Ceramic Tile Wastes As Partial Substitution To Aggregates in Concrete The Problem and Its Background
Ceramic Tile Wastes As Partial Substitution To Aggregates in Concrete The Problem and Its Background
Ceramic Tile Wastes As Partial Substitution To Aggregates in Concrete The Problem and Its Background
Chapter I
This chapter presents the problem and its setting. It includes introduction, background of
the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, significance of the study, conceptual
INTRODUCTION
Aggregate and cement are the most important constituents used in concrete production.
They are also the essential materials needed for the construction industry. This certainly led to
continuous and increasing demand of natural materials used for their production. So this
research will focused on ceramic tile wastes as partial substitution to aggregates in concrete.
Ceramic tiles have quickly become one of the most popular types of materials used in a
home but often times home owners don’t understand exactly what they are. Ceramic tile is
made up of sand, natural products, and clays and once it has been molded into shape they are
then fired in a kiln. When making ceramic tiles they can either be glazed or unglazed, but the
Ceramic tiles are important construction materials used in almost all buildings. The
production of these tiles normally starts from raw material, grinding and mixing, granulating by
spray drying, pressing, firing and/or polishing and glazing. Waste mud, which is the sediment of
washed down particles from these manufacturing processes is approximately 2 wt% of the final
products. This mud which contains both coarse particles (feldspar, quartz, and ground fired
tiles) and fine particles (clay minerals such as kaolinite and mica) is far too impure to be re-used
in tile production, so it is normally disposed of as waste in landfills. Elimination of this waste mud
has become more and more problematic due to the huge amount of this waste produced each
year and the increasing cost of disposal. One way forward to solve this problem is by utilizing
In accordance to the need for the utilization of the natural resources emerges a growing
concern for protecting the environment and a need to preserve natural resources, such as
aggregates, by using alternative materials that are discarded as a waste. Ceramic wastes are
produced as a result of the ceramic processing. These wastes cause soil, air and groundwater
pollution. The pollutant of ceramic industry which are mud and tile are coming from the ceramic
plant’s refinery systems are stored in the waste disposal site of the plant.
There is a high concentration of Zn in the refinery mud coming from the unit of glaze
plant. Tile waste does not pollute the environment. There are number of hazardous wastes used
in stabilization/solidification (S/S) technique. These techniques are used in the industry for
different types of wastes materials. Stabilization is the process of modifying the mechanical,
chemical and hydraulic properties of a waste residue to produce a more environmentally safe,
economical, and low maintenance waste disposal sites (H.Koyuncu et al, 2004)
The amount of tile waste on earth is enough for use as an aggregate in concrete. Tile is
produced from natural materials sintered at high temperatures. There are no harmful chemicals
in tile. Waste tiles cause only the apparition of pollution. However some parts of tiles are used in
cotto as flooring and also flooring in tennis courts, walkways, cycling paths and gardens as a
ground material. Therefore waste tiles are stored in factory fields because of their economical
value. Nevertheless, each year approximately 250,000 tons of tiles are worn out, while 100
million tiles are used for repairs. These waste materials can be recycled to save money
ceramic waste coarse aggregate are well within the range of the values of concrete making
aggregates. The properties of ceramic waste coarse aggregate concrete are not significantly
different from those of conventional concrete. The use of ceramic waste coarse aggregate
concrete has increased because it has various advantages over other cementitious materials
(H.Binici, 2007).
It has been estimated that about 30% of the daily production in the ceramic industry
goes to waste. This waste is not recycled in any form at present. However, the ceramic waste is
durable, hard and highly resistant to biological, chemical and physical degradation forces. As
the ceramic waste is piling up every day, there is pressure on the ceramic industries to find a
solution for its disposal. Meanwhile, conventional crushed stone aggregate reserves are
depleting fast, particularly in some desert regions of the world. Use of inorganic industrial
residual products in making concrete will lead to sustainable concrete design and greener
Therefore, one of the most serious problems of the world has been related to the remove
the wastage and reusing of it. A large quantity of wastage is produced annually in all countries.
Usually, the wastage related to tile, ceramic and sanitary ware are created in different forms
some of which are produced in companies during and after production process due to errors in
either construction, human activities, and also inappropriate raw materials. Some others are
produced in transportation and distribution procedures and finally, the most bulk of them are
Some of these wastes are not recycled in any form. They are useless in practiced and
cause environmental and disposal problems. However, the ceramic waste is durable, hard and
highly resistant to biological, chemical and physical degradation forces. The properties of these
materials make them a good and suitable choice to be used in concrete. The use of waste
ceramic tiles in concrete effects the properties of fresh and hardened concrete, and makes it
The aim of this paper is the assessment of the properties of concrete which use ceramic
tile waste as natural coarse aggregate partial substitute. To achieve this, fresh and hardened
state properties of concrete are measured to ensure that fundamental parameters needed in
Over thousands of years, by the time these materials were improved upon, combined
with other materials and change into modern concrete. Nowadays, concrete are made by using
Portland cement, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and water. The performance
characteristics of concrete can be observed with change according to the different forces that
the concrete will need to resist. The ingredients of concrete and their proportions are called the
design mix. Time after time, lots of invention have been made to improve the quality of concrete
in the concrete technology. With the improvement that they had made, the superstructure size in
The production of wastes materials is an unavoidable stage of all industrial and human
activities. One of this waste is the ceramic waste from ceramic and construction industries
which is a major contribute to Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW). And this waste is now
creating big environmental and economic problems all over the world. The management and
treatment of industrial solid waste and municipal waste has recently been gaining importance
worldwide. Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative building materials from industrial
waste materials that can be recycled. Ceramic tiles are often discarded as waste after defined
as useless. But it can be recycled and can be used as a construction material in present world
which is seeking for alternative construction materials which are economical, environment
friendly as well as provides same quality as that of a normal aggregate made of regular
aggregates (Jalali, 2010). Ceramic wastes can be used safely with no need for dramatic change
This study aims to determine the viability of ceramic tiles as partial substitution to
aggregates in concrete.
1. What is the compressive strength of concrete using ceramic tiles waste as fine
2. What is the different between the conventional concrete and concrete using ceramic
a. Physical Appearance
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
For this study, ceramic tile wastes is used as a partial substitute to aggregates in
concrete. It is essential because the proposed material to replace aggregates is waste product
from construction. If ceramic waste is suitable, it can be used in concrete production. This will
reduce the waste material from construction as ceramic tile waste can be recycled for concrete
production purposes. Besides, we can cut down the uses of natural aggregates that are
environment. The concrete's production cost can be reduced because the alternative material is
The study is envisioned to lead to the development of new engineering material that will
be beneficial in the field of civil engineering and other professions that are related to it.
This study will contribute knowledge and information that will be useful to the Civil
To the researchers, this study provided opportunities to enhance their knowledge and
To future researchers, this study will be a guide and reference for similar and for their
studies.
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
using sand as fine aggregate with crushed ceramic waste as fine aggregate. The study involved
tests on coarse and fine aggregates and concrete mixes to determine their properties. Sand
was the reference fine aggregate in the study. Concrete mix used conventional ballast as
coarse aggregate. Crushed waste ceramic and sand was used as fine aggregate.
Definition of Terms
The following list of definitions serves as a reference for terms used in this study.
comprising both coarse and fine fractions. The definition of aggregates in ASTM C125 is ‘a
granular material such as sand, gravel, crushed stone or iron blast- furnace slag, used with a
cementing medium to form hydraulic cement concrete or mortar’. (Alexander & Mindess, 2005.
P.2)
Cement. A substance which hardens with time and holds or entraps objects or particles in a
concrete in a definite relation to each other. For concrete, Portland cement, usually is used.
(Squidoo, 1987)
age made from a sample taken from a single batch of concrete. (Squidoo, 1987)
Concrete. A composite material formed by mixing and curing ingredients such as cement, fine
and coarse aggregates, and water. (Beaudoin & Ramchandran, 2001, p. ix)
Conventional Concrete. In this study, this refers to concrete with proportion of 1:2:4 for
Curing. This method whereby the concrete is assured of adequate time, temperature, and
supply of water for the cement to continue to hydrate. (Ledbetter, Peurifoy, & Schexnayde,
1996, p.554)
Lightweight Aggregate. This refers to aggregate used to make lightweight concrete and can
(Logicsphere, 2011)
Acronyms
The following list of acronyms serves as a reference for how they are used in this study.