Computer Networks Lab

Course Code: CSE 1006

Prepared By:
Kh. Mustafizur Rahman
Lecturer,
Dept. Of CSE
World University Of Bangladesh.
Cell: 01787689981
Email: m.rahman@cse.wub.edu.bd
 Computer Networks Lab
• Teaching & Learning Methods:
 Lab manual, discussion and assignments are
designed to achieve the course objectives.
 Students are expected to read the Cisco Packet
Tracer (Network Simulation Tool) manual in
detail and to participate in lab work.
• Course Outcomes:
 Student will become familiar with the network
simulator Packet Tracer.
 Student will have the ability to create straight-
through and cross over cables.
 Computer Network
• Computer Network:
A system of interconnected computers and
computerized peripherals such as printers is called
computer network. This interconnection among
computers facilitates information sharing among
them. Computers may connect to each other by
either wired or wireless media.
Classification of Computer Networks

• Classification of Computer Networks

Computer networks are classified based on
various factors. They include:
– Geographical span
– Inter-connectivity
– Administration
– Architecture
 Classification of Computer Networks
• Network Applications
Computer systems and peripherals are connected to form a network.
They provide numerous advantages:
– Resource sharing such as printers and storage devices
– Exchange of information by means of e-Mails and FTP
– Information sharing by using Web or Internet
– Interaction with other users using dynamic web pages
– IP phones
– Video conferences
– Parallel computing
– Instant messaging
 Types of Computer Networks

Generally, networks are distinguished based on their geographical

span. A network can be as small as distance between your mobile
phone and its Bluetooth headphone and as large as the internet
itself, covering the whole geographical world.
Types of Computer Network
1. Personal Area Network
2. Local Area Network
3. Metropolitan Area Network &
4. Wide Area Network
Types of Computer Networks

• Personal Area Network

• For example, Piconet is Bluetooth-enabled Personal Area Network which may
contain up to 8 devices connected together in a master-slave fashion.
Types of Computer Networks
• Local Area Network
• LAN works under its own local domain and controlled centrally.
• LAN uses either Ethernet or Token-ring technology. Ethernet is most widely
employed LAN technology and uses Star topology, while Token-ring is rarely seen.
• LAN can be wired, wireless, or in both forms at once.
Types of Computer Networks
• Metropolitan Area Network
• The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) generally expands throughout a city such
as cable TV network. It can be in the form of Ethernet, Token-ring, ATM, or Fiber
Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).
• Metro Ethernet is a service which is provided by ISPs. This service enables its
users to expand their Local Area Networks. For example, MAN can help an
organization to connect all of its offices in a city.
Types of Computer Networks
• Wide Area Network
• the Wide Area Network (WAN) covers a wide area which may span across
provinces and even a whole country. Generally, telecommunication networks are
Wide Area Network. WANs use very expensive network equipment.
• WAN may use advanced technologies such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM), Frame Relay, and Synchronous Optical Network (SONET). WAN may be
managed by multiple administration.
 Internetwork
Defination:

• A network of networks is called an internetwork,

or simply the internet. It is the largest network in
existence on this planet. The internet hugely
connects all WANs and it can have connection to
LANs and Home networks.
• Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite and uses IP as
its addressing protocol. Present day, Internet is
widely implemented using IPv4. Because of
shortage of address spaces, it is gradually
migrating from IPv4 to IPv6.
 Network LAN Technologies

• Ethernet
• Ethernet is a widely deployed LAN technology. This
technology was invented by Bob Metcalfe and D.R. Boggs
in the year 1970. It was standardized in IEEE 802.3 in 1980.
• Ethernet shares media. Network which uses shared media
has high probability of data collision. Ethernet uses Carrier
Sense Multi Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
technology to detect collisions. On the occurrence of
collision in Ethernet, all its hosts roll back, wait for some
random amount of time, and then re-transmit the data.
 Network LAN Technologies

• Fast-Ethernet
• Fast Ethernet on fiber is defined under 100BASE-FX
standard which provides speed up to 100MBPS on fiber.
Ethernet over fiber can be extended up to 100 meters in half-
duplex mode and can reach maximum of 2000 meters in
full-duplex over multimode fibers.
• It can provide speed up to 100MBPS. This standard is
named as 100BASE-T in IEEE using Cat-5 twisted pair
cable. It uses CSMA/CD technique for wired media sharing
among the Ethernet hosts and CSMA/CA (CA stands for
Collision Avoidance) technique for wireless Ethernet LAN.
 Network LAN Technologies

• Giga-Ethernet
• After being introduced in 1995, Fast-Ethernet retained its
high speed status only for three years till Giga-Ethernet
introduced. Giga-Ethernet provides speed up to 1000
mbits/seconds.
• IEEE802.3ab standardizes Giga-Ethernet over UTP using
Cat-5, Cat- 5e and Cat-6 cables. IEEE802.3ah defines Giga-
Ethernet over Fiber.
 Network LAN Technologies
• Virtual LAN
• LAN uses Ethernet which in turn works on shared media.
Shared media in Ethernet create one single Broadcast domain
and one single Collision domain.
• Virtual LAN is a solution to divide a single Broadcast domain
into multiple Broadcast domains. Host in one VLAN cannot
speak to a host in another.
Computer Network Topologies

• Definition:

A Network Topology is the arrangement with

which computer systems or network devices are
connected to each other. Topologies may define
both physical and logical aspect of the network.
Both logical and physical topologies could be
same or different in a same network.
Computer Network Topologies
• Point-to-Point
• Point-to-point networks contains exactly two hosts such as
computer, switches, routers, or servers connected back to
back using a single piece of cable. Often, the receiving end
of one host is connected to sending end of the other and
vice versa.
Computer Network Topologies
• Bus Topology
All devices share single communication line or
cable. Bus topology may have problem while
multiple hosts sending data at the same time.
Therefore, Bus topology either uses CSMA/CD
technology or recognizes one host as Bus Master to
solve the issue. It is one of the simple forms of
networking where a failure of a device does not
affect the other devices. But failure of the shared
communication line can make all other devices stop
functioning.
Computer Network Topologies
• Bus Topology
Both ends of the shared channel have line terminator. The
data is sent in only one direction and as soon as it reaches the
extreme end, the terminator removes the data from the line.
Computer Network Topologies
• Star Topology
All hosts in Star topology are connected to a central device,
known as hub device, using a point-to-point connection. That
is, there exists a point to point connection between hosts and
hub. The hub device can be any of the following:

• Layer-1 device such as hub or repeater

• Layer-2 device such as switch or bridge
• Layer-3 device such as router or gateway
Computer Network Topologies
• Star Topology
As in Bus topology, hub acts as single point of failure. If hub
fails, connectivity of all hosts to all other hosts fails. Every
communication between hosts takes place through only the
hub. Star topology is not expensive as to connect one more
host, only one cable is required and configuration is simple.
Computer Network Topologies
• Ring Topology
In ring topology, each host machine connects to exactly two other
machines, creating a circular network structure. When one host tries
to communicate or send message to a host which is not adjacent to it,
the data travels through all intermediate hosts. To connect one more
host in the existing structure, the administrator may need only one
more extra cable. Failure of any host results in failure of the whole
ring. Thus, every connection in the ring is a point of failure. There are
methods which employ one more backup ring.
Computer Network Topologies
• Mesh Topology
In this type of topology, a host is connected to one or
multiple hosts. This topology has hosts in point-to-point
connection with every other host or may also have hosts
which are in point-to-point connection with few hosts only.
Computer Network Topologies
• Mesh Topology
Hosts in Mesh topology also work as relay for other hosts
which do not have direct point-to-point links. Mesh
technology comes into two types:
• Full Mesh: All hosts have a point-to-point connection
to every other host in the network. Thus for every new
host n(n-1)/2 connections are required. It provides the
most reliable network structure among all network
topologies.
• Partially Mesh: Not all hosts have point-to-point
connection to every other host. Hosts connect to each
other in some arbitrarily fashion. This topology exists
where we need to provide reliability to some hosts out
of all.
Computer Network Topologies
• Tree Topology
This topology imitates as extended Star topology and inherits
properties of Bus topology.
• This topology divides the network into multiple
levels/layers of network. Mainly in LANs, a network is
bifurcated into three types of network devices. The
lowermost is access-layer where computers are
attached.
• The middle layer is known as distribution layer, which
works as mediator between upper layer and lower
layer. The highest layer is known as core layer, and is
central point of the network, i.e. root of the tree from
which all nodes fork.
Computer Network Topologies
• Tree Topology
All neighboring hosts have point-to-point connection between
them. Similar to the Bus topology, if the root goes down, then the
entire network suffers even though it is not the single point of
failure. Every connection serves as point of failure, failing of
which divides the network into unreachable segment.
Computer Network Topologies
• Hybrid Topology
A network structure whose design contains more than one
topology is said to be hybrid topology. Hybrid topology
inherits merits and demerits of all the incorporating
topologies.
Computer Network Topologies
• Hybrid Topology
A network structure whose design contains more than one
topology is said to be hybrid topology. Hybrid topology
inherits merits and demerits of all the incorporating
topologies.
Lecture-1, End

Thank you