , s3 ....... and t1 , t2 , t3 ....... are two arithmetic sequences such that s1 = t1 
10 15
s2  s1
0; s2 = 2t2 and  S   t . Then the value of
i 1
i
i 1
i
t2  t1
is

(A) 8/3 (B) 3/2 (C) 19/8 (D) 2

1  3  5  .......upto n terms 20
2. If 
4  7  10  .......upto n terms 7 log10 x
1 1 1
and n  log10 x  log10 x 2  log10 x 4  log10 x 8  ........  , then x is equal to
(A) 103 (B) 105 (C) 106 (D) 107

3. Let an, n  N is an A.P. with common difference 'd' and all whose terms are non-zero. If
1 1 1
n approaches infinity, then the sum   .........  will approach
a1a2 a2 a3 an an 1
1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) a1d
a1d a1d 2a1d

4. The sum of the first three terms of an increasing G.P. is 21 and the sum of their squares is
189. Then the sum of its first n terms is
 1   1
(A) 3 (2n – 1) (B) 12 1  n  (C) 6  1  n  (D) 6 (2n – 1)
 2   2 

n 1 n
5. The value of   1
n 1
 n  equals
5 
5 5 5 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12 24 36 16
2 3
6.  2 3 4
If a  1 and l n a 2   l n a 2    l n a 2   .........  3 l n a   l n a    l n a    l n a   ...... 
then 'a' is equal to
3 4
(A) e1/5 (B) e (C) e (D) e

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
86 PROGRESSION

1 1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7

7.     .................
2.4 2.4.6 2.4.6.8 2.4.6.8.10
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
4 3 2

8. A circle of radius r is inscribed in a square. The mid points of sides of the square have
been connected by line segment and a new square resulted. The sides of the resulting
square were also connected by segments so that a new square was obtained and so on,
then the radius of the circle inscribed in the nth square is
 1n   3 3 n   n    5 3n 
(A)  2 2  r (B)  2 2  r (C)  2 2  r (D)  2 2  r
       

9. The product of the arithmetic mean of the lengths of the sides of a triangle and harmonic
mean of the lengths of the altitudes of the triangle is equal to :
(A)  (B) 2  (C) 3  (D) 4 
[ where  is the area of the triangle ABC ]

10. Given  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 4x + k = 0 (k  0). If ,
2 + 2, 3 + 3 are in geometric progression then the value of 'k' equals
16 3
(A) 4 (B) (C) (D) 12
7 7
11. If abcd = 1 where a, b, c, d are positive reals then the minimum value of
a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd is
(A) 6 (B) 10 (C) 12 (D) 20

12. A sequence of equilateral triangles is drawn. The altitude of each is 3 times the altitude
of the preceding triangle, the difference between the area of the first triangle and the sixth
triangle is 968 3 square unit. The perimeter of the first triangle is
(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 16 (D) 18

13. If a, b and c are three consecutive positive terms of a G.P. then the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c is
(A) a curve that intersects the x-axis at two distinct points.
(B) entirely below the x-axis.
(C) entirely above the x-axis. (D) tangent to the x-axis.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 87

14. Let a, b, c be the three sides of a triangle then the quadratic equation
b2 x2 + (b2 + c2 – a2)x + c2 = 0 has
(A) both imaginary roots (B) both positive roots
(C) both negative roots (D) one positive and one negative roots.

360  1 
15.   k  is the ratio of two relative prime positive integers m and n. The
k  1   k  1 k 
k 1 
value of (m + n) is equal to
(A) 43 (B) 41 (C) 39 (D) 37



ANSWER KEY
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ANS C B A A C D C A B B

Q 11 12 13 14 15

ANS B B C A D





Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
88 PROGRESSION




1.27. ADVANCE OBJECTIVE EXERCISE – 3


 n 
1. The sum   n
n 1
4  is equal to
4
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/3 (C) 3/8 (D) 1/2
100
k
2. The sum k
k 1
4
 k 2 1
is equal to

4950 5050 5151

(A) (B) (C) (D) None
10101 10101 10101
n
2
k
k 1
3. For which positive integers n is the ratio, n
an integer?
k
k 1

(A) odd n only (B) even n only

(C) n = 1 + 6k only, where k  0 and k  I (D) n = 1 + 3k, integer k  0

4. If x > 1, y > 1, z > 1 are in G.P., then logexe, logeye, logeze are in
(A) A.P. (B) H.P. (C) G.P. (D) A.G.P.

5. (1 + x) (1 + x + x2) (1 + x + x2 + x3) ...... (1 + x + x2 + ...... + x100) when written in the

ascending power of x then the highest exponent of x is ______ .
(A) 4950 (B) 5050 (C) 5150 (D) none
10
6. The sum  k .k ! equals
k 1

(A) (10)! (B) (11)! (C) (10)! + 1 (D) (11)! – 1

7. Given (1 – 2x + 5x2 – 10x3) (1 + x)n = 1 + a1 x + a2x2 + .... and that a12  2a2 then the
value of n is
(A) 6 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 3

8. General solution of the equation sec x = 1 + cos x + cos2x + cos3x + .......... , is

   
(A) n  (B) 2n  (C) n  (D) 2n 
3 3 6 6
where n is an integer.

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 89

9. The remainder, if 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ......+21999 is divided by 5 is

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

10. (2n + 1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5) ....... (4n  1) is equal to :

(A)
 4n  ! (B)
 4n  ! n ! (C)
 4n  ! n ! (D)
 4n  ! n !
n n
2 .  2n  ! 2n  ! 2 .  2n  ! 2n  !  2 n  ! 2 n  ! 2n ! 2n  !

11. The sum of the series (1² + 1).1! + (2² + 1).2! + (3² + 1). 3! + ..... + (n² + 1). n! is :
(A) (n + 1). (n+2)! (B) n.(n+1)! (C) (n + 1). (n+1)! (D) None of these



ANSWER KEY
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ANS C B D B B D A B A B

Q 11

ANS B



Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
90 PROGRESSION


1.28. ADVANCE OBJECTIVE EXERCISE - 4
1 1 1
1. Statement-1 : If 27 abc  (a + b + c)3 and 3a + 4b + 5c = 12 then    10;
a 2 b3 c5
where a, b, c are positive real numbers.
Statement-2 : For positive real numbers A.M.  G.M.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct
explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

2. Statement-1 : The difference between the sum of the first 100 even natural numbers
and the sum of the first 100 odd natural numbers is 100.
Statement-2 : The difference between the sum of the first n even natural numbers
and sum of the first n odd natural numbers is n.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct
explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
Paragraph for Question Nos. 3 to 5
Let am (m = 1, 2, .......,p) be the possible integral values of a for which the graphs of
f (x) = ax2 + 2bx + b and g (x) = 5x2 – 3bx – a meets at some point for all real values of b.
p n
Let tr    r  am  and S n   tr , n  N .
m 1 r 1

3. The minimum possible value of a is

1 5 3 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 26 38 46
4. The sum of values of n for which Sn vanishes is
(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10 (D) 15

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 91


1
5. The value of t
r 5 r
is equal to

1 1
(A) (B)
3 6
1 1
(C) (D)
15 18

[MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE TYPE]

6. Let a1, a2, a3 ....... and b1, b2, b3 ...... be arithmetic progressions such that a1 = 25, b1 = 75
and a100 + b100 = 100. Then
(A) The difference between successive terms in progression 'a' is opposite of the
difference in progression 'b'.
(B) an + bn = 100 for any n.
(C) (a1 + b1), (a2 + b2), (a3 + b3), ....... are in A.P.
100
(D) a
r 1
r  br   10000

an21
7. Consider a sequence {an} with a1 = 2 and an  for all n  3, terms of the sequence
an  2
being distinct. Given that a2 and a5 are positive integers and a5  162 then the possible
value(s) of a5 can be
(A) 2 (B) 32
(C) 64 (D) 162
8. The sum of the first three terms of the G.P. in which the difference between the second
and the first term is 6 and the difference between the fourth and the third term is 54, is
(A) 39 (B)  10.5
(C) 27 (D)  27
9. a, b, c are the first three terms of geometric series. If the H.M. of a and b is 12 and that of
b and c is 36 then which of the following hold(s) good?
(A) Sum of the first term and common ratio of the G.P. is 11.
(B) Sum of the first five terms of the G.P. is 948.
(C) If the value of the first term and common ratio of the given G.P. is taken as the first
term and common difference of an A.P. then its 8th term is 29.
(D) The number 648 is one of the term of the G.P.

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
92 PROGRESSION

10. If the roots of the equation, x3 + px2 + qx – 1 = 0 form an increasing G.P. where p and q
are real, then
(A) p+q = 0
(B) p   3,  
(C) one of the roots is unity
(D) One root is smaller than 1 and one root is greater than 1.
11. If the triplets log a, log b, log c and (log a – log 2b), (log 2b – log 3c), (log 3c – log a) are
in arithmetic progression then
(A) 18(a + b + c)2 = 18(a2 + b2 + c2) + ab
(B) a, b, c are in G.P.
(C) a, 2b, 3c are in H.P.
(D) a, b, c can be the lengths of the sides of a triangle
(Assume all logarithmic terms to be defined)
12. x1, x2 are the roots of the equation x2 – 3x + A = 0; x3 , x4 are roots of the equation x2 –
12x + B = 0, such that x1, x2, x3, x4 form an increasing G.P., then
(A) A = 2 (B) B = 32 (C) x1 + x3 = 5 (D) x2 + x4 = 10
y
13. If sin(x  y), sin x and sin (x + y) are in H.P., then sin x.sec 
2
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C)  2 (D) – 2

14. Let (1 + x2)2 (1 + x)n = A0 + A1 x + A2 x2 + ...... If A0, A1, A2 are in A.P. then the value
of n is :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 7


ANSWER KEY
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ANS D A B C D ABCD BD AB ACD ACD
Q 11 12 13 14
ANS BD ABCD BC AB



CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 93

1.29. ADVANCE SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE - 1

1. The sum of n terms of two arithmetic series are in the ratio of

(7 n + 1) : (4 n + 27) . Find the ratio of their nth term.

2. In an AP of which ‘a’ is the Ist term, if the sum of the I st p terms is equal to zero, show
 aq  p  q  
that the sum of the next q terms is   .
 p  1 

3. (a) The interior angles of a polygon are in AP. The smallest angle is 120° & the common
difference is 5°. Find the number of sides of the polygon.
(b) The interior angles of a convex polygon form an arithmetic progression with a
common difference of 4°. Determine the number of sides of the polygon if its largest
interior angle is 172°.

n  n  1
4. Show that ln (4 × 12 × 36 × 108 × .............. up to n terms)  2n ln 2  ln 3
2

5. There are n AM’s between 1 & 31 such that 7th mean : (n - 1)th mean = 5 : 9, then find
the value of n.

6. Prove that the average of the numbers n sin n°, n = 2, 4, 6, ......., 180, is cot 1°.

359
7. Find the value of the sum  k .cos k .
k 0

8. The first term of an arithmetic progression is 1 and the sum of the first nine terms equal
to 369. The first and the ninth term of a geometric progression coincide with the first and
the ninth term of the arithmetic progression. Find the seventh term of the geometric
progression.

9. In a set of four numbers, the first three are in GP & the last three are in AP, with common
difference 6. If the first number is the same as the fourth, find the four numbers.

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
94 PROGRESSION

10. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd terms of an arithmetic series are a, b and a2 where 'a' is negative. The
1st, 2nd and 3rd terms of a geometric series are a, a2 and b find the
(a) Value of a and b
(b) Sum of infinite geometric series if it exists. If no then find the sum to n terms of
the G.P.
(c) Sum of the 40 term of the arithmetic series.

11. Let 'X' denotes the value of the product

(1 + a + a2 + a3 + .......  )(1 + b + b2 + b3 + .....  )
where 'a' and 'b' are the roots of the quadratic equation 11x2 – 4x – 2 = 0
and 'Y' denotes the numerical value of the infinite series
 log b 2  log 5    log 2  log 5    log
0
b
40
b
1
b
41
b
2

2  log b 54
2


2   log 5   ........
3 3
4
  log b b

where b = 2000. Find (XY).

12. Find three numbers a , b , c between 2 & 18 such that;

(i) Their sum is 25
(ii) The numbers 2, a, b are consecutive terms of an AP &
(iii) The numbers b , c , 18 are consecutive terms of a GP .

13. If one AM ‘a’ and two GM’s p and q be inserted between any two given numbers then
show that p3+ q3 = 2apq.

14. If S1, S2, S3,... Sn, .... are the sums of infinite geometric series whose first terms are 1, 2,
1 1 1 1
3, ... n, ... and whose common ratios are , , ,............, ,...... respectively, then
2 3 4 n 1
2 n 1
2
find the value of S
r 1
r .

15. Find the sum of the first n terms of the sequence :

2 3
 1  1  1
1  2  1    3 1    4  1    ...........
 n  n  n

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 95

16. Find the nth term and the sum to n terms of the sequence:
(i) 1 + 5 + 13 + 29 + 61 + ......
(ii) 6 + 13 + 22 + 33 + .......

17. Sum the following series to n terms and to infinity :

1 1 1
(i)    .............
1.4.7 4.7.10 7.10.13
n
(ii)  r  r  1 r  2  r  3
r 1

n
1
(iii)  4r
r 1
2
1
1 1.3 1.3.5
(iv)    ..........
4 4.6 4.6.8

18. Find the sum of the n terms of the sequence

1 2 3
   ............
1  1  1 1  2  2 1  32  34
2 4 2 4

8
 n 2  2n  3 
19. Let '  ' denotes the sum of the infinite series  
n 1  2n
.

Compute the value of (13 + 23 + 33 + ....... + 3).

20. If the sum

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2
 2  1  2  2  1  2  2  ....  1  2
 2
equal to n,
1 2 2 3 3 4 1999   2000 
where n  N. Find n.

21. If the 10th term of an HP is 21 and 21st term of the same HP is 10, then find the 210th
term.

22. The pth term Tp of H.P. is q(p + q) and qth term Tq is p(p + q) when p > 2, q > 2. Prove
that
(a) Tp + q = pq (b) Tpq = p + q (c) Tp + q > Tpq

23. The harmonic mean of two numbers is 4. The airthmetic mean A & the geometric
mean G satisfy the relation 2 A + G2 = 27. Find the two numbers.

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
96 PROGRESSION

24. The AM of two numbers exceeds their GM by 15 & HM by 27. Find the numbers.

B
25. In the quadratic equation A  
3  2 x2  x  C  0 with ,  as its roots.
 3 2 
1
8 6 16

If A  49  20 6  4
; B = sum of the infinite G.P. as 8 3 
3

3
 .......... and

k
   6 6   where k  log 6 10  2log 6 5  log 6  log 6 18  log6 72  , then find the

value of C.

ANSWER KEY
Q 1 3 5 7 8 9

ANS (14n  6)/(8n + 23) (a) 9 ; (b) 12 n=14 – 180 27 (8 ,  4 , 2 , 8)

Q 10 11 12
1 1 1 545 11
ANS (a) a   , b   ; (b)  ; (c) a = 5 , b = 8 , c = 12
2 8 3 2 15
Q 14 15 16

n  2n  1 4n  1 (i) 2n+1  3; 2n+2  4  3n

ANS 1 n2
3 (ii) n² + 4n + 1; (1/6) n (n + 1) (2n + 13) + n
Q 17

(i) sn = (1/24)  [1/{6(3n + 1) (3n + 4) }] ; s = 1/24

(ii) (1/5) n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4)
ANS (iii) n/(2n + 1)
 1 1.3.5.....  2n  1 2n  1 
(iv) Sn  2    ; S  1
 2 2.4.6.......  2n  2n  2  
Q 18 19 20 21 23 24 25

n  n  1
ANS 8281 n = 2000 1 6, 3 120, 30 128

2 n2  n  1 



CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 97

1.30. ADVANCE SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE – 2

1. If sin x, sin22x and cos x· sin 4x form an increasing geometric sequence, find the
numerial value of cos 2x. Also find the common ratio of geometric sequence.

2. If the first 3 consecutive terms of a geometrical progression are the real roots of the
equation 2x3 – 19x2 + 57x – 54 = 0 find the sum to infinite number of terms of G.P.

1.3 3.5 5.7 7.9

3. Find the sum of the infinite series     ............
2 2 2 23 2 4

4. Two distinct, real, infinite geometric series each have a sum of 1 and have the same
1
second term. The third term of one of the series is . If the second term of both the series
8
m n
can be written in the form , where m, n and p are positive integers and m is not
p
divisible by the square of any prime, find the value of 100m + 10n + p.

5. One of the roots of the equation 2000x6 + 100x5 + 10x3 + x – 2 = 0 is of the form
m n
, where m is non zero integer and n and r are relatively prime natural numbers.
r
Find the value of m + n + r.

6. Find the condition that the roots of the equation x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0 are in A.P. and
hence solve the equation x3 – 12x2 + 39x –28 = 0.

7. If a, b, c, d, e be 5 numbers such that a, b, c are in AP ; b, c, d are in GP & c, d, e are

in HP then:
(i) Prove that a, c, e are in GP.
(ii) Prove that e = (2 b - a)²/a.
(iii) If a = 2 & e = 18 , find all possible values of b , c , d .

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
98 PROGRESSION

8. Let f (x) denote the sum of the infinite trigonometric series,


2x x
f  x    sin n
sin n .
n 1 3 3
Find f (x) (independent of n). If the sum of the solutions of the equation f (x) = 0 lying in
the interval (0, 629) is 2k, find k.

9. A computer solved several problems in succession. The time it took the computer to
solve each successive problem was the same number of times smaller than the time it
took to solve the preceding problem. How many problems were suggested to the
computer if it spent 63.5 min to solve all the problems except for the first, 127 min to
solve all the problems except for the last one, and 31.5 min to solve all the problems
except for the first two?

10. If n is a root of the equation x2(1 - ac) - x (a2 + c2) - (1 + ac) = 0 & if n HM’s are
inserted between a and c, show that the difference between the first & the last mean is
equal to ac(a – c).

11. Given that the cubic ax3 – ax2 + 9bx – b = 0 (a  0) has all three positive roots. Find the
harmonic mean of the roots independent of a and b, hence deduce that the root are all
equal. Find also the minimum value of (a + b) if a and b  N.

    
12. If tan   x  , tan , tan   x  in order are three consecutive terms of a G.P. then
 12  12  12 
sum of all the solutions in [0, 314] is k. Find the value of k.

13. In a right angled triangle, Sa and Sb denote the medians that belong to the legs of the
triangle, the median belonging to the hypotenuse is Sc. Find the maximum value of the
S a  Sb
expression . (You may use the fact that R.M.S. > A.M).
Sc

14. The sequence a1, a2, a3, ....... a98 satisfies the relation an+1 = an + 1 for
49
n = 1, 2, 3, .........97 and has the sum equal to 4949. Evaluate a
k 1
2k .

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 99

15. (a) The value of x + y + z is 15 if a , x , y , z , b are in AP while the value of

(1/x)+(1/y)+(1/z) is 5/3 if a , x , y , z , b are in HP. Find a & b.
(b) The values of xyz is 15/2 or 18/5 according as the series a , x , y , z , b is an
AP or HP . Find the values of a & b assuming them to be positive integer.

16. Find the conditions on  and  x1, x2, x3 satisfying the cubic x3 - x2 + x +  = 0 are in
A.P.

17. If the roots of 10x3 - cx2 - 54x - 27 = 0 are in harmonic progression, then find c and
all the roots.

18. If a , b , c be in GP & logca, logbc, logab be in AP , then show that the common
difference of the AP must be 3/2.

19. In a GP the ratio of the sum of the first eleven terms to the sum of the last eleven
terms is 1/8 and the ratio of the sum of all the terms without the first nine to the sum of
all the terms without the last nine is 2. Find the number of terms in the GP.

20. Given a three digit number whose digits are three successive terms of a G.P. If we
subtract 792 from it, we get a number written by the same digits in the reverse order.
Now if we subtract four from the hundred's digit of the initial number and leave the other
digits unchanged, we get a number whose digits are successive terms of an A.P. Find the
number.













Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
100 PROGRESSION

ANSWER KEY
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6
3
5 1 27 2p – 9pq + 27r = 0;
ANS ; 2 23 518 200
2 2 roots are 1, 4, 7
Q 7 8

(iii) b = 4, c = 6, d = 9 or 1
f (x) = [1 – cos x];
ANS 2
b =  2, c =  6, d =  18
S = 5050
Q 9 11 12 13 14
8 problems,
ANS 28 4950 10 2499
127.5 minutes
Q 15 16 17 19 20
(a) a =1, b =9 OR b=1, a= 9 ; 1 1 C=9;
ANS   ;   n = 38 931
(b) a = 1 ; b = 3 or vice versa 3 27 (3, 3/2 , 3/5)



CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 101


1.31. JEE (MAIN) CORNER


a1  a2  ...  a pp2 a
1. Let a1 , a2 , a3 ,...... be terms of an A.P. If  2 , p  q, then 6 equals
a1  a2  ....  aq q a21
[2006]
41 7 2 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 2 7 41

2. If a1 , a2 ,....., an are in H.P., then the expression a1a2  a2 a3  ....  an 1an is equal to
[2006]
(a) n  a1  an  (b)  n  1 a1  an  (c) na1an (d)  n  1 a1an

1 1 1
3. The sum of the series    ..... upto infinity [2007]
2! 3! 4!
1 1
 
(a) e 2
(b) e 2
(c) e 2 (d) e 1

4. In a geometric progression consisting of positive terms, each term equals the sum of the
next two terms. Then the common ratio of this progression is equals [2007]
1 1 1
(a) 5 (b)
2
 
5 1 (c)
2

1 5  (d)
2
5

5. The first two terms of a geometric progression add up to 12. The sum of the third and the
fourth terms is 48. If the terms of the geometric progression are alternately positive and
negative, then the first term is [2008]
(a) 4 (b) - 4 (c) - 12 (d) 12

6. A person is to count 4500 currency notes. Let a denote the number of notes he counts in
n

the nth minute. If a1  a2  ...  a10  150 and a10 , a11 ,... are in AP with common
difference 2 , then the time taken by him to count all notes is : [2010]
(a) 24 minutes (b) 34 minutes (c) 125 minutes (d) 135 minutes

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
102 PROGRESSION

100 100
th
7. Let an be n term of an A.P. If a
r 1
2r
  and a
r 1
2 r 1
  , then the common difference

of the A.P. is: [2011]

   
(a) (b)    (c) (d)   
100 200

8. A man saves of Rs. 200 in each of the first three months of his service. In each of the
subsequent months his saving increases by Rs. 40 more than the saving of immediately
previous month. His total saving from the start of service will be Rs. 11040 after: [2011]
(a) 18 months (b) 19 months (c) 20 months (d) 21 months
9. The sum of first 20 terms of the sequence 0.7, 0.77, 0.777..... is: [2013]
7 7
(a)
81
179  1020  (b)
9
 99  1020 
7 7
(c)
81
179  10 20  (d)
9
 99  1020 

10. Three positive numbers form an incrasing G.P. If the middle term in this G.P. is doubled,
the new numbers are in A.P. Then the common ratio of the G.P. is : [2014]
(a) 2 3 (b) 3  2
(c) 2  3 (d) 2  3
9 1 8 2 7 9 9
11. If 10   2 11 10   3 11 10  ...  10 11  k 10  , then k is equal to : [2014]
121 441
(a) (b) (c) 100 (d) 110
10 100

12. If m is the A.M. of two distinct real numbers l and n  l , n 1 and G1, G2 and G3 are

three geometric means between l and n , then G 41  2G 42  G 43 equals, [2015]

(A) 4l 2 mn (B) 4lm2 n

(C) 4lmn 2 (D) 4l 2m2 n 2
13 13  23 13  23  33
13. The sum of first 9 terms of the series    .... is [2015]
1 1 3 1 3  5
(A) 71 (B) 96
(C) 142 (D) 192

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 103

14. If the 2nd, 5th and 9th terms of a non-constant A.P. are in G.P., then the common ratio
of this G.P. is: [2016]
4 7 8
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D)
3 4 5

2 2 2 2
 3  2  1  4
15. If the sum of the first ten terms of the series  1    2    3   42   4   .....,
 5  5  5  5
16
is m, then m, is equal to - [2016]
5
(A) 101 (B) 100 (C) 99 (D) 102

16. For any three positive real numbers a, b and c, 9  25a 2  b2   25  c 2  3ac   15b  3a  c  .
Then : [2017]
(A) b,c and a are in G.P. (B) b,c and a are in A.P.
(C) a,b and c are in A.P. (D) a,b and c are in G.P.



Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
104 PROGRESSION

1.32. JEE (ADVANCED) CORNER


2 3 n
3 3 3 n 1  3 
1. If An           .......   1   and Bn = 1 – An, then find the minimum
4 4 4 4
natural number n0 such that Bn > An.  n > n0. [2006]
Comprehension (3 questions)
2. Let Vr denote the sum of the first 'r' terms of an arithmetic progression (A.P.) whose first
term is 'r' and the common difference is (2r – 1).
Let Tr = Vr + 1 – Vr – 2 and Qr = Tr + 1 – Tr for r = 1, 2, ...

(i) The sum V1 + V2 + ...... + Vn is

1 1
(A) n(n + 1)(3n2 – n + 1) (B) n(n + 1)(3n2 + n + 2)
12 12
1 1
(C) n(2n2 – n + 1) (D) (2n3 – 2n + 3)
2 3

(ii) Tr is always
(A) an odd number (B) an even number
(C) a prime number (D) a composite number

(iii) Which one of the following is a correct statement?

(A) Q1, Q2, Q3, ....... are in A.P. with common difference 5.
(B) Q1, Q2, Q3, ....... are in A.P. with common difference 6.
(C) Q1, Q2, Q3, ....... are in A.P. with common difference 11.
(D) Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = ....... [2007]

Comprehension (3 questions)
3. Let A1, G1, H1 denote the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, respectively, of two
distinct positive numbers. For n  2, let An – 1 and Hn – 1 have arithmetic, geometric and
harmonic means as An, Gn, Hn respectively.

(i) Which one of the following statements is correct?

(A) G1 > G2 > G3 > .... (B) G1 < G2 < G3 < ....

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 105

(C) G1 = G2 = G3 = .... (D) G1 < G3 < G5 < .... and G2 > G4 > G6 > ....

(ii) Which one of the following statements is correct?

(A) A1 > A2 > A3 > ......
(B) A1 < A2 < A3 < ......
(C) A1 > A3 > A5 > ...... and A2 < A4 < A6 < ......
(D) A1 < A3 < A5 < ...... and A2 > A4 > A6 > ......

(iii) Which one of the following statements is correct?

(A) H1 > H2 > H3 > ......
(B) H1 < H2 < H3 < ......
(C) H1 > H3 > H5 > ...... and H2 < H4 < H6 < ......
(D) H1 < H3 < H5 < ...... and H2 > H4 > H6 > ......

4. (a) A straight line through the vertex P of a triangle PQR intersects the side QR at the
point S and the circumcircle of the triangle PQR at the point T. If S is not the
centre of the circumcircle, then [2008]
1 1 2 1 1 2
(A) + < (B) + >
PS ST QS  SR PS ST QS  SR
1 1 4 1 1 4
(C) + < (D) + >
PS ST QR PS ST QR

ASSERTION & REASON:

(b) Suppose four distinct positive numbers a1, a2, a3, a4 are in G.P. Let b1 = a1,
b2 = b1 + a2, b3 = b2 + a3 and b4 = b3 + a4.
STATEMENT-1 : The numbers b1, b2, b3, b4 are neither in A.P. nor in G.P.
and
STATEMENT-2 : The numbers b1, b2, b3, b4 are in H.P.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; statement-2 is a correct explanation
for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; statement-2 is NOT a correct
explanation for statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True [2008]

Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
106 PROGRESSION

5. If the sum of first n terms of an A.P. is cn2, then the sum of squares of these n terms is
[2009]
2 2 2 2 2 2
n (4n 1)c n (4n  1)c n (4n 1)c n (4n  1)c 2
2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 3 3 6

6. Let S k , k  1, 2,.....100, denote the sum of the infinite geometric series whose first term is
k 1 1 1002 100 2
and the common ratio is , Then the value of    k  3k  1 S k is .....
k! k 100! k 1
[2010]
a1  a2  ...  a11
7. Let be real numbers satisfying a1  15, 27  2a2  0 and ak  2ak 1  ak  2
11
a12  a2 2  ...  a112
for k  3, 4,...,11. If  90 , then the value of is equal to ...…… [2010]
11
p
8. Let a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., a100 be an arithmetic progression with a1  3 and S p   ai ,1  p  100. For
i 1

Sm
any integer n with 1  n  20, let m  5n, If does not depends on n then a2 is ......
Sn
[2011]

9. The minimum value of the sum of real numbers a 5 , a 4 , 3a 3 ,1, a8 and a10 with a  0 is
[2011]
4n k  k 1
10. Let S n    1 2 k 2 . Then S n can take values [2013]
k 1

(A) 1056 (B) 1088 (C) 1120 (D) 1332

11. A pack contains n cards numbered from 1 to n. Two consecutive numbered cards are
removed from the pack and the sum of the numbers of the remaining cards is 1224. if the
smaller of the numbers on the removed cards is k, then k  20 =. [2013]

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

 PROGRESSION 107

b
12. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that is an integer. If a, b, c are in geometric
a
a 2  a  14
progression and the arithmetic mean of a, b,c is b + 2, then the value of is.
a 1
[2014]

13. Suppose that all terms of an A. P. are natural numbers. If the ratio of the sum of first
seven termsto the sum of first eleven terms is 6 : 11 and the seventh term lies in between
130 and 140, then the common difference of this A. P. is [2015]

14. Let the harmonic mean of two positive real numbers a and b be 4. If q is a positive real
number such that a, 5,q, b is an arithmetic progression, then the value(s) of |q – a| is (are)
(This ques is a part of a match the column) [2015]

15. Let bi  1 for i  1, 2,......,101. Suppose log e b1 .log e b2 ,...., log e b101 are in Arithmetic
Progression (A.P.) with the common difference log e 2. Suppose a1 , a2 ,......, a101 are in
A.P. such that a1  b1 and a51  b51 . If t  b1  b2  ......  b51 and
s  a1  a2  ......  a51 , then [2016]
(A) s  t and a101  b101 (B) s  t and a101  b101
(C) s  t and a101  b101 (D) s  t and a101  b101



Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later.
108 PROGRESSION

ANSWERKEY

JEE (MAIN) CORNER

Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ANS d d d B c b a d a d
Q 11 12 13 14 15 16
ANS c b b a a b

JEE (ADVANCED) CORNER

1. n0 = 5
2. (a) B; (b) D; (c) B
3. (a) C; (b) A; (c) B
4. (a) B, D; (b) C 5. C 6. 4
7. 0 8. 3 or 9 9. 8 10. AD
11. 5 12. 4 13. 9 14. 2, 5
15. B

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.