Module 1
Module 1
Data Communication
• Before exchanging information, the creator and
user of the data should be agree how the
information should be presented?
• An information that is presented in such a form is
called data.
• Data communication can be defined as the
exchange of data between source and
destination.
Characteristics of Data communication
• Sharing information
• Increase the speed of
communication
• To reduce cost
• To improve security
• To provide access to remote
location
• To facilitate centralized
management of recourses, data,
Software
Types of
Networking
Devices
• Hub
• Switch
• Router
• Repeater
• Bridge
• Gateway
Hub is a networking device which is used to connect
multiple network hosts.
Active Hub
Types of Hub
Passive Hub
Switch
• Like a hub, a switch also works at
the layer of LAN (Local Area
Network) but you can say that a
switch is more intelligent than a
hub.
• While hub just does the work of
data forwarding, a switch does
'filter and forwarding' which is
a more intelligent way of
dealing with the data packets.
Router
• A router is a device like a switch that
routes data packets based on their
IP addresses.
• Router is mainly a Network Layer device.
Routers normally connect LANs and WANs
together and have a dynamically updating
routing table based on which they make
decisions on routing the data packets.
Repeater
• Job of repeater is to regenerate the signal
over the same network before the signal
becomes too weak or corrupted so as to
extend the length to which the signal can
be transmitted over the same network.
• An important point to be noted about
repeaters is that they do not amplify the
signal.
A gateway, as the name
They basically work as the
suggests, is a passage to
messenger agents that take
connect two networks
data from one system,
together that may work
interpret it, and transfer it to
upon different networking
another system.
models.
A Metropolitan area
network is a network that Government agencies use In MAN various LANs are
covers larger geographic MAN to connect to the connected to each other
area by interconnecting citizens and private through the telephone
different LAN to from a industries. exchange line.
larger network.
Wide Area Network
• A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as
states or countries.
• A WAN is quite bigger network than the LAN network.
• A WAN is not limited to single location, but it spans over a large geographical area
through telephone lines, fibre optics cable or satellite links.
• The internet is a biggest WAN in the world.
Topology
Scalability: When network gets large, new problem arises. Thus scalability is
important so that network can continue to work well when it gets large.
Routing: When there are multiple paths between source and destination, only one
route must be chosen. This decision is made on the basis of several routing
algorithms, which chooses optimized route to the destination.
It needs authentication of the destination node It transfers the data message without
2 before transferring data. authenticating
destination.
This connection does not ensure
3 This is a more reliable connection reliability on packet
transmission.
The handshaking is carried out to ensure both There is no handshaking happens while
4 sender and receiver agree with this connection. sending a packet over the network.
Connectionless and Connection oriented
services
Sr. Connection oriented Connectionless
No.
5 It is faster than
It is slower than the connectionless service.
connection-oriented protocol service.
6 Sending packet in connection-oriented service requires
It has less overhead and smaller packet
more parameters in the header.
header size.
7 Route is finalized and decided at the time of
handshaking before sending the actual packet. The route is not finalized
8 Not necessary all the packets
transmitting between sender and
All the packets between sender and destination receiver follows the same path.
follows the same path.
9 UDP is connectionless protocol.
TCP is connection-oriented protocol.
Layers, protocols, and
interfaces.
Protocol
Hierarchies
(1)
Protocol Hierarchies (2)
Example information flow supporting virtual
communication in layer 5.
Layers of OSI Model
OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed by
ISO – ‘International Organization of Standardization‘, in the year 1984.
All these 7 layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from one
person to another across the globe.
Layers of OSI Model
The OSI Reference Model
The lowest layer of the OSI reference model
is the physical layer. It is responsible for the
actual physical connection between the
devices.
Physical • Bit rate control: The Physical layer also defines the
transmission rate i.e. the number of bits sent per
second.
The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is error-free from
one node to another, over the physical layer. When a packet arrives in a
Data link
network, it is the responsibility of DLL to transmit it to the Host using
its MAC address. Data Link Layer is divided into two sub
layers :
Session Session establishment, maintenance and termination: The layer allows the
two processes to establish, use and terminate a connection.
Layer Synchronization : This layer allows a process to add checkpoints which are
considered as synchronization points into the data. These synchronization
point help to identify the error so that the data is re-synchronized properly,
and ends of the messages are not cut prematurely and data loss is avoided.
Layer Encryption/ Decryption : Data encryption translates the data into another
form or code. The encrypted data is known as the cipher text and the
decrypted data is known as plain text. A key value is used for encrypting as
well as decrypting data.
The
TCP/IP Internet layer
Reference
Model Transport layer
The Model
Used in this
course
This layer corresponds to the combination of Data Link
Layer and Physical Layer of the OSI model.
Network delivering packets from the source host to the destination host
by looking at the IP addresses in the packet headers.
Transport Layer
Application Layer
• This layer performs the functions of top three layers of the OSI model: Application,
Presentation and Session Layer. It is responsible for node-to-node communication and
controls user-interface specifications. Protocols other than those present in the linked
article are :
• HTTP and HTTPS – HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol. It is used by the
World Wide Web to manage communications between web browsers and servers.
HTTPS stands for HTTP-Secure. It is a combination of HTTP with SSL(Secure Socket
Layer). It is efficient in cases where the browser need to fill out forms, sign in,
authenticate and carry out bank transactions.
• SSH – SSH stands for Secure Shell. It is a terminal emulations software similar to
Telnet. The reason SSH is more preferred is because of its ability to maintain the
encrypted connection. It sets up a secure session over a TCP/IP connection.
Difference between OSI and TCP/IP
OSI Model TCP/IP Model
It stands for Open System Interconnection. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol.
OSI model has been developed by ISO (International It was developed by ARPANET (Advanced Research Project
Organization for Standardization). Agency Network).
It is an independent standard and generic protocol It consists of standard protocols that lead to the
used as a communication gateway between the development of an internet. It is a communication protocol
network and the end user. that provides the connection among the hosts.
In the OSI model, the transport layer provides a The transport layer does not provide the surety for the
guarantee for the delivery of the packets. delivery of packets. But still, we can say that it is a reliable
model.
This model is based on a vertical approach. This model is based on a horizontal approach.
In this model, the session and presentation layers are In this model, the session and presentation layer are not
separated, i.e., both the layers are different. different layers. Both layers are included in the application
layer.
Difference between OSI and TCP/IP
It is also known as a reference model through which It is an implemented model of an OSI model.
various networks are built. For example, the TCP/IP model
is built from the OSI model. It is also referred to as a
guidance tool.
In this model, the network layer provides both connection- The network layer provides only connectionless service.
oriented and connectionless service.
Protocols in the OSI model are hidden and can be easily In this model, the protocol cannot be easily replaced.
replaced when the technology changes.
OSI model defines the services, protocols, and interfaces as In the TCP/IP model, services, protocols, and interfaces are
well as provides a proper distinction between them. It is not properly separated. It is protocol dependent.
protocol independent.
The usage of this model is very low. This model is highly used.
It provides standardization to the devices like router, It does not provide the standardization to the devices. It
motherboard, switches, and other hardware devices. provides a connection between various computers.
Circuit switching and Packet switching
Circuit Switching Packet Switching
In circuit switching there are 3 phases:
i) Connection Establishment. In Packet switching directly data
ii) Data Transfer. transfer takes place .
iii) Connection Released.
In Packet switching, each data unit just
In circuit switching, each data unit
know the final destination address
know the entire path address which is
intermediate path is decided by the
provided by the source.
routers.
In Packet switching, data is processed
In Circuit switching, data is processed
at all intermediate node including
at source system only
source system.
Delay between data units in circuit Delay between data units in packet
switching is uniform. switching is not uniform.
Resource reservation is the feature of There is no resource reservation
circuit switching because path is fixed because bandwidth is shared among
for data transmission. users.
Circuit switching and Packet switching
Circuit Switching Packet Switching
Circuit switching is more reliable. Packet switching is less reliable.
Wastage of resources are more in Less wastage of resources as compared
Circuit Switching to Circuit Switching
It is not a store and forward technique. It is a store and forward technique.
Transmission of the data is done not
Transmission of the data is done by the
only by the source, but also by the
source.
intermediate routers.
Circuit switching is not convenient for Packet switching is suitable for
handling bilateral traffic. handling bilateral traffic.