DATA SOCIETY ®

Introduction to SQL - Part 2

“One should look for what is and not what he thinks should be.”
-Albert Einstein.
 Warm up
Before we begin, check out this case study of using MySQL in hospitality industry:
https://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/case-studies/hospitality-app-boosts-productivity-hotel-
profits/

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 Welcome back!
In the last class we started looking into MySQL.
Today we will:
● create tables in SQL
● query datasets and perform data manipulation using SQL commands

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 Module completion checklist
Objective Complete
Execute SQL DDL commands
Query and filter data

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 DDL commands
● Recall that SQL's Data Definition
Language (DDL) is used to define the data
structures stored in the database
● We'll now use DDL commands to create,
update, and delete tables and data
● Let's start by adding a table to a database

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 Add table to database
● In the open window, type in course for Table Name ● Then, click PK for
● Create course_id column of INT type and click in NN box to primary key
set constraint to NOT NULL (as in picture below) ● After that, create
another column
course_name of type
varchar(45) and
click the Apply button

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 Add table to database

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 DESC
● To inspect the structure of the table, in the query tab use the DESC clause
DESC university.course;

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 CREATE TABLE
● We can type the code to create a table in the database using the CREATE TABLE clause
Note: The foreign key is defined only when there is a foreign key in a table, but primary key is defined for
every table created
USE university; -- define database to avoid referencing everytime
CREATE TABLE faculty -- table name
(faculty_id INT(10), -- column 1 - faculty id
faculty_name VARCHAR(20), -- column 2 - faculty_name
course_id INT(11), -- column 3 - course_id
CONSTRAINT pk_faculty PRIMARY KEY(faculty_id), -- define primary key
CONSTRAINT fk_faculty_course_id FOREIGN KEY(course_id) -- define foreign key
REFERENCES course(course_id) -- referencing table
);
DESC faculty;

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 INSERT
● To insert values into the table, use the INSERT INTO clause
INSERT INTO course -- table name
(course_id, course_name) -- column/attributes name
VALUES (011, "DBMS"), (012, "Operating Systems"), (015, "Data Science"); -- values to the attributes

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 SELECT
● To view all the data available in the table, use the SELECT clause
SELECT * from course; -- * to view all the data in table

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 UPDATE
● We can update the table structure and data inserted using the UPDATE clause
● Condition for updating can be given using the WHERE clause
● Single row can be updated by '=' operator
● Multiple rows can be updated by '<', '>', '<=', '>=', '!=' operators
● New values are updated using the SET clause
Note: Before we run the update queries in MySQL, let's disable the safe update option
● Go to preferences -> uncheck the safe update option and reconnect your MySQL
● If you have a:
- windows/linux: user preferences can be found in edit tab
- mac: user preferences can be found in MySQLWorkbench tab on the top

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 UPDATE

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 UPDATE
UPDATE course -- update the table
SET course_name = "Database Management Systems" -- set new value
WHERE course_id = 011; -- condition to set the data

Before updating

After updating

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 ALTER TABLE
● We can change the table structure using the ALTER TABLE clause
● ALTER TABLE can be used to
- Add a new column
- Modify the existing column
- Drop the existing column

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 ALTER TABLE - ADD
● To add a new column, use the ADD clause and define the column name & type
ALTER TABLE faculty -- table name
ADD dateofBirth DATE; -- add new column 'dateofBirth'

DESC faculty;

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 ALTER TABLE - MODIFY & DROP
● To modify the column structure, use the ● To delete a column, use the DROP clause
MODIFY clause ALTER TABLE faculty -- table name
DROP COLUMN dateofBirth; -- delete column
ALTER TABLE faculty -- table name -- 'dateofBirth'
MODIFY dateofBirth YEAR; -- alter 'dateofBirth'
-- date to year type
DESC faculty;
DESC faculty;

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 DELETE - data
● We can delete the data from the table by ● Before deleting
using the DELETE FROM clause SELECT * from course;
● Use the WHERE clause to set the condition
to delete the data
● Single row can be deleted by '=' operator
● Multiple rows can be deleted by '<',
'>', '<=', '>=', '!=' operators

● After deleting
DELETE FROM course WHERE course_id = 12;

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 DELETE - table & column
● To delete the entire data from the table
DELETE FROM course;

● To remove the table itself from the database, use the DROP TABLE
DROP TABLE faculty; -- child table having course_id as foreign key
DROP TABLE course; -- parent table

● Note: always delete the child table with the foreign key first
● Table faculty has a foreign key from course table, so delete faculty table first
● course table is the referenced table - if we delete course table first, it will throw an error
● Delete faculty table first and then course table

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 When good SQL statements go bad
● The following common errors should be
avoided:
- Non-unique primary key
- Non-existent foreign key
- Column value violation
- Invalid date conversion

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 Knowledge check 1

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 Exercise 1

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 Module completion checklist
Objective Complete
Execute SQL DDL commands ✔
Query and filter data

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 Our starting scenario
● Your manager would like a database of information about the world from which he can pull
information for your organization's annual report
● To meet this objective, we will be creating and querying a database called world
● The database will be built using the world.sql file, which came from the MYSQL website and
contains information about countries, cities, and languages

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 'World' database schema
country table city table

country language table

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 Create new database
● Create a new database named world

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 Import data
● We are going to import the schema and data from the .sql file
● Click on the Data import/Restore and navigate to the data folder to select the world.sql file

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 Import data (cont'd)
● Click on import progress and start import

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 Query clauses
● Now that we have our database, let's explore how to manipulate and query the data inside
● In SQL, there are six clauses used for this purpose:
Clause Definition
SELECT Determines which columns to include in the query’s result set
FROM Identifies the table from which to draw the data and how the tables should be joined
WHERE Filters out unwanted data
GROUP BY Used to group rows by common column values
HAVING Filters out unwanted groups
ORDER BY Orders the rows ascending or descending of the final result set by one or more columns

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 Order of the clause matters
● Always remember that the order of the clauses matters!

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 SELECT & FROM
● SELECT can be used to select all columns in ● SELECT can be used to select some
a table columns in a table
-- Switch to world database for convenience -- To select specific columns.
USE world; SELECT Name, Population FROM city;
-- To select all data, use * operator
SELECT * FROM city;

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 SELECT & FROM
● Other operations that can be done on the final result set include:
- adding a new column with same data across all rows
- performing mathematical operations on numeric columns
- performing string operations on character columns
SELECT ID, -- select ID
'City_population', -- add a new column with value City_population
Population/100, -- divide the population column by 100
LOWER(CountryCode) -- convert the country code column to lower case
FROM city;

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 DISTINCT
● It may happen that a query returns SELECT DISTINCT Language FROM countrylanguage;

duplicate rows of data -- Returns 457 rows

● To return only distinct rows, we use the

DISTINCT clause
SELECT Language FROM countrylanguage;
-- Returns 984 rows

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 AS
● The AS clause is used for aliasing table names and column names
● A column alias gives a new name to the existing column in the final result set
● A table alias gives a new name to the existing table
SELECT ci.Name AS city_name, -- alias column name as city_name
ci.District AS city_district -- alias column district as city_district
FROM city AS ci; -- alias table city as ci

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 WHERE
● MySQL allows you to use the WHERE clause to add filter conditions, including:
Condition type Syntax
Logical condition OR, AND, NOT
Equality or matching condition =
Comparison condition <, <=, >, >=, <>, !=
Range condition BETWEEN & AND
Membership condition IN
Null condition IS NULL; IS NOT NULL;

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 WHERE
-- Select all data from 'countrylanguage' table where the language is official to the country and
-- the percentage spoken is greater than 70%.
SELECT * FROM countrylanguage -- table name
WHERE -- WHERE clause to filter
IsOfficial = 'T' -- equality condition '='
AND -- logical condition 'AND'
Percentage > 70; -- comparison condition '>'

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 WHERE
-- Select name and population of the cities -- Select all the data from countrylanguage of
where population is between 180000 and 190000. three countries USA, Australia, and India.
SELECT Name, Population FROM city SELECT * FROM countrylanguage
WHERE population BETWEEN 180000 AND 190000; WHERE CountryCode IN ('USA', 'AUS', 'IND');

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 ORDER BY
● Use ORDER BY to arrange data in ● Use ORDER BY to arrange data in
ascending order (default) descending order
-- Select all data from the 'city' table order -- Select all data from the 'city' table order
by population in ascending order. by population in descending order.
SELECT * FROM city SELECT * FROM city
ORDER BY Population; ORDER BY Population
DESC;

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 A note on NULL
● NULL values are appropriate:
- when values are not available or applicable
- when values are not yet known, but will be added later
- when values are undefined
● To test whether an expression is null, use IS NULL or IS NOT NULL operators

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 NULL
-- Select Name and IndepYear from country -- Select Name and IndepYear from country
-- where IndepYear is null. -- where IndepYear is not null.
SELECT Name, IndepYear FROM country SELECT Name, IndepYear FROM country
WHERE IndepYear IS NULL; WHERE IndepYear IS NOT NULL;

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 Knowledge check 2

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 Exercise 2

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 Module completion checklist
Objective Complete
Execute SQL DDL commands ✔
Query and filter data ✔

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 Next steps
In the next session you will:
● query datasets and perform data
manipulation using SQL commands
● learn to implement join and set operations

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 This completes our module
Congratulations!

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