LEARNING OUTCOME:

❑UNDERSTAND HOW INTEGERS AND FRACTIONAL NUMBERS ARE REPRESENT IIN BINARY
❑EXPLORE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM AND NUMBER SYSTEMS OF OTHER
BASES (BINARY, OCTAL, HEXADECIMAL)
❑UNDERSTAND SIGNED NUMBERS AND UNSIGNED NUMBER
❑PERFORM ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS IN EVERY BASE
INTRODUCTION
• A DIGITAL SYSTEM CAN UNDERSTAND THE POSITION NUMBER SYSTEM ONLY WHERE THERE ARE A FEW SYMBOLS CALLED
DIGITS AND THESE SYMBOLS REPRESENT DIFFERENT VALUES DEPENDING ON THE POSITION THE OCCUPY IN THE NUMBER.

A VALUE OF EACH IN A NUMBER CAN BE DETERMINED USING:

❑THE DIGIT
❑THE POSITION OF THE DIGIT IN THE NUMBER
❑THE BASE OF THE NUMBER SYSTEM (WHERE BASE IS DEFINES AS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF DIGITS AVAILABLE IN THE
NUMBER SYSTEM)
 NUMBER SYSTEM

A NUMBER SYSTEM IS DEFINED AS THE REPRESENTATION OF NUMBERS BY USING DIGITS OR OTHER

SYMBOLS IN A CONSISTENT MANNER. THE VALUE OF ANY DIGIT IN A NUMBER CAN BE DETERMINED BY A
DIGIT, ITS POSITION IN THE NUMBER, AND THE BASE OF THE NUMBER SYSTEM. THE NUMBERS ARE
REPRESENTED IN A UNIQUE MANNER AND ALLOW US TO OPERATE ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS LIKE ADDITION,
SUBTRACTION, AND DIVISION.
TYPES OF NUMBER SYSTEM
 BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
THE BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM USES ONLY TWO DIGITS: 0 AND
1. THE NUMBERS IN THIS SYSTEM HAVE A BASE OF 2. DIGITS 0
AND 1 ARE CALLED BITS AND 8 BITS TOGETHER MAKE A BYTE.
THE DATA IN COMPUTERS IS STORED IN TERMS OF BITS AND
BYTES. THE BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM DOES NOT DEAL WITH
OTHER NUMBERS SUCH AS 2,3,4,5 AND SO ON. FOR EXAMPLE:
100012, 1111012, 10101012 ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF
NUMBERS IN THE BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM.
 OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM
THE OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM USES EIGHT DIGITS: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6
AND 7 WITH THE BASE OF 8. THE ADVANTAGE OF THIS SYSTEM IS
THAT IT HAS LESSER DIGITS WHEN COMPARED TO SEVERAL
OTHER SYSTEMS, HENCE, THERE WOULD BE FEWER
COMPUTATIONAL ERRORS. DIGITS LIKE 8 AND 9 ARE NOT
INCLUDED IN THE OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM. JUST LIKE THE
BINARY, THE OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM IS USED IN
MINICOMPUTERS BUT WITH DIGITS FROM 0 TO 7. FOR EXAMPLE,
358, 238, AND 1418 ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF NUMBERS IN THE
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM
 DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
THE DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM USES TEN DIGITS:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 AND 9 WITH THE BASE NUMBER AS 10. THE
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM IS THE SYSTEM THAT WE
GENERALLY USE TO REPRESENT NUMBERS IN REAL LIFE. IF ANY
NUMBER IS REPRESENTED WITHOUT A BASE, IT MEANS THAT
ITS BASE IS 10. FOR EXAMPLE, 72310, 3210, AND 425710 ARE
SOME EXAMPLES OF NUMBERS IN THE DECIMAL NUMBER
SYSTEM.
 HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
THE HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM USES SIXTEEN
DIGITS/ALPHABETS: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 AND A,B,C,D,E,F WITH
THE BASE NUMBER AS 16. HERE, A-F OF THE HEXADECIMAL
SYSTEM MEANS THE NUMBERS 10-15 OF THE DECIMAL
NUMBER SYSTEM RESPECTIVELY. THIS SYSTEM IS USED IN
COMPUTERS TO REDUCE THE LARGE-SIZED STRINGS OF THE
BINARY SYSTEM. FOR EXAMPLE, 7B316, 6F16, AND 4B2A16
ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF NUMBERS IN THE HEXADECIMAL
NUMBER SYSTEM.
 CONVERSION OF NUMBER SYSTEM

A NUMBER CAN BE CONVERTED FROM ONE NUMBER SYSTEM TO ANOTHER NUMBER SYSTEM USING
NUMBER SYSTEM FORMULAS. LIKE BINARY NUMBERS CAN BE CONVERTED TO OCTAL NUMBERS AND
VICE VERSA, OCTAL NUMBERS CAN BE CONVERTED TO DECIMAL NUMBERS AND VICE VERSA, AND SO
ON. LET US SEE THE STEPS REQUIRED IN CONVERTING NUMBER SYSTEMS.
TABLE OF CONVERSION NUMBER SYSTEM
 CONVERSION OF BINARY TO DECIMAL
I. ( 1100 ) 2 = ( ? ) 10 I. ( 1100 ) 2 = ( ? ) 10

II. ( 0.101 ) 2 = ( ? ) 10 SOLUTION:

III. ( 1111.01 ) 2 = ( ? ) 10 3 2 1 0
1 1 0 0
23 22 21 20

(1100)2 = (1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0x 21 + 0 x 20)
= 23 + 22
=8 + 4
= ( 12 ) 10
CONT.
II. ( 0.101 ) 2 = ( ? ) 10 III. ( 1111.01 ) 2 = ( ? ) 10
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
3 2 1 0 . -1 -2
-1 -2 -3

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 . 0 1
2-1 2-2 2-3 23 22 21 20 . 2-1 2-2

(1100)2 = (1 x 2-1 + 0 x 2-2 + 1 x 2-3 (1100)2 = (1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 20 + 0 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2

= 2-1 + 2-3 =( 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 )+ (2-2 )
= 0.5 + 0.125 = 15 + 0.25
= ( 0.625 ) 10 = ( 15.25 ) 10
 CONVERSION OF DECIMAL TO BINARY
I. ( 12 ) 10 = ( ? ) 2 I. ( 12 ) 10 = ( ? ) 2
II. ( 0.625 ) 10 = ( ? ) 2 SOLUTION:
III. ( 15.25 ) 10 = ( ? ) 2 2 12
2 6 0
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
( 12 ) 10 = ( 1100 ) 2
CONT.
II. ( 0.625 ) 10 = ( ? ) 2 III. ( 15.25 ) 10 = ( ? ) 2
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
PART A PART B
2 0.625 = 1.25 1 2 15 2 0.25 0.50 0
2 .25 = 0.50 0 2 7 1 2 .50 1.00 1
2 .50 = 1.00 1 2 3 1 2 .00 00
2 .00 = 0.00
2 1 1
( .25 ) 10 = ( .01 ) 2
( 0.625 ) 10 = ( 0.101 ) 2 0 1
( 15 ) 10 = ( 1111 ) 2 Therefore:
( 15.25 ) 10 = ( 1111.01 ) 2
 CONVERSION OF DECIMAL TO OCTAL
I. ( 56 ) 10 = ( ? ) 8 I. ( 56 ) 10 = ( ? ) 8
II. ( 0.625 ) 10 = ( ? ) 8 SOLUTION:
III. ( 15.25 ) 10 = ( ? ) 8 8 56
8 7 0
0 7
( 56 ) 10 = ( 70 ) 8
CONT.
II. ( 0.625 ) 10 = ( ? ) 8 III. ( 15.25 ) 10 = ( ? ) 8
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
PART A PART B
8 0.625 = 5.00 5 8 15 8 0.25 =2.00 2
8 .00 = 0.00
8 1 7 8 .00 =00
0 1
( .25 ) 10 = ( .2 ) 8
( 15 ) 10 = ( 17 ) 8
( 0.625 ) 10 = ( 0.5 ) 8
Therefore:
( 15.25 ) 10 = ( 17.2 ) 8
 CONVERSION OF OCTAL TO DECIMAL
I. ( 125 ) 8 = ( ? ) 10 I. ( 125 ) 8 = ( ? ) 10

II. ( 0.45 ) 8 = ( ? ) 10 SOLUTION:

III. ( 56.35 ) 8 = ( ? ) 10 2 1 0
1 2 5
82 81 80

(125)8 = (1 x 82 + 2 x 81 + 5 x 80)
= 64 + 16 + 5
= 85
( 125 ) 8 = ( 85 ) 10
CONT.
II. ( 0.45 ) 8 = ( ? ) 10 III. (56.35) 8 = ( ? ) 10
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
1 0 . -1 -2
-1 -2

. 4 5 5 6 . 3 5
8-1 8-2 81 80 . 8-1 8-2

( 0.45 ) 8= 4 x 8-1 + 5 x 8-2 (56.35) 8 = (5 x 81 + 6 x 80 ) + ( 3 x 8-1 + 5 x 8-2 )

= 0.5 + .0781 =(40 + 6 ) + (0.375 + 0.0781 )
=( 0.5781 ) 10 = 46.4531
= ( 46.4531 ) 10
 CONVERSION OF HEXADECIMAL TO
DECIMAL
I. ( 8A ) 16 = ( ? ) 10 I. ( 8A ) 16 = ( ? ) 10

II. ( 0.7F ) 16 = ( ? ) 10 SOLUTION:

III. ( 5B.4C ) 16 = ( ? ) 10 1 0

8 A
161 160

(8A)16 = (8 x 161 + 10 x 160)

= 128 + 10
=138 10
CONT.
II. ( 0.7F ) 16 = ( ? ) 10 III. (5B.4C) 16 = ( ? ) 10
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
1 0 . -1 -2
-1 -2
5 B . 4 C
. 7 F
161 160 . 16-1 16-2
16-1 16-2

(0.7F)16 = 7 x 16-1 + 15 x 16-2 (5B.4C) 16 = (5 x 161 + 11 x 160 ) + ( 4 x 16-1 + 12 x 16-2 )

= 0.4375 + .0586 =80 + 11 + 0.25 + 0.0625
=( 0.4961 ) 10 = ( 91.2969 ) 10
 CONVERSION OF DECIMAL TO
HEXADECIMAL
I. ( 165 ) 10 = ( ? ) 16 I. ( 165 ) 10 = ( ? ) 16
II. ( 0.45 ) 10 = ( ? ) 16 SOLUTION:
III. ( 15.25) 10 = ( ? ) 16
16 165
16 10 5

e
0 10
(165)10 = A516
CONT.
II. ( 0.45 ) 10 = ( ? ) 16 III. ( 15.25 ) 10 = ( ? ) 16
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
PART A PART B
16 0.45 = 7.20 7
16 .20 = 3.20
16 15 16 0.25 4.00 4
3 0 15 16 0.00 0
16 . 20 = 3. 20
( 15 ) 10 = ( F ) 16
( .25 ) 10 = ( .4 ) 16
( 0.45 ) 10 = ( 0.73 ) 16
Therefore:
( 15.25 ) 10 = ( F.4 ) 16
CONVERSION OF HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
I. ( 2C ) 16 = ( ? ) 2
I. ( 2C ) 16 = ( ? ) 2
II. ( 0.A5 ) 16 = ( ? ) 2
SOLUTION:
III. ( 5B.3D ) 16 = ( ? ) 2
2 C

0010 1100
Therefore:
( 2C ) 16 = ( 00101100 ) 2
CONT.
II. ( 0.A5 ) 16 = ( ? ) 2
III. ( 5B.3D ) 16 = ( ? ) 2
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
5 B . 3 D
A 5

0101 1011 0011 1101

1010 0101
Therefore:
Therefore:
( 5B.3D ) 16 = ( 01011011 . 00111101 ) 2
( 0.A5 ) 16 = ( .10100101 ) 2
 CONVERSION OF OCTAL TO BINARY
I. ( 125 ) 8 = ( ? ) 2
I. ( 125 ) 8= ( ? ) 2
II. ( 0.45 ) 8 = ( ? ) 2
SOLUTION:
III. ( 56.35 ) 16 = ( ? ) 2
1 2 5

001 010 101

Therefore:
( 125 ) 8 = ( 001010101 ) 2
CONT.
II. ( 0.45 ) 8 = ( ? ) 2
III. ( 56.35 ) 8 = ( ? ) 2
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

. 4 5 5 6 . 3 5

100 101 101 110 011 101

Therefore:
Therefore:
( 56.35 ) 8 = ( 101110 . 011101 ) 2
( 0.45 ) 8 = ( .100101 ) 2
 CONVERSION OF OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL
STEP 1: ( 56.35 ) 8 = ( ? ) 16 STEP 2: ( 101110.011101 ) 2 = ( ? ) 16
I. ( 56.35 ) 8 = ( ? ) 16

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
5 6 . 3 5 0010 1110 . 0111 0100

2 14 . 7 4
101 110 011 101
Therefore: Therefore:
( 56.35 ) 8 = ( 101110.011101 ) 2 ( 56.35 ) 8 = ( 2E.74 ) 16
 CONVERSION OF BINARY TO OCTAL
I. ( 11010010 ) 2 = ( ? ) 8 I. ( 11010010 ) 2 = ( ? ) 8
SOLUTION:

011 010 010

3 2 2

Therefore:
( 11010010 ) 2 = ( 322 ) 8
CONVERSION OF HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL
I. ( 5B.4C ) 16 = ( ? ) 8 ( 01011011.01001100 ) 2 = ( ? ) 8
STEP 1 STEP 2
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
5 B . 4 C
010 101 011 . 010 011 000

2 5 3. 2 3 0
0101 1011 0100 1100
Therefore: Therefore:
( 5B.4C ) 16 = ( 01011011.01001100 ) 2 ( 5B.4C ) 16 = ( 253.230 ) 8