Cement Introoduction

GRANITE SLURRY WASTE AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT
Introduction
1. Sachin et al. (Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing Granite Slurry

Waste, 2016)
The granite stone is most widely used in the construction and massive structural works
throughout the world, and it is well known in the International market, not only for its
elegance and aesthetic quality,but also for its durability. The granite slurry generated during
the processing will be around 40% of the final product [1]. In India, the granite industry, the
amount of wastes generated in production is reached about 20 to 30% of its global
production, meaning million tons of wastes from granite industries are being released from
granite cutting, polishing, processing and grinding. Granite slurry is consisting of very fine
powder and these waste material creating environmental problems worldwide. Disposal of
granite waste leads to health hazards like respiratory and allergy problems to the people
around [1]. It also causes the pollution of air and water.
Concrete is most widely used construction material and innovation in ingredients material
(cement and coarse aggregate) is urgently needed due to depleting of natural resources. The
production of cement needs natural resources, high energy and it produces about 57% carbon
dioxides [2, 3]. Also good quality of natural sand (fine aggregate) is not available for the
construction. Therefore replacement of natural resources in the production of concrete is an
important issue in the present construction scenario. The advancement of concrete technology
can reduce the consumption of natural resources and energy sources, which in turn further
lessen the burden of pollutants on the environment [4, 5].
2. Abubaker et al. ( Strength Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by

Granite Quarry Dust, 2014)
Concrete is the most popular building material in the world. After aggregate, cement is the
majour component of concrete. The yearly production of cement is nearly 3 billion tons.
Emissions from industries adversely affect earth‟s climate pattern. Nearly 7 % of the total
global CO2 emission is contributed by cement industries. Reducing the consumption of
cement in concrete will thus reduce the emission. Using of supplementary cementing
materials such as fly ash and granulated slag offers reduction in consumption of cement. If an
adequate industrial or agricultural by-product which is a waste material can replace cement
partially it will reduce the emission. It will also be an environment friendly method of
disposal of large quantities of materials that would otherwise pollute land, water and air.
Rock dust/sludge which is an abundant waste from granite rock quarries and crusher units is
such a material. Disposal of the sludge by land filling is causing serious environmental
concern. If this waste can be used as a partial cement replacement material in concrete it will
be a valuable resource.
3. Shrdha e al. (A Review On Environmental and Health Impacts Of Cement Manufacturing
Emissions, 2014)
It is impossible to envisage a modern life without cement. Cement is an extremely important
construction material used for housing and infrastructure development and a key to economic
growth. Cement demand is directly associated to economic growth and many growing
economies are striving for rapid infrastructure development which underlines the tremendous
growth in cement production [1]. The cement industry plays a major role in improving living
standard all over the world by creating direct employment and providing multiple cascading
economic benefits to associated industries. Despite its popularity and profitability, the cement
industry faces many challenges due to environmental concerns and sustainability issues [2].
The cement industry is an energy intensive and significant contributor to climate change. The
major environment health and safety issues associated with cement production are emissions
to air and energy use. Cement manufacturing requires huge amount of non renewable
resources like raw material and fossil fuels. It is estimated that 5-6% of all carbon dioxide
greenhouse gases generated by human activities originates from cement production [2]. Raw
material and Energy consumption result in emissions to air which include dust and gases. The
exhaust gases from a cement kiln contains are nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide, water,
oxygen and small quantities of dust, chlorides, fluorides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide ,
and still smaller quantities of organic compounds and heavy metals [3]. Toxic metals and
organic compounds are released when industrial waste is burnt in cement kiln. Other sources
of dust emissions include the clinker cooler, crushers, grinders, and materials-handling
equipment.
These emissions are not only deteriorating air quality but also degrading human health.
Emissions have local and global environment impact resulting in global warming, ozone
depletion, acid rain, biodiversity loss, reduced crop productivity etc [4]. Scientific evidence
indicates that air pollution from the combustion of fossil fuels causes a spectrum of health
effects from allergy to death [5]. The results of several studies showed that these emissions
are adversely affecting human health in a variety of ways, like itchy eyes, respiratory diseases
like tuberculosis, chest discomfort, chronic bronchitis, asthma attacks, cardio-vascular
diseases and even premature death [6], [7].
4. Ramos et al. (Granitic quarry sludge waste in mortar: Effect on strength and durability,
2013)
Concrete is the world’s most widely used building material. Global production of concrete is
about 12 billion tons a year [1] corresponding to almost 1 m 3 per person per year. Yearly
cement production levels are about 3 billion tons [1]. Adjustments and improvements to the
present concrete making methods are essential in order to address environmental and
economic issues. This has encouraged researchers in the area ofconcrete engineering and
technology to investigate and identify supplementary by-product materials that can be used as
substitutes for constituent materials in concrete production [2]. Cement industries contribute
to about 7% of the total global CO emissions. This is due to the calcination of raw materials
for the production of cement and burning fuels needed to maintain high temperatures in a
kiln. In recent times, one of the most important goals of the global environmental agenda is
the reduction of emissions to protect the Earth’s climate pattern [1].In fact an effective way
to reduce CO emissions from the cement manufacturing process is the use of blended cement
by reducing clinker/cement ratio.Production of cements with several main constituents like
granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash from coal power plants and natural pozzolans offer
additional benefits in cement performance [3],especially in terms of durability properties.In
recent years there has been an increase in the consumption of mineral additions by the cement
and concrete industries. The use of adequate industrial or agricultural by-products for partial
cement replacement is an environmental friendly method of disposal of large quantities of
materials that would otherwise pollute land, water and air [4]. The granite cutting industry
produces large amounts of wastes, solids (generated during extraction) and sludge (produced
during transformation processes) [5]. Granite fines are often referred to as quarry or rock
dust, and this residue generally represents less than 1% of aggregate production [6] or
between 1% and 2% by mass of the total aggregate crushed in quarries, according to Abukerh
and Fairfield [7]. Managing large amounts of sludge can be rather problematic for its
producers, which must find appropriate places for storage and deposition. Dumping into
rivers and lagoons is obviously not an environmentally safe solution and landfilling has
serious drawbacks. Transporting and dumping of waste in landfills involves substantial costs;
therefore, incorporating waste into other industrial processes could lead to a reduction of
management costs and open up new business opportunities. Some previous studies have
shown that granite sludge has a high potential as a raw material for the ceramic industry and
it is amenable to use as filler in dry.
5. Manpreet et al. (An investigation on effect of partial replacement of cement by waste

marble slurry, 2017)
Rajasthan, a state in North-West India is home to more than 50 types of minerals and rocks. It
has a large variety of natural rock deposits, a few essentials are granite, marble, sandstone,
limestone, slate and quartzite. Perhaps, nowhere in the world, any other society is found to be
so engraved with stone and stone based products as it is in Rajasthan. The state has around
4000 marble mines and 1100 marble processing units which are spread over in 16 districts.
The main areas known for marble mining are Kishangarh, Rajasmand, Makrana, Banswara,
Jaipur and Udaipur. With the increase in demand for these stones throughout the country,
number of marble processing units and quarries in Rajasthan have significantly gone up in the
past decade As the marble processing industry continues to expand, large amounts of waste in
the form of marble slurry is generated and released into the environment. A significant
growth in marble slurry has been seen, but the increase in extent has not been documented. It
is estimated that almost five to six million tons of marble slurry is generated per anum. This
waste slurry is dumped along road sides and near processing units, thus causing
environmental degradation and escalating health problems in the surrounding areas. The very
fine particulate matter in this waste slurry causes air and water pollution. Also, the waste
slurry clogs agricultural lands causing long-term damage to the soil and crops. Hence, there is
a dire need to utilize this waste material in one or the other way to minimize its harmful
impact on the environment. Additionally, with advancement in technology finding viable
options to reuse or treat this waste is not only possible, but also important. Due to the ever-
increasing demand of cement for infrastructure projects it is essential to find a material which
could help replace cement in concrete up to and acceptable percentage. Cement contributes to
almost 70% of the total embodied energy in raw materials used for production of concrete
and it accounts for 5% of the man made production of carbon dioxide. If the alternative
material for cement is a waste, it would aid in mitigating the indiscriminate dumping of
wastes and also simultaneously help reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced up to a
certain extent. Waste marble slurry is one such material which has found use in partially
replacing cement in concrete thus promoting the utilization of this waste material and reduce
the use of cement. Research in the area of use of marble slurry as partial replacement of
cement in concrete has been a subject of interest in recent years.
6. Abhinav et al. (Effect of partial replacement of cement by fly ash and addition of granite
powder on the properties of concrete, 2014)
As we know global warming have harmful effects on the environment efforts are on to reduce
the emission of CO2 to the environment. The major contributor of this is cement industry
which leads to the emission of CO2 in the atmosphere as well as using up high level of
energy resources in the production of cement. By replacing the cement with a material of
pozzolanic characteristics such as fly ash the cement and concrete industry together can meet
the growing demand in the construction industry as well as help in reducing the
environmental pollution. The combustion of ground or powdered coal in electric power
generating thermal plant results in fly ash which is finely divided mineral residue. Fly ash is
a beneficial mineral admixture for concrete. Many properties of concrete in both fresh and
hardened state is influence by Fly Ash. Moreover, utilization of waste materials in cement
and concrete industry reduces the environmental problems of power plants and decreases
electricity generation costs. The pozzolanic reaction removing theexcess calcium hydroxide,
produced by the cement reaction, and forming a harder CSH. Nowadays concrete is
becoming the most widely and important material which possess high strength and
workability properties. Efforts are being in the field of concrete technology to develop
concrete with special characteristics. In the present experimental investigation the fly ash has
been used to study the effect on Compressive and Flexural strength on M25 grades of
concrete.

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GRANITE SLURRY WASTE AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT

1. Sachin et al. (Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing Granite Slurry

2. Abubaker et al. ( Strength Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by

5. Manpreet et al. (An investigation on effect of partial replacement of cement by waste

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