BASIC RADAR

PRINCIPLES
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Ignoring pulse length and fly-back, *

a radar facility designed to have a
maximum unambiguous range of
50 km will have a PRF (pulses per
second of:

3000

6000

167

330
The selection of code 2000 on an *
aircraft SSR transponder indicates:

entry into airspace from an area

where SSR operation has not been
required

unlawful interference with the planned

operation of the Cight

an emergency

transponder malfunction

What information may be displayed *

on an ATC radar screen connected
only to a primary radar system?

Aircraft position, SSR code and

altitude.

Aircraft altitude.

Aircraft position only.

Aircraft position and SSR code.

 In a primary radar using pulse *
technique, pulse length determines
:

beam width

minimum measurable range

target discriminations

maximum measurable range

Correct answer

minimum measurable range

When an aircraft is operating its *

Secondary Surveillance Radar in
Mode C an air traffic controller's
presentation gives information
regarding the aircraft's indicated
flight level in increments of:

100 FT

200 FT

250 FT

150 FT
The ISO-ECHO facility of an *
airborne weather radar is provided
in order to:

inhibit unwanted ground returns

extend the mapping range

detect areas of possible severe

turbulence in cloud

give an indication of cloud tops

Airborne weather radar system use *

a wavelength of approximately 3
cm in order to:

obtain optimum use of the Cosecant

squared beam

detect the smaller cloud formations as

well as large

detect the large water droplets

transmit at a higher pulse repetition

frequency for extended range
 In which mode of operation does *
the aircraft weather radar use a
cosecant radiation pattern.

WEATHER

MANUAL

MAPPING

CONTROUR

In order to ascertain whether a *

cloud return on an Aircraft Weather
Radar (AWR) is at or above the
height of the aircraft, the tilt control
should be set to:
(Assume a beam width of 5A°)

2.5A° down

5A° up

2.5A° up

0A°

Correct answer

2.5A° up
 A Primary radar operates on the *
principle of:

continuous wave transmission

pulse technique

transponder interrogation

phase comparison

Correct answer

pulse technique

The prime factor in determining the *

maximum unambiguous range of a
primary radar is the :

height of transmitter above the ground

pulse recurrence rate

power output

size of parabolic receiver aerial

The frequency of an SSR ground *
transmission is:

1120 +/- 0.6 MHz

1030 +/- 0.2 MHz

1050 +/- 0.5 MHz

1090 +/- 0.3 MHz

In relation to radar system that use *

pulse technology, the term 'Pulse
Recurrence Rate (PRR)' signifies
the:

delay after which the process re-starts

the number of cycles per second

ratio of pulse period to pulse width

number of pulses per second

A frequency of 10 GHz is *
considered to be the optimum for
use in an airborne weather radar
system because:

greater detail can be obtained at the

more distant ranges of the smaller
water droplets

static interference is minimised

enables the aircraft to detect clear air

turbulence

the larger water droplets will give

good echoes

The code transmitted by a SSR *

transponder consists of:

frequency differences

amplitude differences

pulses

phase differences
 A weather radar, set to the 100 NM *
scale, shows a squall at 50NM. By
changing the scale to 50 NM the
return on the radar screen should:

increase in area and move to the

top of the screen

increase in area and appear nearer to

the bottom of the screen

decrease in area but not change in

position on the screen

decrease in area and move to the top

of the screen

In order to indicate unlawful *

interference with the planned
operation of the flight, the aircraft
Secondary Surveillance Radar
(SSR) transponder should be
selected to:

7500

7700

7000

7600

Correct answer

7500
 In Airborne Weather Radar (AWR), *
the main factors which determine
whether a cloud will be detected
are:

range from cloud;

wavelength/frequency used

size of the water drops; diameter of

radar scanner

rotational speed of radar scanner;

range from cloud

size of the water drops;

wavelength/frequency used

The maximum pulse repetition *

frequency (PRF) that can be used
by primary radar facility in order to
detect targets unambiguously at a
range of 50 NM is:
(pps =pulses per second)

713 pps

1620 pps

3240 pps

610 pps

Correct answer

1620 pps
Which of the following equipments *
uses primary radar principles?

Airborne weather radar (AWR)

Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

The ATC transponder system, *

excluding Mode S, contains:

two modes, each 1024 codes

two modes, each of 4096 codes

four modes, each 1024 codes

four modes, each 4096 codes

The minimum range of a primary *
radar, using the pulse technique, is
determined by the (i) ......... ; the
maximum unambiguous range by
the (ii) ..........

(i) pulse length (ii) pulse

recurrence frequency

(i) transmission frequency (ii)

transmitter power output

(i) pulse length (ii) length of the

timebase

(i) transmission frequency (ii) pulse

recurrence frequency

Airborne weather radars are *

generally based on the use of:

primary radar in the SHF band

primary radar in the UHF band

secondary radar in the SHF band

secondary radar inn the VHF band

In an Airborne Weather Radar the *
areas of greatest turbulence are
usually indicated on the screen by:

blank areas where there is no colour

colour zones of green and yellow

areas which are coloured black

colour zones of red and magenta

Assuming sufficient transmission *

power, the maximum range of a
ground radar with a pulse repetition
frequency of 450 pulses per second
is: (Given: velocity of light is 300
000 km/second)

150 km

333 km

666 km

1333 km
The pencil shaped beam of an *
airborne weather radar is used in
preference to the mapping mode
for the determination of ground
features:

beyond 150 NM because the wider

beam gives better decnition

when approaching coast-lines in polar

regions

beyond 50 to 60 NM because more

power can be concentrated in the
narrower beam

beyond 100 NM because insudcient

antenna tilt angle is available wit the
mapping mode

The selection of code 7700 on an *

aircraft SSR transponder indicates:

transponder malfunction

unlawful interference with the planned

operation of the Cight

an emergency

radio communication failure

In order to indicate an emergency *
situation, the aircraft Secondary
Surveillance Radar (SSR)
transponder should be set to:

7600

7500

7000

7700

The selection of code 7600 on an *

aircraft SSR transponder indicates:

an emergency

unlawful interference with the planned

operation of the Cight

transponder malfunction

radio communication failure

 The two main design functions of *
Secondary Surveillance Radar
(SSR) Mode S are:

air to ground and ground to air data

link communications and improved
ATC aircraft surveillance capability

collision avoidance using TCAS II

and improved long range (HF)
communication capability.

continuous automatic position

reporting using Global Positioning
System (GPS) satellites and collision
avoidance using TCAS II

the elimination of ground to air

communication and the introduction
of automatic separation between
aircraft using TCAS II

Correct answer

air to ground and ground to air data link

communications and improved ATC
aircraft surveillance capability
Which of the following types of *
radar systems are most suited for
short range operation?

millimetric pulse

secondary continuous wave

primary continuous wave

centimetric pulse

In an Airborne Weather Radar that *

has a colour cathode ray tube (CRT)
increasing severity of rain and
turbulence is generally shown by a
change of colour from:

yellow to orange to red

green to yellow to red

yellow to amber to blue

green to red to black

 In weather radar the use of a *
cosecant beam in 'Mapping' mode
enables:

better reception of echos on

contrasting terrain such as ground to
sea

a greater radar range to be achieved

higher decnition echoes to be

produced giving a clearer picture

scanning of a large ground zone

producing echos whose signals
are practically independent of
distance

Which of the following lists *

phenomena that CANNOT be
detected by weather radar?

clear air turbulence; turbulence in

cloud with precipitation

snow; turbulence in clouds with

precipitation

snow; clear air turbulence

dry hail; clear air turbulence

Correct answer

snow; clear air turbulence

What is the maximum number of *
usable Secondary Surveillance
Radar (SSR) transponder codes in
Mode A?

4096

3600

1000

760

The selection of code 7500 on an *

aircraft SSR transponder indicates:

radio communication failure

unlawful interference with the

planned operation of the Cight

an emergency

transponder malfunction
 Which one of the following is an *
advantage of a secondary radar
system when compared to a
primary radar system?

Possibility of obtaining speed

information for aircraft within range.

Is not limited to line of sight.

The required power of transmission

from the ground equipment is reduced.

The relatively small ground

antenna transmits no side lobes,
thus eliminating the danger or
false replies from the airborne
transponder.

Correct answer

The required power of transmission

from the ground equipment is reduced.

In order to indicate radio failure the *

aircraft SSR transponder should be
selected to code:

7700

7000

7500

7600
On which of the following radar *
displays is it possible to get an
indication of the shape, and to
some extent the type, of the aircraft
generating the return?

Airborne Weather Radar (AWR)

Aerodrome Surface Movement

Radar (ASMR)

Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)

Aerodrome Surveillance (approach)

Radar

Which one of the following *

Secondary Surveillance Radar
(SSR) codes should be used by
aircraft entering airspace from an
area where SSR operation has not
been required ?

5000

7000

0000

2000
For any given circumstances, in *
order to double the effective range
of a primary radar the power output
must be increased by a factor of:

16

Ignoring pulse length, the maximum *

pulse repetition frequency (PRF)
that can be used by a primary radar
facility to detect targets
unambiguously to a range of 200
NM is:
(pps = pulses per second)

375 pps

405 pps

782 pps

308 pps
The maximum range of primary *
radar depends on:

wave length

frequency

pulse length

pulse recurrence frequency

Which of the following Secondary *

Surveillance Radar (SSR) codes is
used to indicate transponder
malfunction?

0000

7600

4096

9999
Which of the following cloud types *
is most readily detected by airborne
weather radar when using the
'weather beam'?

cirrocumulus

stratus

altostratus

cumulus

A frequency of airborne weather *

radar is:

9375 MHz

9375 GHz

9375 kHz

93.75 MHz
The theoretical maximum range for *
an Airborne Weather Radar is
determined by the:

pulse length

carrier wave frequency

pulse recurrence frequency

beamwidth

In the MAPPING MODE the airborne *

weather radar utlilises a:

pencil beam to a maximum range of

60 NM

pencil beam effective from zero to 150

NM

fan shaped beam effective up to a

maximum of 50 NM to 60 NM
range

fan shaped beam effective up to a

range of 150 NM
 A radar facility transmitting at a *
Pulse Recurrence Frequency (PRF)
of 1200 pulses/second will have a
maximum unambiguous range of
approximately:

135 NM

270 NM

27 NM

69 NM

When Mode C is selected on the *

aircraft SSR transponder the
additional information transmitted
is:

aircraft height based on sub-scale

setting

height based on QFE

Cight level based on 1013.25 hPa

altitude based on regional QNH

Correct answer

Cight level based on 1013.25 hPa

Complete the following statement. *
Aircraft Surface movement Radar
operates on frequencies in the
(i)......... band employing an antenna
that rotates at approximately (ii)
.........revolutions per minute; it is
(iii) ..... possible to determine the
type of aircraft from the return on
the radar screen.

(i) EHF (ii) 100 (iii) never

(i) SHF (ii) 60 (iii) sometimes

(i) EHF (ii) 30 (iii) never

(i) SHF (ii) 10 (iii) always

 Which of the following radar *
equipments operate by means of
the pulse technique?
1. Aerodrome Surface Movement
Radar
2. Airborne Weather Radar
3. Secondary Surveillance Radar
(SSR)
4. Aerodrome Surveillance
(approach ) Radar

2, 3 and 4 only

2 and 4 only

1, 2, 3 and 4

1, 2 and 4 only

Correct answer

1, 2, 3 and 4
 Which one of the following switch *
positions should be used when
selecting a code on the
Transponder?

IDENT (Identiccation)

NORMAL

OFF

STBY (Standby)

Correct answer

STBY (Standby)

The main factor which determines *

the minimum range that can be
measured by a pulsed radar is
pulse:

frequency

length

amplitude

repetition rate
 Considering a primary radar *
system, what kind of aerials are
used?

A directional antenna for transmitting,

and an omnidirectional antenna for
receiving.

One directional antenna for

transmitting and one for receiving.

An omnidirectional antenna for

transmitting, and a directional
antenna for receiving.

One directional antenna both for

transmitting and for receiving.

Correct answer

One directional antenna both for

transmitting and for receiving.
 The maximum range obtainable *
from an ATC Long Range
Surveillance Radar is
approximately:

50-100 NM

300-400 NM

200-300 NM

100-200 NM

Correct answer

200-300 NM

In general the operation of airborne *

weather radar equipment on the
ground is:

totally prohibited

unrestrictedly permitted in aerodrome

maintenance areas

only permitted with certain

precautions, to safeguard health of
personnel and to protect
equipment

permitted anywhere
 Which of the following lists the *
phenomena least likely to be
detected by radar?

clear air turbulence

precipitation

turbulence in cloud that has

precipitation

wet snow and turbulence in cloud that

has precipitation

A secondary radar can provide up *

to 4096 different codes. These
4096 codes can be used in:

mode A only

mode C only

mode S

all modes

Correct answer

all modes
When an aircraft is operating its *
Secondary Surveillance Radar in
Mode C an air traffic controller's
presentation gives information
regarding the aircraft's indicated
flight level that is accurate to
within:

+ or - 25 FT

+ or - 50 FT

+ or - 75 FT

+ or - 100 FT

When switching on the weather *

radar, after start-up, a single very
bright line appears on the screen.
This means that the:

scanner is not rotating

receiver is faulty

scanning of the cathode ray tube is

faulty

transmitter is faulty
The advantage of the use of slotted *
antennas in modern radar
technology is to :

simultaneously transmit weather and

mapping beams

have a wide beam and as a

consequence better target detection

eliminate the need for azimuth slaving

virtually eliminate lateral lobes and

as a consequence concentrate
more energy in the main beam

In a primary radar using pulse *

technique, pulse recurrence
frequency (PRF)/pulse recurrence
rate (PRR) determines:

beam width

maximum theoretical range

target discrumination

minimum range
A ground radar transmitting at a *
PRF of 1200 pulses/second will
have a maximum unambiguous
range of approximately:

67 NM

135 NM

270 NM

27 NM

Which of the following is a *

complete list of airborne weather
radar antenna stabilisation axes?

roll, pitch and yaw

pitch and yaw

roll and yaw

roll and pitch

 Why is a secondary radar display *
screen free of storm clutter?

A moving target indicator facility

suppresses the display of static or
near static returns

The frequencies employed are too low

to give returns from moisture sources

The principle of 'echo' return is not

used in secondary radar

The frequencies employed are too

high to give returns from moisture
sources

Correct answer

The principle of 'echo' return is not

used in secondary radar

Which of the following equipments *

works on the
interrogator/transponder principle?

Secondary Surveillance Radar

(SSR)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Airborne Weather Radar (AWR)

Aerodrome Surface Movement Radar

 In an Airborne Weather Radar that *
has a colour cathode ray tube (CRT)
the areas of greatest turbulence are
indicated on the screen by:

iso-echo areas which are coloured

black

large areas of Cashing red colour

blank iso-echo areas where there is no

colour

colour zones being closest together

Correct answer

colour zones being closest together

Which combination of *
characteristics gives best screen
picture in a primary search radar?

long pulse length and narrow beam

short pulse length and wide beam

short pulse length and narrow

beam

long pulse length and wide beam

 In which frequency band do most *
airborne weather radars operate?

VHF

SHF

UHF

EHF

Which one of the following *

statements is correct concerning
the use in primary radar of
continuous wave transmissions are
compared with pulse
transmissions?

The equipment required is more

complex in continuous wave radar but
this is offset by greater reliability and
accuracy

It eliminates the minimum target

reception range

A smaller common transmitter and

receiver aerial can be used

It is less effective in short range

radars but more effective in long
range radars

Correct answer

It eliminates the minimum target

reception range
 The ground Secondary Surveillance *
Radar (SSR) equipment
incorporates a transmitter and
receiver respectively operating in
the following frequencies:
(Transmitter - Receiver)

1090 MHz 1030 MHz

1090 MHz 1090 MHz

1030 MHz 1030 MHz

1030 MHz 1090 MHz

In a primary radar using pulse *

technique, the ability to
discriminate between target in
azimuth is a factor of:

pulse length

beam width

aerial rotation rate

Pulse Recurrence Rate (PRR)

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