Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region IV-A
Sariaya, Quezon

LUTUCAN INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH

SCHOOL
SHS – TVL/ICT-Programming

PHP, ASP, HTML,

CSS, JAVASCRIPT

PROGRAMMING
(.Net Programming NC III)

Grade 12
Quarter 1 – Week 1
(First Semester)

Prepared By:

Maria Mina I. Razon

1
 ICT Teacher

Overview of the
Module

Lesson 1: Introduction to Computer

Pre-Assessment
What’s New
Types of Computer
What’s More
Basic Parts of Computer
Learning Task 1
Learning Task 2
Learning Task 3

If you have questions,

you can ask your
teacher.

2
 WEEK 1

LESSON 1
Introduction to Computer

A computer is a programmable machine designed

to perform arithmetic and logical operations automatically
and sequentially on the input given by the user and gives
the desired output after processing.
Computer components are divided into two major
categories namely hardware and software. Hardware is
the machine itself and its connected devices such as
monitor, keyboard, mouse etc. software are the set of
programs that make use of hardware for performing
various functions.

After going through this lesson, you would be able to:

 Explain the different types of computer according to speed and
computing power
 Identify the basic parts of a computer

PRE-ASSESSMENT

I. Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from the given choices.
1. Which computer is used for engineering application?
a. Minicomputer b. Mainframe c. Workstation d. Supercomputer
2. It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users
simultaneously.
a. Supercomputer b. Mainframe c. Workstation d. Minicomputer
3. Which is considered as the fastest computers?
a. Mainframe b. Minicomputer c. Workstation d. Supercomputer
4. It is a very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or
even thousands of users simultaneously.
a. Minicomputer b. Mainframe c. Workstation d. Supercomputer
5. The metal and plastic box that contains the main components of the computer.
a. Monitor b. Keyboard c. Computer Case d. Mouse

3
 No. Type Specifications

PC (Personal It is a single user computer system having moderately

1
Computer) powerful microprocessor

It is also a single user computer system, similar to

2 Workstation personal computer however has a more powerful
microprocessor.

It is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting

3 Mini Computer
hundreds of users simultaneously.

It is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting

4 Main Frame hundreds of users simultaneously. Software technology is
different from minicomputer.

It is an extremely fast computer, which can execute

5 Supercomputer
hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

II. Direction: Read carefully each statement below. Place T on the line if the statement is
TRUE. Place F if the statement is FALSE.
1. A personal computer can be defined as an inexpensive computer designed for an
individual user.
2. Most workstations also have mass storage device such as a disk drive.
3. The monitor works with a sound card, located inside the computer case, to display
images and text on the screen.
4. Newer monitors usually have CRT or cathode ray tube displays.
5. There are many different types of keyboards, but most are very similar and allow you to
accomplish the same basic tasks.

What’s New?

Types of Computer
Computers can be broadly classified by their speed and computing power.

4
PC (Personal Computer)

A PC can be defined as a small,

relatively inexpensive computer designed for an
individual user. PCs are based on the
microprocessor technology that enables
manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one
chip. Businesses use personal computers for
word processing, accounting, desktop
publishing, and for running spreadsheet and
database management applications. At home,
the most popular use for personal computers is
playing games and surfing the Internet.
Although personal computers are
designed as single-user systems, these
systems are normally linked together to form a network. In terms of power, now-a-days
high-end models of the Macintosh and PC offer the same computing power and graphics
capability as low-end workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell.

Workstation

Workstation is a computer used for

engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop
publishing, software development, and other
such types of applications which require a
moderate amount of computing power and
relatively high quality graphics capabilities.
Workstations generally come with a
large, high-resolution graphics screen, large
amount of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a
graphical user interface. Most workstations also have mass storage device such as a disk
drive, but a special type of workstation, called diskless workstation, comes without a disk
drive.
Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like PC,
workstations are also single-user computers like PC but are typically linked together to form
a local-area network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems.

Minicomputer

5
 It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users
simultaneously.

Mainframe

Mainframe is very large in size and

is an expensive computer capable of
supporting hundreds or even thousands of
users simultaneously. Mainframe executes
many programs concurrently and supports
many simultaneous execution of programs.

Supercomputer

Supercomputers are one of

the fastest computers currently
available. Supercomputers are very
expensive and are employed for
specialized applications that require
immense amount of mathematical
calculations (number crunching).
For example, weather forecasting,
scientific simulations, (animated) graphics,
fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy
research, electronic design, and analysis of
geological data (e.g. in petrochemical
prospecting).

What’s More?

Basic Parts of a Computer

6
 The basic parts of a desktop computer are the computer
case, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and power cord. Each part plays an important
role whenever you use a computer.

Computer case

The computer case is the metal and plastic box

that contains the main components of the computer, including the
motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), and power supply. The
front of the case usually has an On/Off button and one or
more optical drives.

Computer cases come in different shapes and sizes. A desktop case lies flat on a
desk, and the monitor usually sits on top of it. A tower case is tall and sits next to the
monitor or on the floor. All-in-one computers come with the internal components built into
the monitor, which eliminates the need for a separate case.

Monitor

The monitor works with a video card, located inside

the computer case, to display images and text on the
screen. Most monitors have control buttons that allow you
to change your monitor's display settings, and some
monitors also have built-in speakers.

Newer monitors usually have LCD (liquid crystal

display) or LED (light-emitting diode) displays. These can be made very thin, and they are
often called flat-panel displays. Older monitors use CRT (cathode ray tube) displays. CRT
monitors are much larger and heavier, and they take up more desk space.

Keyboard

The keyboard is one of the main ways to communicate with a computer. There are
many different types of keyboards, but most are very similar and allow you to accomplish
the same basic tasks.

7
 Keyboard

Mouse

The mouse is another important tool for

communicating with computers. Commonly known
as a pointing device, it lets you point to objects on
the screen, click on them, and move them.

There are two main mouse types: optical and

mechanical. The optical mouse uses an electronic
eye to detect movement and is easier to clean. The mechanical mouse uses a rolling ball to
detect movement and requires regular cleaning to work properly.

Mouse alternatives

There are other devices that can do the same thing as a mouse. Many people find them
easier to use, and they also require less desk space than a traditional mouse. The most
common mouse alternatives are below.

 Trackball: A trackball has a ball that can

rotate freely. Instead of moving the device like
a mouse, you can roll the ball with your thumb
to move the pointer.

 Touchpad: A touchpad—also called

a trackpad—is a touch-sensitive pad that
lets you control the pointer by making a
drawing motion with your finger. Touchpads
are common on laptop computers.

Learning Task 1

8
 Where can we use computer? Write it down using the space provided below and
try to explain each.

Learning Task 2

Write down the basic parts of a computer and give its functions. Use the space
below.

Learning Task 3

Explain the difference of hardware from software and give examples for each.

9
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-A
Sariaya, Quezon

LUTUCAN INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SHS – TVL/ICT-Programming

PHP, ASP, HTML,

CSS, JAVASCRIPT

PROGRAMMING
(.Net Programming NC III)
Grade 12
Quarter 1 – Week 2
(First Semester)

Prepared By:

Maria Mina I. Razon

ICT Teacher

10
 Content
LESSON 2 Overview
What is an Operating System?
An Operating system (OS) is a software which
acts as an interface between the end user and
computer hardware. Every computer must have at
least one OS to run other programs. An application
like Chrome, MS Word, Games, etc needs some
environment in which it will run and perform its task.
The OS helps you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the
computer's language. It is not possible for the user to use any computer or mobile device
without having an
Lesson 2: operating
What issystem.
an Operating System?
Pre-Assessment
After going through this lesson, you would be able to:
What’s More
 Define what is an Operating System (OS)
 Discuss the features of an operating system
Features of an Operating System
 Explain the functions of an operating system
Functions of an
 Enumerate OS
the different types of operating system
 Differentiate 32-bit from 64-bit operating system
What’s New the advantages and disadvantages of using an operating system
 Understand
Types of Operating System
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Difference between 32-bit OS from 64-bit OS
Advantages and Disadvantages of using an OS
I. Matching Type. Match Column A with Column B.
Learning Task 1
Column
Learning TaskA2 Column B
1. helps OS to create and delete a. File Management
processes

2. Performs the task of allocation b. Process Management

and de-allocation of memory
space to programs in need of this
If you have questions,
resources
you can ask your
teacher.
3. It manages all the file-related c. Memory Management
activities such as organization
storage, retrieval, naming,

11
 sharing, and protection of files

4. Keeping track of time and d. Security

resource used by various job and
users

5. Protects the data and information e. Job Accounting

of a computer system against
malware threat and authorized
access

I. Fill in the table. Complete the table by

Parameters 32-bit 64-bit

Architecture and Software 1. 2.
Compatibility 3. 4.
Systems Available 5. 6.
Memory Limits 7. 8.

What’s More?

Features of Operating System

Here is a list commonly found important features of an Operating System:

 Protected and supervisor mode

 Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking Security
 Program Execution
 Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking
 Handling I/O operations
 Manipulation of the file system
 Error Detection and handling
 Resource allocation
 Information and Resource Protection

Functions of an Operating System

12
 Function of an Operating System

In an operating system software performs each of the function:

1. Process management:- Process management helps OS to create and delete
processes. It also provides mechanisms for synchronization and communication
among processes.
2. Memory management:- Memory management module performs the task of
allocation and de-allocation of memory space to programs in need of this resources.
3. File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such as organization
storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.
4. Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices. This module
also responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller. It also performs the task
of allocation and de-allocation of the devices.
5. I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the
peculiarities of that hardware devices from the user.
6. Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage which
includes primary storage, secondary storage, and cache storage. Instructions and
data must be stored in primary storage or cache so that a running program can
reference it.
7. Security:- Security module protects the data and information of a computer system
against malware threat and authorized access.
8. Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by the and
acting system resources to process that commands.
9. Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do not share
memory, hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate with one
another through the network.
10. Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and users.
11. Communication management: Coordination and assignment of compilers,
interpreters, and another software resource of the various users of the computer
systems.

What’s New?

Types of Operating system

 Batch Operating System
 Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
 Multiprocessing OS
 Real Time OS
 Distributed OS
 Network OS
 Mobile OS

Batch Operating System

Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-consuming. To speed the same
process, a job with a similar type of needs are batched together and run as a group.

13
 The user of a batch operating system never directly interacts with the computer. In this
type of OS, every user prepares his or her job on an offline device like a punch card and
submit it to the computer operator.

Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems

Time-sharing operating system enables people located at a different terminal(shell) to

use a single computer system at the same time. The processor time (CPU) which is shared
among multiple users is termed as time sharing.

Real time OS

A real time operating system time interval to process and respond to inputs is very
small. Examples: Military Software Systems, Space Software Systems.

Distributed Operating System

Distributed systems use many processors located in different machines to provide very
fast computation to its users.

Network Operating System

Network Operating System runs on a server. It provides the capability to serve to

manage data, user, groups, security, application, and other networking functions.

Mobile OS

Mobile operating systems are those OS which is especially that are designed to power
smartphones, tablets, and wearables devices.

Some most famous mobile operating systems are Android and iOS, but others include
BlackBerry, Web, and watchOS.

Difference between 32-Bit vs. 64 Bit Operating System

Parameters 32. Bit 64. Bit

Architecture Allow 32 bit of data processing Allow 64 bit of data
and Software simultaneously processing simultaneously
Compatibility 32-bit applications require 32-bit 64-bit applications require a
OS and CPUs. 64-bit OS and CPU.
Systems All versions of Windows 8, Windows XP Professional,
Available Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Vista, 7, Mac OS X and Linux.
Windows XP, Linux, etc.
Memory Limits 32-bit systems are limited to 3.2 64-bit systems allow a
GB of RAM. maximum 17 Billion GB of
RAM.

The advantage of using Operating System

 Allows you to hide details of hardware by creating an abstraction

 Easy to use with a GUI

14
 Offers an environment in which a user may execute programs/applications
 The operating system must make sure that the computer system convenient to use
 Operating System acts as an intermediary among applications and the hardware
components
 It provides the computer system resources with easy to use format
 Acts as an intermediator between all hardware's and software's of the system

Disadvantages of using Operating System

 If any issue occurs in OS, you may lose all the contents which have been stored in
your system
 Operating system's software is quite expensive for small size organization which
adds burden on them. Example Windows
 It is never entirely secure as a threat can occur at any time

Learning Task 1

Briefly explain the importance of an operating system to a computer system.

Learning Task 2

Discuss the functions of an operating system.

15
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-A
Sariaya, Quezon

LUTUCAN INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SHS – TVL/ICT-Programming

PHP, ASP, HTML,

CSS, JAVASCRIPT

PROGRAMMING
(.Net Programming NC III)
Grade 12
Quarter 1 – Week 3
(First Semester)

Prepared By:

Maria Mina I. Razon

ICT Teacher

16
 Overview of the
LESSON 3
Module
Storage devices
A storage device is any type of computing
hardware that is used for storing, porting or
extracting data files and objects. Storage devices
can hold and store information both temporarily and
permanently. They may be internal or external to a
computer, server or computing device.

One gigabyte (GB) is equal to 1 024 megabytes

(MB), and one terabyte (TB) is equal to 1 024 GB.
Lesson 3: Storage Devices
After going through this lesson, you would be able to:
Pre-Assessment
 Know and understand the brief history of storage device
What’s Newthe difference between primary storage from secondary storage
 Describe
 Discuss the of
different backup media devices
Brief History Storage Devices
 Understand the difference between backing up from archiving data
Types of Storage Devices
PRE-ASSESSMENT
What’s More
Storage Media for Backup
I. Multiple choice.
1. WhichLearning Taskcannot
of the following 1 be used to back up files?
Learning
A.External HDDTask 2
B.USB drive
C.Optical disc
D.RAM
2. Which of the following is the most expensive storage?
A.RAM
B.HDD If you have questions,
C.SSD you can ask your
D.iCloud teacher.
3. Which of the following is secondary storage?
A.RAM

17
 B.CPU
C.HDD
D.ROM

II.Match Column B with Column A:

What’s More?

Brief History of Storage Devices

Early storage devices were primitive mechanical systems based on items like
punch cards and later, magnetic tape. They presented binary through physical
media.
These became largely obsolete when other digital media was created. First,
there were floppy disks and diskettes, then there were compact discs that could hold
large amounts of binary in digital formats.
At the same time, computers and other devices continued to be made with
primary hard drives, where a traditional platter is read by an arm in order to read and
write data.
Eventually, a new option emerged called the solid-state drive or SSD.

There are two different types of storage devices:

PRIMARY STORAGE

18
 Primary storage is also called the main or internal memory of the computer. This
storage is accessed directly by the CPU and is where the main instructions for the
computer’s operations are stored. The CPU can access these instructions and execute them
as they are needed.

Primary storage is most often the RAM and the ROM, which will be discussed later in
this chapter. The main function of the primary storage devices is to hold data for a short
period of time while the computer is running and power is going to the devices. This data is
removed once the power is stopped (like when the computer is shut down).

Generally smaller in size, primary storage devices are designed to hold data
temporarily and are internal to the computer. They have the fastest data access speed.
These types of devices include RAM and cache memory.

SECONDARY STORAGE
Secondary storage is also called external, secondary or auxiliary memory. This type
of storage holds data for the long term. Data stored on secondary storage devices can only
be removed by deleting it. Secondary memory is where the operating system, hardware
drivers and data created by the user is kept and stored permanently.

This means that, in the case of power failures, secondary storage will preserve the
information that is saved to it, even if the power to the computer is lost, while the data on the
primary storage devices will be lost.

The most common example of secondary storage is the hard drive inside a
computer. Other examples include solid-state drives (SSDs), USB flash drives and secure
digital (SD) cards.

Secondary storage devices usually have larger storage capacity, and they store data
permanently. They can be either internal or external to the computer. These types of devices
include the hard disk, the optical disk drive and USB storage device.

Table 3.1: Comparison: Memory versus storage

19
 What’s New?

STORAGE MEDIA FOR BACKUP

One purpose of storage devices is to back up or archive your important data. In the
business world, there is a need to store data permanently and in a way that does not get
destroyed, corrupted or damaged easily. Different types of storage media can be used for
backing up or archiving.

Backups are records of important information that is used often. Backups are kept for
a relatively short period of time. 

BACKUP DEVICES
Backup refers to the process of making copies of data or data files to use in the
event the original data or data files are lost or destroyed or storing the copies in a different
place from where you keep your computer.

The most popular backup media to use are:

 External hard drives (HDD): These are quite fast and generally reliable. However, if
an external hard drive is used often, the mechanical stress can shorten its lifespan.
External hard drives are fragile.
 External SSDs: SSDs have no moving parts. SSDs are more expensive that hard
drives and the storage space is limited due to the cost (the more space you get, the more
expensive the SSD becomes).
 USB flash drives: USB flash drives are cheap and relatively easy to use. There are
no moving parts, so they are an excellent way to move data around. However, they can be
slow and unreliable.
 Tapes: Tape backup is copying data from a primary storage device to a tape
cartridge so the data can be recovered if there is a hard disk crash or failure. Tape

20
 backups can be done manually or be programmed to happen automatically with
appropriate software.
 CDs and DVDs: CDs and DVDs are still occasionally used but writing a CD or DVD
is much slower and less convenient than using other media. They have a lower capacity
than most flash drives and much lower capacity than portable hard drives.
 Online storage/backup services: Online data storage is virtually unlimited in size.
This means that there is plenty of space for you to back up your entire hard drive,
including all of your purchased programs, music, photos, and files. Saving to the cloud
means that you are saving to hard drives in a remote location. You must keep your
username and password safe in order to protect your data because if someone knows (or
even guesses) your credentials, it may result in loss of data.

Archiving, on the other hand, is the long-term storage of information that will be used
in future. Archived data is data that is not actively used and is original data that has been
removed from its original location. There are several different storage media that can be
used for archiving.

Magnetic tape has a very large storage capacity (up to 180 TB), but can be
destroyed very easily and the data can be lost.

Online storage is an option and online storage providers (such as Amazon AWS)
have relatively inexpensive packages available for storage and archiving.

The data stored in a backup is a copy of the current and active operational data in
use by a business. This includes files which are currently being accessed and changed on a
regular basis. The files stored on an archive are generally no longer in use, not changing
frequently and not required on a regular basis.

Learning Task 1

Write True or False next to the question number. Correct the statement if it is
FALSE. Change the underlined word(s) to make the statement TRUE. (You may not simply
use the word NOT to change the statement.)

1. Primary storage is accessed by the motherboard.

2. Magnetic tape has a very large storage capacity but can be easily destroyed and the
data can be lost.
3. Online storage has limited space and you must pay to get more space.
4. The main purpose of primary storage is to store data for a long period of time.

21
5. Archiving is the short-term storage of information.

Learning Task 2

Answer the following:

1. What is the main purpose of primary storage?
2. Briefly describe the difference between primary and secondary storage.
3. What is the difference between backing up and archiving data?
4. What storage devices would you recommend to someone who needs to store data on
a server and someone who wants to store copies of their digital photographs?

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region IV-A
Sariaya, Quezon

LUTUCAN INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH

SCHOOL
SHS – TVL/ICT-Programming

PHP, ASP, HTML,

CSS, JAVASCRIPT

PROGRAMMING
22
 (.Net Programming NC III)
Grade 12
Quarter 1 – Week 4
(First Semester)

Prepared By:

Maria Mina I. Razon

ICT Teacher

Overview of the
LESSON 4 Module
Basic Programming Concepts

Programming is the art and science of creating

programs. It is a problem – solving activity that involves
planning and designing a solution for a particular problem
and then writing the solution in code using a programming
language.
Computer programming is the process of designing
and building an executable computer program for
accomplishing and building an executable computer program for accomplishing a specific
computing task. Programming involves tasks such as analysis, generating algorithms,
profiling algorithms accuracy and resource consumption, and the implementation of
algorithms in a chosen programming language (commonly referred to as coding). The
source code of a 4:
Lesson program
BasicisProgramming
written in one or Concepts
more languages that are intelligible to
programmers, rather than machine code, which is directly executed by the central
Pre-Assessment
processing unit. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will
automate the performance of a task (which can be as complex as an operating system) on a
computer,What’s New
often for solving a given problem. The process of programming thus often
requires What
expertise
is ain computer
several different subjects, including knowledge of the application
program?
domain, specialized algorithms, and formal logic.
Most Popular Type of Programmer
After going through this lesson, you would be able to:
The Program Development Process
 Recognize the basics of computer programming
 Describe
What’s Morethe differences between programming languages
Classifications of Programming Languages
23
Classifications of Program Bugs
Learning Task 1
Learning Task 2
 If you have questions,
 Understand theyoubasic
can ask your
concepts of object-oriented programming and its
advantages teacher.
 Categorize the different types of programming languages
 Describe and compare textual programming output and object-oriented
programming output

PRE-ASSESSMENT

I. TRUE or FALSE. Write True if the statement is correct, otherwise FALSE.

1. If you want your computer to do exactly what you want it to do, you must write a
program.
2. Errors, or bugs, often appear in programs because of the details needed for even the
simplest of programs.
3. A programmer is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do.
4. There are six stages in the program development process.
5. The coding stage is where the actual program or the source code is written using the
commands and statements of a particular programming language.
What is a computer program?

What’s More? A computer program is a set of instructions that

tells the computer exactly what to do. Programs are
designed to performed specific tasks. These
programs are written by programmers - who write and debug programs. The programmer
designs the program, decides which of the programs or set of instructions to use and tests
the program to see if it is working as designed.

Most Popular Types of a Programmer

Programmer Description Example

The system
programmer installs,  CAD Engineer
customizes, and maintains the  System Engineers
System Programmers
operating system, and also
installs or upgrades products  DevOps Developer
that run on the system.  Software Developer

Web Programmers A web developer is  Frontend Developer

a programmer who engaged
 Backend Developer
in, the development of World
WideWeb applications, or  Full stack web

24
 applications that are run over
HTTP, CSS OR HTML from
developer
a web server to
a web browser.
A game programmer is a
programmer who develops  Game Designer
codebases for video games or
related software, such  Audio Engineer
Game Programmers as game development  Lead-
tools. Game programming has Programmer(Games)
many specialized disciplines,
all of which fall under the   Animators(Games)
“game programmer”.
The application programmer is
a programmer who is
responsible for designing and  SDE1
Application testing program logic, coding
 SDE2
Programmers programs, program
documentation and  Software Engineer
preparation of programs for
computer operations.

The Program Development Process

1. Planning
First identify the problem. Once you have an idea, or if someone comes to
you with the idea or a need for a program, spend some time thinking through the
major components and parts of the program. Decide the overall goals of the program.
Will the program produce reports? Will the program calculate values?
One must determine the problems that needs to be addressed, plan for
solutions and analyze how these solutions can solve the problem. This will help you
in determining the program’s goals and the inputs and outputs required.

2. Coding
This is the second stage, writing the source code. You can use a program
development tool such as Visual Basic to write the program. It is the most tedious
part of the programming stage. The source code is the actual programming
instructions that the computer follows. You will spend most of your programming time
working on the source code. Just remember that before you start coding, you should
have planned properly what the program is for and what it should do.

25
 3. Testing and Debugging
Errors called bugs, often appear in programs because of the details and
syntax needed for even the simplest of programs. Therefore, one must test the
program thoroughly and fix the errors. Fixing errors is called debugging. Once all the
errors are out of the program, one has a finished application.

4. Documentation
When the program is finished and thoroughly tested, documentation is
included for its distribution. Documentation includes the necessary information about
the profile and requirements of the program the hardware requirements and
operating system needed to run the program. It also contains technical information
such as where and who created the program, who to contact with, and what are the
instructions in the use and maintenance of the program.

5. Maintenance
The final state in programming is the maintenance or updating of the
program. This is the stage where the programmer is tasked to keep the program
running smoothly and updated with the developments and changes in the field where
it is used.

What’s New?

Classifications of Programming Languages

Programming languages can be viewed or classified by their level. There are four
distinct levels of programming languages.

1. Declarative language – the most English-like programming language in its most

expressive power and functionality. This is the highest level of language compared to
its counterparts and focuses more on Object -Oriented Programming. (Ex. Visual
Basic, Delphi, Visual C++ , PROLOG, Smalltalk)
2. High -level language – until the outbreak of object-oriented programming, this has
been the most widely used level of programming language. It is easier to understand
because it uses English commands to carry out instructions. (Ex. BASIC, COBOL,
Pascal, FORTRAN).

26
 3. Assembly Language - a type of low – level language that allows the programmer to
interact directly with the hardware. This language requires the user to have an
extensive knowledge of computer architecture. Programs written in this language
needs to be translated by the programmer into machine language using a tool called
an assembler.
4. Machine Language - this is the only language that a computer can understand.
Otherwise, known as machine code, machine language is the result of the
compilation of other higher - level languages such as Pascal or C.

Classifications of Program Bugs

1. Syntax Error – refers to the error in spelling and grammar of the particular
programming language.
2. Logic Error – syntactically correct but still produces incorrect results.

Errors that may occur unnoticed by the programmer. These errors are
sometimes caused by wrong formulas and miscalculations.

Learning Task 1

Write True or False next to the question number. Correct the statement if it is
FALSE. Change the underlined word(s) to make the statement TRUE. (You may not simply
use the word NOT to change the statement.)

1. A computer does nothing more than blindly follow instructions supplied by a

programmer, it cannot think for itself.
2. A computer programmer is a set of instructions that tells the computer exactly what to
do.
3. When the program is finished and thoroughly tested, documentation is included for its
distribution.
4. The system programmer is a programmer who engaged in the development of World
Wide Web applications or applications that are run over HTTP, CSS or HTML from a
web server to a web browser.
5. A game programmer installs, customizes, and maintains the operating system, and
also installs or upgrades products that run on the system.

27
 Learning Task 2

Answer the following:

1. What is the result if you attempt to use a computer that has no running program?

2. What is the advantage of writing your own programs?

3. List down the 5 steps of the Program Development Process. Define each stage

briefly.

4. What are the classifications of programming languages according to its level? Define

each.

5. What does OOP stand for?

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region IV-A
Sariaya, Quezon

LUTUCAN INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH

SCHOOL
SHS – TVL/ICT-Programming

PHP, ASP, HTML,

CSS, JAVASCRIPT

28
 PROGRAMMING
(.Net Programming NC III)
Grade 12
Quarter 1 – Week 5
(First Semester)

Prepared By:

Maria Mina I. Razon

ICT Teacher

Overview of the
LESSON 5
Module
A Brief History of HTML

HTML is the most popular and most frequently used

language for developing Web sites. It is the language with
which the Web speaks. Invented in 1990 by Tim Berners-
Lee, HTML has developed into several versions over the
course of just a few years, and has enabled the flow of
information all over the world.
The base set of HTML tags is referred to as HTML
2.0. It is the old standard first established by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and all
browsers must support these tags. In 1996, HTML was updated to version 3.2, followed by
HTML 4.0 the following year. HTML 4.0 provided greater control over content flow, and
integrated the use of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and Dynamic HTML (DHTML).
Lesson 5: A Brief History of HTML
HTML makes it possible to support a non-linear manner for content, such as text,
images, Pre-Assessment
and links, to be accessed and presented.

What’s New
Cascading Style Sheet
Overview of (CSS)
HTML – refers to the language used to create a standard style for
HTML elements.
Basic Features of HTML
Dynamic HTML (DHTML) – a collection of programs, scripts, and styles that are combined
with HTML to create
What’s interactive and more functional Web sites.
More
Most Popular Editing Software
Most Popular Web Browsers
29
Learning Task 1
Learning Task 2
 After going through this lesson, you would be able to:
If you have questions,
 Know what is you
thecan ask popular
most your and most frequently used language for
teacher.
developing web sites
 Identify the basic features of HTML
 Enumerate the most popular HTML Editing Software and Web Browsers

PRE-ASSESSMENT

I. Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from the given choices.
1. It is the text that points to other pages and objects on the Web.
a. Markup b. Hypertext c. Language d. Standard
2. Which is the most popular Web development applications in the industry, particularly
among designers and end-users who code heavily?
b. UltraEdit b. Notepad c. Adobe Dreamweaver d. Notepad
3. Which browser is an open-source and uses the decommissioned Netscape Navigator as
its code base?
a. Internet Explorer b. Mozilla Firefox c. Safari d. Opera
4. It is a web browser that was initially exclusive to Macintosh users.
a. Safari b. Internet Explorer c. Opera d. Mozilla Firefox
5. Which browser has similar features with the Firefox such the tabbed browsing, page
Overview of HTML
zooming, and a download manager?
a. Opera b. Safari HTML Firefox
d. Mozilla stands ford. Hypertext Markup
Internet Explorer
What’s More? Language. It is based on a much larger document
processing system called Standard Generalized
Markup Language (SGML). One of the capabilities
of SGML is that it describes the structure of a document’s content.

Basic features of HTML

 Hypertext – it is the text that points to other pages and objects on the web. These
pages and objects may be located in another or within the same Web site.
 Markup - this refers to the simple codes that provide details about HTML elements.
For example, a markup renders text in boldface or italic. Markups can also create
bullet lists, embed images, and define links to your HTML document.
 Language - The “language of HTML” does not necessarily refer to programming
languages, such as C++ or JAVA that require extensive technical knowledge. This
language only refers to how HTML elements are put together in order to create a
document that meets certain criteria or rules. Just like any language that is made of
words and rules of grammar, HTML also has its own system.

The HTML Elements

30
 An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:

<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>

The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Start tag Element content End tag

<h1> My First Heading </h1>

<p> My first paragraph. </p>

<br> none none

What’s New?

An Overview of the Most Popular HTML Editing Software

HTML can be written using any text editing software. Windows Notepad, for example,
is still a popular choice among HTML developers because of its simplicity. However, new
applications have been introduced by software companies over the years. Following are
some of the most popular applications used to develop Web pages and extend the
capabilities of HTML.

 Notepad (Windows)
Notepad is the most basic word processing application packaged in Windows
operating systems. HTML can be “hardcoded” using Notepad and rendered as web
pages by web browsers.

 UltraEdit (Windows)
UltraEdit takes HTML hard coding to a more advanced level. It provides
toolbars and capabilities for editing HTML, DHTML, JAVAScript, Perl, and other
coding or programming languages. However, like Notepad, it does not have a
WYSIWYG (“What You is What You Get”) graphical user interface for editing web
pages.

 AdobeDreamweaver

31
 Adobe Dreamweaver is one the most popular Web development applications
in the industry, particularly among designers and end-users who code heavily. It
features advanced Web development features, such as JavaScript creation, and
DHTML and XHTML editing.

 ExpressionWeb (Windows)
Microsoft ExpressionWeb is the Web development program that replaced the
now discontinued FrontPage.

 SharePoint Designer (Windows)

SharePoint Designed is mostly used for creating Intranet SharePoint
Designer is mostly used for creating intranet sites for businesses. It features libraries
and a GUI that allows Web developers to design Web sites using its tools instead of
relying solely on hard coding web page elements.
 iWeb (Macintosh)
iWeb is a Web page development application published by Apple for its
Macintosh computers. It is included in the iLife suite of applications for creating and
editing movies, audio, graphics, and web pages.

Overview of the Most Popular Web Browsers

Before the 1990s, access to the Internet was done using so many different
applications. There were applications for accessing documents , another for e-mails, and still
another for HTML, FTP, Gopher, and Usenet were some of the protocols that people used to
send and receive information over the Internet. These days, nearly everything that is
delivered through the Internet can be accessed using a single application, such as a Web
browser. Here is a brief overview of the most popular browsers.

Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer is owned by Microsoft Corporation, the same company that
developed the popular computer operating system, Windows, Internet Explorer was
released in 1996.

Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox is an open-source Web browser that uses the
decommissioned Netscape Navigator as its code base. Mozilla Firefox -simply called
Firefox – was developed by Mozilla Foundation to compete with Internet Explorer and
to give Web users an alternative browser.

32
 Aside from its open-source backbone, Firefox’s most popular feature is
tabbed browsing, which enables users to browse many Web pages without having to
open different windows.

Safari
Safari is a web browser that was initially exclusive to Macintosh users. In
2007, Apple developed Safari for non-Macintosh users, or users of personal
computers that run the Windows operating system. Similar to Firefox, Safari also
features tabbed browsing, as well as reloading or restoring of the last Web pages
that the user accessed.

Opera
Opera is similar to Firefox in a number of ways. It features tabbed browsing,
pages zooming, and a download manager. Its first version could only be used in
Windows-supported computers. However, its publishers soon branched to handheld
device industry when accessing Internet using mobile phones became popular. At
present, Opera is the leading web browser installed in mobile phones, smart phones,
and other handheld devices.

Google Chrome
Google Chrome is one of the newest Internet browsers. It was released by
the search engine company Google in 2007. Similar to Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox, and Opera, Chrome also features tabbed browsing. Its most recent version
focuses on browsing speed, which is essential for searching for information on the
Web and opening rich media web sites.

Learning Task 1

Identify the following:

1. It is the most commonly used language for developing Web sites.

2. It is the primary framework of the World Wide Web referring to how content is
presented.
3. It is a collection of programs, scripts, and styles combined with HTML to make
interactive and functional web sites.
4. This language is used to create standard styles for HTML elements.

33
 5. He is credited as the inventor of HTML.
6. It is a simple code that provides details about HTML elements.
7-8 In the case of HTML 1.0, HTML tags are required to have these elements.
9. It is the basic text editing used to write HTML.
10. What does WYSIWYG stand for?

Learning Task 2

Describe and differentiate the features of the following:

Web Browsers HTML Editors

1. Internet Explorer 1. Notepad
2. Mozilla Firefox 2. Adobe Dreamweaver
3. Google Chrome 3. iWeb

34