RAILWAY

RRB ALP & TECHNICIAN CBT-2

BASIC SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

AND ENGINEERING DRAWING
By : Er. Abhijeet Kumar
Also for GDCE ALP & Technician Exam
To purchase this book, scan the QR code or download the Unlimited Education App.
["You will also receive a free digital copy of this book."]
 Title Verso Page
Title of the Book - Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing

Author's Name - Er. Abhijeet Kumar

Copyright © Unlimited Education

The copyright of this book is entirely with the Publisher. All rights reserved. No part of
this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any
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embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright
law.

"In the event of any disputes, the jurisdiction shall be the District Court in Darbhanga."

Publisher's Name – Er. Abhijeet Kumar

Publisher's Address: Sher Bijuliya, Baheri, Darbhanga - Bihar

Publisher's Contact Information - contact@unlimitededucation.in ,abhijetkumar1st@gmail.com

Website for Psycho Test Series - www.unlimitededucation.in

First Edition: [September, 2023]

Typeset by: Er. Abhijeet Kumar & Unlimited Education Team

ISBN: 978-93-5980-501-6

Printed in India

Address - Sher Bijuliya, Baheri, Darbhanga - Bihar

"This book is dedicated to all
the aspiring railway heroes,
whose dedication and hard
work are bound to lead them
to the right track of success."
 About Er. Abhijeet Kumar & Unlimited Education

Er. Abhijeet Kumar is the owner of Unlimited Education Online Educational Platform,
which is specifically dedicated to Railway Exam preparation.
"Unlimited Education is the best platform in India for comprehensive coverage of the
Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing syllabus in English content."
To prepare for Railway Exam Psycho tests such as the Station Master Psycho Test,
Assistant Loco Pilot Psycho Test, and Metro Exam Psycho Test, Unlimited Education is
the best platform where the majority of students are conducting their preparations.
"Er. Abhijeet Kumar Sir has taught thousands of students through the Unlimited Education
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"Er. Abhijeet Kumar Sir has a unique way of explaining concepts with easy-to-understand
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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have played a significant
role in the creation and publication of this book.
First and foremost, I would like to extend my deepest appreciation to the dedicated
team of experts, educators, and professionals who collaborated on this book. Their
wealth of knowledge and expertise has been instrumental in creating a comprehensive
resource for government job aspirants.
I would like to thank my family and friends for their unwavering support and
encouragement throughout the writing process.
"I want to extend a special thank you to my brother [Er. Avinash Kumar], whose
unwavering support, creative insights, and tireless dedication were the driving force behind
the success of this book”.
Last but not least, I want to acknowledge the countless government job aspirants
who have provided feedback and suggestions during the development of this book. Your
input has been instrumental in making this book more comprehensive and user-friendly.

Thank you all for being a part of this endeavor.

With gratitude,
[Er. ABHIJEET KUMAR]
 Important for Aspirants

"This is a must-read; take it seriously."

 The syllabus for Basic Science and Engineering is provided in the notification
below:
The board topics that are covered under this shall be Engineering Drawing (Projections, Views, Drawing
Instruments, Lines, Geometric figures, Symbolic Representation), Units, Measurements, Mass Weight and
Density, Work Power and Energy, Speed and Velocity, Heat and Temperature, Basic Electricity, Levers
and Simple Machines, Occupational Safety and Health, Environment Education, IT Literacy etc.
In the exam, you will receive a total of 100 questions, and you will have 90 minutes to complete
them. The questions will be drawn from the provided syllabus, which includes four sections: (A)
Mathematics, (B) General Intelligence and Reasoning, (C) Basic Science and Engineering, and (D)
General awareness on current affairs. It's worth noting that out of these 100 questions, 40 of these
questions will be exclusively from section (C) Basic Science and Engineering.
"If you follow this entire book on Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing, along with the
assistance of the Unlimited Education Paid Course and by practicing the test series provided within the
paid course, you will be well-prepared to score a perfect 40 out of 40 marks. This achievement will
significantly improve your chances of obtaining a high score out of 100 and securing your selection for
the ALP & Technician Post."
"This book comprises 15 chapters, with one dedicated to previous year-related content. It is designed to
cover 100% of the syllabus for your exam. To maximize your preparation, we recommend the following
approach:
1. Begin by thoroughly reviewing the multiple-choice questions (MCQs) provided throughout the
book.
2. Pay special attention to chapters 1-8, focusing on test series practice, concept clarity, and
practicing a wide range of questions.
3. For the remaining chapters, you can go through the book content to gain a comprehensive
understanding.
To be eligible for the ALP (Assistant Loco Pilot) post after the written exam, you must pass the Psycho
Test. Without qualifying in the Psycho Test, you cannot secure the ALP position. Therefore, if you score
well in the written exam, it is essential to prepare for the ALP Psycho Test series through This
Platform Unlimited Education.
By – Er. Abhijeet Kumar
 INDEX
Chapter no. Chapter Name Page No.
Chapter 1 UNITS & MEASUREMENT 1-30
1. FUNDAMENTAL UNIT 7. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
2. DERIVED UNIT 8. ROUNDING OFF
3. SYSTEMS OF UNITS AND UNIT 9. STANDARDIZATION
CONVERSION
4. INSTRUMENTS AND USAGE 10. ERROR IN MEASUREMENT
5. DIMENSIONS OF A PHYSICAL 140+ MCQS
QUANTITY
6. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES WITH
THEIR FORMULAS AND UNITS

Chapter 2 MASS, WEIGHT & DENSITY 31-50

1. MASS 8. VISCOSITY
2. WEIGHT 9. COMPRESSIBILITY
3. DENSITY 10. PASCAL’S LAW
4. FLUID DENSITY 11. BUOYANCY
5. SPECIFIC WEIGHT OR WEIGHT 12. ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE
DENSITY (W)
6. RELATIVE DENSITY 95+ MCQS
7. SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Chapter 3 SPEED & VELOCITY 51-76

1. REST AND MOTION 9. FREE FALL
2. TYPES OF MOTION 10. RELATIVE VELOCITY
3. POSITION, DISTANCE, AND 11. RIVER BOAT PROBLEM
DISPLACEMENT
4. SPEED 12. PROJECTILE MOTION
5. VELOCITY 13. ANGULAR VELOCITY &
ANGULAR ACCELERATION
6. ACCELERATION 14. UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
7. ANALYSING MOTION GRAPHS 15. CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION
OR RADIAL ACCELERATION:
8. KINEMATIC EQUATIONS FOR 70+ MCQS
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED
MOTION
Chapter 4 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER 77-106
1. WORK 7. POWER
2. CONSERVATIVE AND 8. COLLISION
NONCONSERVATIVE FORCES
3. ENERGY 9. NEWTON’S LAW OF
RESTITUTION
4. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 10. BOUNCING BALL
5. THE EQUIVALENCE OF MASS AND 125+ MCQS
ENERGY
6. WORK-ENERGY THEOREM

Chapter 5 BASICS OF ELECTRICITY 107-151

1. ELECTRIC FIELD 12. ELECTRICAL MOBILITY
2. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 13. HEATING EFFECTS OF CURRENT
3. CURRENT 14. KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)
4. VOLTAGE 15. KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KCL)
5. OHM’S LAW 16. ELECTRICAL ENERGY
6. RESISTANCE 17. CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY
7. CONDUCTORS 18. ELECTRIC GENERATOR
8. INSULATORS 19. ELECTRIC MOTOR
9. COULOMB’S LAW 20. TRANSFORMER
10. CAPACITORS 185+ MCQS
11. DRIFT VELOCITY

Chapter 6 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE 152-176

1. HEAT 10. SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
2. TEMPERATURE 11. CONDUCTION
3. THERMOMETRY 12. CONVECTION
4. THERMODYNAMICS 13. RADIATION
5. MACROSCOPIC VARIABLES 14. STATES OF MATTER
6. ZEROTH LAW OF 15. TRIPLE POINT
THERMODYNAMICS
7. THERMAL EXPANSION 16. THE GAS LAWS
8. ANOMALOUS EXPANSION OF 100+ MCQS
WATER
9. CALORIMETRY
Chapter 7 IT LITERACY 177-222
1. COMPUTER 9. NUMBER SYSTEM
2. HARDWARE 10. LANGUAGES
3. SOFTWARE 11. BASIC DATA STRUCTURE
4. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS 12. BASIC OPERATIONS
5. MEMORY 13. COMPUTER NETWORK
6. PRINTER 14. NETWORK DEVICES
7. FILENAMES 15. INTERNET
8. DIRECTORIES 335+ MCQS

Chapter 8 LEVERS AND SIMPLE MACHINES 223-245

1. SIMPLE MACHINES 5. LEVERS
2. RAMPS 6. WHEEL AND AXLE
3. WEDGE 7. PULLEYS
4. SCREW 95+ MCQS

Chapter 9 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION 246-288

1. ENVIRONMENT 8. OZONE LAYER DEPLETION AND ITS
HARMFUL EFFECTS
2. ATMOSPHERE 9. GLOBAL WARMING AND ITS HARMFUL
(GAS) EFFECTS
3. HYDROSPHERE 10. RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
4. LITHOSPHERE 11. NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
5. BIOSPHERE 12. WORLDWIDE FUND FOR NATURE
(WWF)
6. FOOD CHAIN 150+ MCQS
7. POLLUTION

Chapter 10 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, HEALTH 289-322

1. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 9. HEALTH HAZARDS
2. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE 10. FIRE DISASTER
3. HEALTH AND SAFETY 11. FIRE EXTINGUISHER
REPRESENTATIVE
4. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND 12. SAFETY SIGNS
SAFETY (OHS)
5. LEGISLATIONS 13. GLOBALLY HARMONIZED
SYSTEM
6. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 14. ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
ASSESSMENTS
7. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 15. 5S SYSTEM
OF INDIA
 8. TOXIC SUBSTANCE 110+ MCQS

Chapter 11 DRAWING INSTRUMENTS 323-340

1. CLASSIFICATION OF 4. REDUCING SCALE
ENGINEERING DRAWING
2. INSTRUMENTS USED IN 5. TITLE BOX
ENGINEERING DRAWING
3. LINE TYPES USING DIFFERENT 85+ MCQS
GRADES OF PENCIL
Chapter 12 GEOMETRIC FIGURES 341-368
1. GEOMETRIC 7. CYLINDER 13. PYRAMIDS
CONSTRUCTION
2. ANGLE 8. CONE 14. ELLIPSE
3. POLYGON 9. SPHERE 15. PARABOLA
4. TRIANGLE 10. CUBE 16. HYPERBOLA
5. QUADRILATERAL 11. CUBOID 135+ MCQS
6. CIRCLES 12. PRISM

Chapter 13 LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING 369-386

1. TYPES OF LETTERING 2. DIMENSIONS OF LETTERS
3. DIMENSIONING 60+ MCQS

Chapter 14 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION 387-407

1. ENGINEERING 12. RESISTORS 23. POWER FACTOR
DRAWING METER
2. SYMBOLIC 13. CAPACITORS 24. THREE PIN WALL
REPRESENTATION SOCKET
3. LOGIC GATES 14. AC MOTORS 25. TRANSFORMERS
4. SENSORS 15. ALTERNATOR 26. INDUCTORS
5. AUDIO 16. CHOKE 27. SOME GEOMETRIC
DEVICES CHARACTERISTICS AND
THEIR SYMBOLS
6. METERS 17. DC GENERATOR 28. SOME BASIC AND
SUPPLEMENTARY ARC
AND GAS WELD SYMBOL
7. WIRES 18. DC MOTOR 29. ARROW SIDE FILLET
WELDING SYMBOL
8. SWITCHES 19. ELECTRIC FAULT 30. OTHER SIDE FILLET
WELDING SYMBOL
9. TRANSISTORS 20. ENERGY METER 31. BOLT
 10. DIODES 21. LAMP IN 32. COMMON
PARALLEL ENGINEERING
ABBREVIATIONS
11. POWER 22. LAMP IN SERIES 33. STANDARD
SUPPLIES ABBREVIATIONS
20+ MCQS
Chapter 15 PROJECTION AND VIEWS 408-431
1. PROJECTIONS 5. DIFFERENT TYPES OF LINE
USED IN PROJECTION
2. PROJECTION THEORY 6. CONVENTIONS USED FOR
LINES
3. TYPES OF PROJECTION METHOD 7. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
4. SIX PRINCIPAL VIEWS 80+ MCQS
Chapter 16 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (VVI) 432-463
358+ CHAPTER WISE MCQS COLLECTION FROM PREVIOUS YEAR
PAPER

"Start your preparation seriously with the help of this

book. Best of luck for your bright future!"
 Chapter – 1 : Units & Measurements

Have you ever wondered why the weight of the Which can be treated as independent of other
sugar that you purchase from the grocery store physical quantities and are not usually defined in
comes in kilograms and the distance from your terms of other physical quantities are called
workplace to home in kilometres? fundamental quantities.
It is because these units have been There are seven fundamental or base
standardized and thus, they represent a fixed quantities, they are:
amount. The standard amount of a physical 1. Mass
quantity chosen to measure the physical quantity
of the same kind is called a physical quantity. It 2. Length
is more like that a physical quantity has been 3. Time
assigned a unit to measure that particular quantity
4. Electric current
and the unit has a fixed reference value.
5. Temperature
Let us now look into the details of the Units and
Dimensions. 6. Luminous intensity
To measure a physical quantity like length, mass 7. Amount of substance
and time we require a standard of measurement. Derived Physical Quantities:
This standard of measurement is called the unit
of that physical quantity. For example, the unit of The physical quantities whose defining
length is meters and a standard length of 1 metre operations are based on other physical quantities
has a precise definition. To measure the length of are called derived quantities. What it means is
an object is to determine how many times this that the derived quantities are actually a
standard-length metre is contained in the length derivation using the fundamental physical
of a room. The comparison of a physical quantity quantities and hence are not independent.
with a standard quantity is called measurement. MEASUREMENT
PHYSICAL QUANTITY Measurement of a physical quantity is the
All those quantities that can be measured directly process of comparing this quantity with a
or indirectly and in terms of which the laws of standard amount of the physical quantity of the
physics can be expressed are called physical same kind, called its unit.
quantities. Physical quantities can be To express the measurements of a physical
fundamental or derived. quantity, we need to know two things:
Fundamental Physical Quantities: ● The unit in which the quantity is measured

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 Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing Units & Measurements

● The numerical value or the magnitude of the times the wavelength of the light emitted in a
quantity (the number of times that unit is vacuum due to the electronic transition in Kr86.
contained in the given physical quantity. Second – Represented by s. It is the fundamental
This implies, unit of time. One second is defined as the time
interval in which the Cesium-133 atom vibrates
Measure of a physical quantity = numerical value
9,192,631, 770 times.
of the physical quantity × size of the unit
Kilogram – Represented by kg. It is the
Length of room = 5m = 500cm
fundamental unit of mass. One kilogram was
PHYSICAL UNIT initially defined as the mass of a cylinder
composed of platinum-iridium alloy, kept in the
The standard amount of a physical quantity
International Bureau of weights and measures,
chosen to measure the physical quantity of the
preserved at Serves near Paris. Now, it is defined
same kind is called a physical quantity. There are
using the fixed value of Planck’s constant. It is
certain properties of a unit:
defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the
 The unit should be of some suitable size. Planck constant h to be 6.626 07015 × 10–34 when
 The unit must be well-defined. expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2
 The unit should be easily reproducible at all s–1, where the meter and the second are defined
places. in terms of c and ΔνCs.
 The unit must not change with time. Ampere – Represented by A. It is the
 The unit should not change with physical fundamental unit of electric current. One ampere
conditions like temperature, pressure etc. is the amount of current flowing through each of
 The unit must be easily comparable the two parallel conductors, having an infinite
experimentally with similar physical quantities. length and negligible area of cross-section when
placed one meter apart in a vacuum, each
1. FUNDAMENTAL UNIT
conductor will experience a force equal to 2×10−7
The physical units which can neither be derived N per unit length.
from one another, nor they can be further
Kelvin – Represented by K. It is the fundamental
resolved into simpler units are called
unit of temperature. One kelvin is defined as the
fundamental quantities. The units of fundamental
temperature which is equal to the fraction of
quantities are fundamental units.
1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of
The fundamental units are: the triple point of water.
Meter – Represented by m. It is the fundamental Candela – Represented by cd. It is the
unit of Length. This definition is given in terms fundamental unit of luminous intensity. One
of the velocity of light. Thus, presently a meter candela is defined as the luminous intensity in the
can be defined as the distance covered by a ray direction which is perpendicular to the direction
of light in a vacuum during a time duration equal of a surface of a black body having a cross-
to 1/299,792,458 of a second. Initially, one meter sectional area equal to 1/600000 m2 when kept at
was defined as a quantity that is 1650763.73 at freezing point of platinum and under a pressure
of 101325 N-m−2.

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Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing Units & Measurements

Mole – Represented by mol. It is the fundamental 2π Rad = 360°

unit of the amount of substance. One mole is Steradian – Represented by sr. It is the
defined as the amount of a substance of a system fundamental unit of a solid angle. One steradian
containing as many elementary entities as there is defined as the angle subtended at the centre of
are atoms in 12 gm of Carbon -12 Atom. a sphere of a unit radius by a surface having the
SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS: area equal to the square having side length equal
to the radius of the square.
Supplementary units are the dimensionless units
that are used along with the base units to form Note - The solid angle of a sphere at its centre is
derived units in the International system. The 4π steradians.
class of supplementary contains only two purely
geometrical units that is the radian and the
steradian. The supplementary unit of plane angle
is radian and that of solid angle is steradian.
Radian – Represented by rad. It is the
fundamental unit of plane angle. One radian is
defined as the angle made by an arc of the circle
equal to its radius at the centre. Radian is denoted  Basic/Fundamental Units:
by "rad" or using the symbol "c" in the exponent.
For example, 1.5 radians is written as 1.5 rad or S. No Fundamental SI Unit Symbol
1.5c. Quantity
1 rad=57∘17′45′′. 1 Mass Kilogram kg

2 Length Meter m

3 Time Second s

4 Current Ampere A
𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝜃 = 5 Temperature Kelvin K
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
If we consider the arc to be the total 6 Luminous Candela cd
circumference of the circle, then arc length = Intensity
2πr. Also, we know that the angle subtended at 7 Amount of Mole mol
the centre of the circle by its circumference is Substance
360°. Then by the above formula,
Angle subtended = (arc length)/(radius)
360° = (2πr)/r  Supplementary Units:-
360° = 2π S. No Physical Name of Symbol
Thus, the formula of radians is 2π = 360°. Quantity Unit

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 Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing Units & Measurements

1 Plane Angle Radian rad 3. SYSTEMS OF UNITS AND

2 Solid Angle Steradian sr UNIT CONVERSION
A system of units is a set of units for
2. DERIVED UNIT measurement of the same quantities. In addition
Derived units are units that are derived from to the SI system, there are other systems of units
combinations of the base units of a system of that are used in different fields and regions. For
units. They are used to express quantities that example, the imperial system of units is used in
cannot be expressed in terms of the base units the United States and the United Kingdom, and
alone. the Chinese system of units is used in China.

For example, in the International System of (1) FPS System: In this system, the unit of length
Units (SI), the base units are the meter (m) for is foot, unit of mass is pound and the unit of time
length, the kilogram (kg) for mass, and the is second.
second (s) for time. (2) CGS System: In this system, the units of
These base units are used to define a set of length, mass and time are centimetre, gram and
derived units that are used to express other second, respectively.
physical quantities. Some examples of derived (3) MKS System: In this system, the unit of
units in the SI system include the following: length, mass and time are meters, kilogram and
 Newton (N): The newton is the derived unit of second, respectively.
force. It is defined as the force required to (4) SI System: This system is widely used in all
accelerate a mass of 1 kilogram at a rate of 1 measurements throughout the world. The system
meter per second squared. is based on seven basic units and two
 Pascal (Pa): The pascal is the derived unit of supplementary units.
pressure. It is defined as the force per unit area For example, to convert from meters to feet, you
on a surface. can use the following conversion factor: 1 meter
 Joule (J): The joule is the derived unit of energy. = 3.28 feet. To convert a value in meters to feet,
It is defined as the work done when a force of 1 you would multiply the value in meters by the
newton moves an object over a distance of 1 conversion factor. For example, to convert 5
meter. meters to feet, you would multiply 5 by the
conversion factor: 5 meters × 3.28 feet/meter =
 Watt (W): The watt is the derived unit of power.
16.4 feet.
It is defined as the rate of energy transfer or
consumption. It is important to be careful when performing unit
conversion, as mistakes can lead to incorrect
There are many other derived units in the SI
results. One way to avoid mistakes is to use
system, and they are used to express a wide range
conversion factors that are derived from
of physical quantities. Derived units are
conversion factors that are equal to 1, such as 1
important because they allow us to measure and
meter = 100 centimetres or 1 pound =
express quantities that are more complex or
0.45359237 kilograms.
abstract than the base units alone can capture.

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Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing Units & Measurements

Some Common Practical Units the unit "kHz" (kilohertz), it means 1000 Hz
(hertz). Similarly, the prefix "M" stands for
Unit Prefixes: "mega" and represents a multiplier of 1000000.
When the magnitude of the physical quantities So, if you see the unit "Mbit" (megabit), it
is very large or very small, it is convenient to means 1000000 bits.
express them in the multiples or submultiples of
the SI units. Point to be remembered (Most Important)
Prefix Symbol Multiplier
 Mass:
y (yocto) 10-24
1 Matric ton → 1000 kg → 10 Quintal
z (zepto) 10-21
1 Quintal → 100 kg
a (atto) 10-18
1 pound = 453.6 gm
f (femto) 10-15
1 Once = 28.35 gm
p (pico) 10-12
1 AMU (Atomic Mass Unit) = 1.66 × 10-27 kg
-9
n (nano) 10
1 Carat = 200 mg
µ (micro) 10-6
 Length:
m (milli) 10-3
1 cm = 10 mm
c (centi) 10-2
1 m = 100 cm
d (deci) 10-1
1 Inch = 2.54 cm
- 1
1 foot = 12 Inch
da (deca) 101
= 30.48 cm
2
h (hecto) 10
1 m = 100 cm
k (kilo) 103
= 39.37 Inch
6
M (mega) 10
1 Yard = 0.914 m
G (giga) 109
1 Nautical Mile = 1852 meters
12
T (tera) 10
= 1.852 km
15
P (peta) 10 1 Astronomical unit = 1.495 × 1011 m
E (exa) 1018 Astronomical unit - Used to measure the mean
21 distance between the sun and earth
Z (zetta) 10
Y (yotta) 1024 1 Light year = 9.46 × 1015 m
= 9.46 × 1012 km
For example, the prefix "k" stands for "kilo" and
represents a multiplier of 1000. So, if you see

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 Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing Units & Measurements

Light Year - It is the distance travelled by light 1 m2 = 1 m × 1m = 100 cm × 100 cm = 10000

in one year. It is used for measuring cm2 = 10000 × 1cm2 = 10000 × 104 mm2 = 108
astronomical distances. mm2
Note - Light year is the unit of Distance. Conversion:
1 Parsec = 3.26 light year
= 3. 26 × 9.46 × 1015 m
= 30.8 × 1015 m
1.
1 Parsec = 3.08 × 1016 m
1 Fermi = 10-15 m
1 A0 = 10 -10 m (1A0 = 1 Angstrom)
Fermi - Used to measure nuclear distances
2.
Angstrom - Used to measure the wavelength of
light
 Time:
1 Minute = 60 seconds
3.
1 hr = 60 min = 3600 seconds
1 day = 24 hours
Volume = m × m × m = m3
1 year = 365.25 days
1 m3 = 1000 litres
1 leap year = 366 days (In February there are 29
days in leap year) (100 cm)3 = 1000 litres
Unit of Length - m 106 cm3 = 1000 litres
Unit of area - m2 1000 cm3 = 1 litre
Unit of Volume - m3 (10 cm)3 = 1 litre
1 Hectare = 104 m2 = 10,000 m2 (10 cm)3 = 1 litre
1 Acre = 4096.86 m2 1 Gallon = 4.54 litres
1 Hectare = 2.47 Acre  Temperature (K)
Hectare > Area 1
th Part of triple point of water
273.16
1 cm2 = 1 cm × 1 cm = 10 mm × 10 mm = is 1 Kelvin.
10000 mm2 = 104 mm2
0oC = 273.15

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Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing Units & Measurements

1 kgf - m = 9.81 Joule

1 HP (Horsepower) = 746 Watt
Triple Point of water - At which temperature 1 Matric Horsepower = 735.5 Watt
solid, liquid and gas coexist in equilibrium or
Ice, water and vapour coexist in equilibrium. 1 Matric Horsepower = 0.9863 HP

Relation between Celsius Fahrenheit  Pressure:-

and kelvin:- 1 Atmospheric Pressure
𝐶 − 0 𝐹 − 32 𝐾 − 273 = 76 cm of Hg
= =
100 180 100 = 760 mm of Hg
= 1.01325 × 105 Pascal
Note: At (-40°) temperature Celsius and = 101.325 kPa
Fahrenheit are equal.
 Important:-
Kelvin = Celsius + 273.15
Electron → (-ve) → -1.602 × 10-19 Coulomb
 Energy & Power:-
Proton → (+ve) → +1.602 × 10-19 Coulomb
6
1 kwh = 3.6 × 10 Joule
Neutron → (Neutral) → Zero
= 3.6 MJ
e → electron → 9.11 × 10-31 kg
3 3
= 3.6 × 10 × 10 Joule
p → proton → 1.6726 × 10-27 kg
= 3.6 × 103 KJ
n→ Neutron → 1.6749 × 10-27 kg
Note: kwh is the unit of energy.
Size → e < p < n
1 eV = 1.6 × 10-19 Joule
1 AMU (Atomic mass unit) → 1/12th of the
Note: eV is the unit of energy.
Mass of an atom of C-12
1 kgf = 9.81 N
1 AMU = 1.66 × 10-27 kg

4. INSTRUMENTS AND USAGE

An instrument is a device or tool used to measure, record, or control something. Instruments can be used
in a variety of fields, including science, engineering, medicine, and music. In order to effectively use an
instrument, it is important to understand its purpose, how it works, and any necessary precautions or
safety measures. Here is a list of instruments which you may encounter in laboratories:

Instrument Usage

Dial indicator Measure very small linear distances and angles

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Micrometer Measure very small linear distances

Thermometer Measure temperature

Hygrometer Measure humidity

Barometer Measure atmospheric pressure

Anemometer Measure wind speed

Sound level meter Measure sound intensity or loudness

Voltmeter Measure electric potential difference (voltage)

Ammeter Measure electric current

Ohmmeter Measure electrical resistance

Multimeter Measure multiple electrical quantities (voltage, current, resistance)

Oscilloscope Measure and display electrical signals over time

Particle counter Measure the number and size of particles in a liquid or gas

Flow meter Measure the flow rate of a liquid or gas

Mass spectrometer Analyse the chemical composition of a sample based on the mass and
abundance of its constituent atoms

Spectrophotometer Measure the intensity of light as a function of wavelength or frequency

Force gauge Measure force or weight

Strain gauge Measure strain or deformation in a material

Torque wrench Measure torque or rotational force

Tachometer Measure rotational speed

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Seismograph Measure earthquakes and other ground movements

Clinometer Measure slopes or inclinations

Altimeter Measure altitude or elevation

GPS receiver Measure position, velocity, and time using satellite signals

Accelerometer Measure acceleration or gravity

Gyroscope Measure angular velocity or orientation

Magnetometer Measure magnetic field strength

Particle Accelerate and measure subatomic particles

accelerator

Altimeter Measures altitude (used in Aircraft)

Audiometer Measures intensity of sound

Barograph Continuous recording of atmospheric pressure

Binoculars To view distant object

Bolometer To measure heat radiation

Calipers Measures inner and outer diameter of bodies

Cardiogram Trace movement of heat , recorded a cardiogram

Chronometer Determine longitude of a vessel at sea

Colorimeter Compares intensity of colour

Commutator To change reverse the direction of electric current.

Cryometer It is type of thermometer used to measure very low temperatures usually

close to 0 C

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Cyclotron A charged particle accelerator which can accelerate charged to high

energies.

Dynamo Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Dynamometer Measures electrical power

Endoscope To examine internal parts of the body

Electroscope Detects presence of an electric charge

Electrometer It measure very small but potential difference in electric currents

Flux meter Measure magnetic flux

Fathometer Measures depth of the ocean

Hygrometer Measure level of humidity

Hygroscope Shows the changes in atmospheric humidity

Hydrophone Measures sound under water

Wave meter To measure the wavelength of radio waves

5. DIMENSIONS OF A to a certain power (or exponents) in order to

derive dimensions of this new quantity.
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
For example,
Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers Density = mass/volume
or exponents to which the fundamental quantities Dimensions of density = [ML-3] = [M1L-3T0]
have must be raised to represent that quantity
completely. All the derived physical quantities of the world
can be expressed in terms of some combinations
Suppose there is a new quantity (a quantity for of the seven fundamental or base quantities. We
which the dimensional formula is unknown). call these fundamental quantities as the seven
Now if we want to derive a dimensional formula dimensions of the world, they are
for this particular quantity, we would have used
the fundamental quantities that we already know ● Dimension of length = [L]
and we have to raise the fundamental quantities ● Dimension of mass = [M]

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● Dimension of time = [T] Let, N1(joule) = N2(erg)

● Dimension of electric current = [A] N1[M₁¹L₁²T₁⁻²] = N2[M₂¹L₂²T₂⁻²]
● Dimension of thermodynamic temperature = [K] N2 = N1[M₁¹L₁²T₁⁻²] /[M₂¹L₂²T₂⁻²]
● Dimension of luminous intensity = [cd] N1 × [M1/M2]¹ × [L1/L2]² × [T1/T2]⁻²
● Dimension of amount of substance = [mol] 1 × [1kg/gm]¹ × [1m/1cm]² × [1s/1s]⁻²

Applications of Dimensional 1 × (1000g/gm) × (100cm/1cm)² × (1s/1s)⁻² =

10⁷
Analysis
N1(joule) = N2(erg)
1. Conversion of One System of Units to
Another: ∴ 1 Joule = 10⁷erg

It is based on the fact that the magnitude of a 2. Checking the Dimensional Consistency of
physical quantity remains the same, whatever Equations:
may be the system of units. If u1 and u2 are the Principle of Homogeneity: According to this
units of measurement of a physical quantity Q principle, a physical equation will be
and n1 and n2 are the corresponding numerical dimensionally correct if the dimensions of all
values, them terms occurring on both sides of the equation
Q = n1u1 = n2u2 are the same.

Let M1, L1, T1 be the sizes of fundamental units According to the principle of homogeneity of
of mass, length and time in one system; and M2, dimensions, all the terms in a given physical
L2, T2 be corresponding units in another system. equation must be the same.
If the dimensional formula of quantity Q be Ma E.g. s = ut + (½) at2
Lb TC, then
Dimensionally,
n1 [M1a L1b T1c] = n2 [M2a L2b T2C]
S = [L]
a a b b c c
n2 = n1 [M1] / [M2] × [L1] / [L2] × [T1] / [T2]
ut = [LT-1 ] [T] = [L]
This equation can be used to find the numerical
[L] = [LT-1.T] + [LT-2. T2] [L] = [L] + [L]
value in the second or new system of units.
3. Deducing Relation among the Physical
Let us convert one joule into erg:
Quantities:
1 Joule of Energy = 1 Newton × 1 meter
By making use of the homogeneity of
1 erg = 1 dyne × 1 cm dimensions, we can derive an expression for a
1 joule = 1 newton × 1 metre physical quantity if we know the various factors
on which it depends.
1 joule = 105 dynes × 102 cm
E.g. The centripetal force F acting on a particle
1 joule = 107 erg moving uniformly in a circle may depend upon
Dimension Formula for Joule is [M¹L²T⁻²] mass (m), velocity (v) and radius (r) of the

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circle. Derive the formula for F using the Equation the powers of M, L and T of both
method of dimensions. sides, we have,
Let F = k(m)x(v)y(r)z x = 1, y = 2 and y + z = 1
or z = 1 − y = −1
Here, k is a dimensionless constant of
proportionality. Writing the dimensions of RHS Putting the values in Eq. (I), we get
and LHS in Eq. (i), we have F = kmv2r -1 = kmv2/r
[MLT2] = [M]x[LT -1]y[L]z = [Mx Ly + z T -y] F = mv2/r (where k = 1)

6. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES WITH THEIR FORMULAS AND UNITS

Dimensional
Physical Quantity Formula Formula S.I Unit
Area (A) Length × Breadth [M0L2T0] m2
Volume (V) Length × Breadth × Height [M0L3T0] m3
Density (d) Mass / Volume [M1L-3T0] kgm-3
Speed (s) Distance / Time [M0L1T-1] ms-1
Velocity (v) Displacement / Time [M0L1T-1] ms-1
Acceleration (a) Change in velocity / Time [M0L1T-2] ms-2
Acceleration due to
gravity (g) Change in velocity / Time [M0L1T-2] ms-2
Density of body/density of No dimensions
Specific gravity water at 4oC [M0L0T-0] No units
Linear momentum (p) Mass × Velocity [M1L1T-1] kgms-1
Force (F) Mass × Acceleration [M1L1T-2] N
Mass × Acceleration due to
Weight gravity [M1L1T-2] N
Work (W) Force × Distance [M1L2T-2] J (Joule)
Energy (E) Work [M1L2T-2] J
Impulse (I) Force × Time [M1L1T-1] Ns

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Pressure (P) Force / Area [M1L-1T-2] Nm-2

Power (P) Work / Time [M1L2T-3] W
Moment of inertia (I) Mass × (distance)2 [M1L2T0] kgm2
Moment of force,
moment of couple Force × distance [M1L2T-2] Nm
Surface tension (T) Force / Length [M1L0T-2] Nm-1
Surface energy (E) Energy / unit area [M1L0T-2] Nm-1
Force constant (x) Force / Displacement [M1L0T-2] Nm-1
Resistance (R) Potential difference / Current [M1L2T–3A-2] ohms (Ω)
Thrust (F) Force [M1L1T-2] N
Tension (T) Force [M1L1T-2] N
Stress (𝞽) Force / Area [M1L-1T-2] Nm-2
Change in dimension / No dimensions
Strain Original dimension [M0L0T-0] No unit
Modulus of Elasticity
(E) Stress / strain [M1L-1T-2] Nm-2
Radius of gyration (k) Distance [M0L1T0] m
Angle ( θ), Angular No dimensions
displacement Arc length / Radius [M0L0T-0] rad
Trigonometric ratio
(sin θ, cos θ, tan θ, No dimensions
etc) Length / length [M0L0T-0 No unit
Angular velocity( ω ) Angle / Time [M0L0T-1] rad s-1
Angular
acceleration( α ) Angular velocity / Time [M0L0T-2] rad s-2

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Angular momentum Moment of inertia × Angular

(J) velocity [M1L2T-1] kgm2s-1
Moment of inertia × Angular
Torque acceleration [M1L2T-2] Nm
Charge (q) Current × time [M0L0T1A1] C
Rate flow Volume / Time [M0L3T-1] m3s-1
Wavelength( 𝛌 ) Length of a wavelet [M0L1T0] m
Number of vibrations/second
Frequency(𝝼) or 1/time period [M0L0T-1] Hz or s-1
Angular frequency (ω) 2π × frequency [M0L0T-1] rad s−1
Planck’s constant (h) Energy / Frequency [M1L2T-1] Js
Capacitance Charge / potential difference [M–1L–2T4A2] F (Farad)
Electric field (E) Force / Charge [M1L1T-3A-1] NC-1
Pressure gradient Pressure / Distance [M1L-2T-2] Nm-3
Pressure energy Pressure × Volume [M1L2T-2] J
Temperature —— [M0L0T0K1] K
Heat (Q) Energy [M1L2T-2] J
Angular velocity angle/time [M0L0T-1A0] rads–1
Energy density Energy / volume [M1L-1T-2] Jm-3
Inductance Magnetic flux / current [M1L2T-2A-2] H (Henry)
Heat energy, internal
energy Work (= Force × distance) [M1L2T-2] J
Thermal Conductivity
(K) -(q/A) × (dx/dT) [MLT-3𝜃-1] Js-1 m-1 K-1
Viscosity (𝞵) 𝞵 = 𝞽 × (dy/du) [ML-1T-1] N-s/m2

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7. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Example: The distance between two places is

4030 metre, then 4030 m contains 4 significant
The significant figures are the number of digits figures.
required to report the result of an experiment or a
calculation accurately. It is that number of digits 6. If there is a decimal at the end of the whole
in a quantity that is known reliably, plus one that number, all zeros at the right extreme just before
is uncertain. As the number of significant figures the decimal are significant.
increases, the accuracy also increases. Example: 21300. has five significant figures.
Rules for determining significant figures 7. If the number has an integral part and a
The rules for determining the number of decimal part, all zeros in the number are
significant figures are: significant.

1. All non-zero digits are significant. Example: 28.20 has four significant figures.

Example: 326.84 has five significant figures. 8. ROUNDING OFF:

2. All zeroes occurring in between two non-zero 1. If the digit to be dropped is less than 5 then the
digits are significant. preceding digit is left unchanged.
Example: 804.003 has six significant figures. Example: x = 7.82 is rounded off to 7.8 again x =
3.94 rounded off to 3.9.
3. All the zeros after decimal but before a non-
zero digit are not significant. 2. If the digit to be dropped is more than 5 then
the preceding digit is raised by one.
Example: 0.00942 has only three significant
Example: x = 6.87 is rounded off to 6.9 again x =
figures. Here the three zeros are not significant.
12.78 is rounded off to 12.8.
4. All the zeros right side of the decimal and right 3. If the digit to be dropped is 5 followed by digits
side of a non-zero digit are significant. other than zero then the preceding digit is raised
Example: 0.35000 has five significant figures. by one.

5. If the given number does not contain a decimal Example: x = 16.351 is rounded off to 16.4 again
point, the final zeroes are ambiguous and are not x = 6.758 is rounded off to 6.8.
significant. 4. If digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by
zeros then preceding digit is left unchanged if it
Example: 346000 has only three significant
is even.
figures.
Example: x = 3.250 becomes 3.2 on rounding off
In such cases the number is written as a power of
again x = 12.650 becomes 12.6 on rounding off.
10, putting the decimal point after the first digit,
5. If digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by
i.e.,
zeros then the preceding digit is raised by one if
346000 = 3.46 × 105. it is odd.
But if the number obtained is on the basis of an Example: x = 3.750 is rounded off to 3.8 again x
actual measurement, all zeroes to the right of the = 16.150 is rounded off to 16.2.
last non zero digit are significant.

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9. STANDARDIZATION measurement. It is a way of expressing the

quality of a measurement, considering the
Standardization is the process of establishing and various sources of error that can affect the
maintaining agreed-upon standards for units of accuracy of the measurement.
measurement. This is important to ensure that
measurements taken by different people or There are several sources of error that can
instruments are comparable and accurate. contribute to measurement uncertainty,
including:
Standardization is necessary because
 The precision of the measuring instrument:
measurements can be affected by various factors,
such as the precision of the measuring The precision of a measuring instrument refers to
instrument, the skill of the person taking the its ability to give the same result when repeated
measurement, and the condition of the object measurements are taken. For example, a ruler
being measured. with markings every millimetre is more precise
than a ruler with markings every centimetre.
Standardization helps to reduce these sources
 The skill of the person taking the
of error and ensures that measurements are made
consistently and accurately. measurement: The skill of the person taking the
measurement can also contribute to uncertainty.
It is often achieved through the development For example, a person with good hand-eye
of national or international standards coordination is likely to make more accurate
organizations that establish and maintain measurements than someone who is less skilled.
standards for units of measurement. For example,
 The condition of the object being measured:
the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures (BIPM) is responsible for maintaining The condition of the object being measured can
the international standards for the International also affect the accuracy of the measurement. For
System of Units (SI). example, an object that is worn or damaged may
be more difficult to measure accurately.
Standardization is important in many fields,
including science, engineering, and industry, Measurement uncertainty is usually expressed as
where accurate and reliable measurements are a range of values, with a lower and upper bound.
critical for research, product development, and The range represents the range of values within
quality control. It is also important in everyday which the true value of the measured quantity is
life, as it helps to ensure that products are believed to lie, with a certain level of confidence.
accurately labelled and that measurements taken The level of confidence is usually expressed as a
in different locations or at different times are percentage, such as 95% or 99%. For example, if
comparable. a measurement has an uncertainty of +/- 0.1 mm
with a confidence level of 95%, it means that the
10. ERROR IN MEASUREMENT true value of the measurement is believed to lie
The uncertainty in the measurement of a physical within the range of 0.1 mm either side of the
quantity is called an error. measured value, with 95% confidence.
Measurement uncertainty is a measure of the Measurement uncertainty is an important concept
level of confidence that can be placed in a in science and engineering, as it allows

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researchers and practitioners to evaluate the (iii) Observational errors: These errors arise
quality of measurements and make informed due to improper setting of the apparatus or
decisions based on the level of confidence that carelessness in taking observations. Ex. parallax
can be placed in them. error.
Systematic errors are errors that are present in 2. Random Errors:
every measurement and are caused by a specific These errors are due to unknown causes.
factor that is always present. They are usually Therefore, they occur irregularly and are variable
due to a problem with the measuring instrument in magnitude and sign. Since the causes of these
or the measurement process. Random errors, on errors are not known precisely, they cannot be
the other hand, are errors that occur randomly eliminated completely. For example, when the
and cannot be predicted. They are usually due to same person repeats the same observation in the
factors such as the person taking the same conditions, he may get different readings at
measurement, or the condition of the object being
different times. Random errors can be reduced by
measured. repeating the observation a large number of times
In this chapter, we will examine the different and taking the arithmetic mean of all the
types of errors that can occur in measurements observations. This mean value would be very
and learn how to identify and minimize them. We close to the most accurate reading.
will also discuss methods for evaluating the (i) Absolute error: the magnitude of the
uncertainty of measurements and determining the difference between the true value of the quantity
level of confidence that can be placed in them. measured and the individual measured value is
Classification of Errors: called absolute error.
In terms of dimensions, absolute error is typically
1. Systematic or Controllable Errors:
expressed in the same dimensions as the quantity
Systematic errors are the errors whose causes are being measured.
known. They can be either positive or negative.
For example, if you are measuring the volume of
Due to the known causes these errors can be
a liquid in liters, the absolute error would be
minimized.
expressed in liters. If you are measuring the mass
Systematic errors can further be classified into of an object in kilograms, the absolute error
three categories: would be expressed in kilograms.
(i) Instrumental errors: These errors are due to If we take arithmetic mean ä as the true value,
imperfect design or erroneous manufacture or then the absolute errors in the individual
misuse of the measuring instrument. These can measured values will be
be reduced by using more accurate instruments. Δa1 = ä - a1
(ii) Environmental errors: These errors are due Δa2 = ä - a2
to the changes in external environmental
E.g. A carpenter is building a cabinet and needs
conditions such as temperature, pressure,
to cut a piece of wood to be exactly 36 inches
humidity, dust, vibrations or magnetic and
long. However, when they measure the wood,
electrostatic fields.

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they find that it is only 35 inches long. Find the accuracy of different measurements on the same
absolute error. scale.
Sol: The absolute error in this case would be 1 It's important to note that relative error only
inch, since the difference between the measured makes sense when the true value of the quantity
value (35 inches) and the true value (36 inches) being measured is non-zero. If the true value is
is 1 inch. zero, the relative error is undefined.
(ii) Mean or final absolute error: The E.g. Abdul measured the length of a table to be 2
arithmetic mean of the positive magnitudes of all meters, but the actual length is 2.1 meters. Find
the absolute errors is called mean absolute error. relative error.
It is given by Sol: The absolute error in this measurement is 0.1
Δ ä = [|Δ a1| + |Δ a2| + …... |Δ an|] / n meters, and the relative error is (0.1 meters)/(2.1
meters) = 0.048.
Thus, the final result of the measure of a physical
quantity can be expressed as (iv) Percentage error: the relative error
expressed in percentage is called percentage
A=ä+-Δa
error.
E.g. if a model is trained to predict the price of a
Percentage error = [Δ ä / ä] × 100
house based on its square footage and the true
prices of the houses in the training data are Percentage error is often used in science and
$100,000, $200,000, and $300,000 and the model engineering, as it allows you to compare the
predicts $110,000, $210,000, and $310,000 accuracy of different measurements on the same
respectively, then the mean absolute error would scale.
be calculated as follows: E.g. Unlimited Education student is trying to
Sol: MAE = (|100000 - 110000| + |200000 - determine the volume of a liquid using a
210000| + |300000 - 310000|) / 3 = (10000 + graduated cylinder. He measures the volume to
10000 + 10000) / 3 = 10000 be 100 millilitres, but the actual volume is 97
millilitres. Find the percentage error.
The final absolute error would be 10000, which
is the absolute error of the last prediction made Sol: The absolute error is 3 millilitres, and the
by the model. Both the mean absolute error and percentage error is (3 millilitres)/(97 millilitres)
final absolute error would be expressed in dollars × 100% = 3.09%.
in this case.
We read about what units are and why we need
(iii) Relative error: the ratio of the mean different units for different quantities so as to
absolute error to the true value of the measured avoid the discrepancies that we may encounter
quantity is called relative error. during measurements. Then we read about the
dimensions as well as the dimensional formula
Relative error a = Δ ä / ä
for a lot many quantities.
Relative error is often used in science and
In the end we discussed about the probable error
engineering, as it allows you to compare the
that we might observe while making a

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measurement and the associated correction for Q:9. Which temperature in Celsius scale is equal
the same. to 300K?
1. 30°C 2. 27°C
3. 300°C 4. None of these
Exercises
Q:10. Richter scale is used for measuring?
Q:1. What is the unit for measuring the 1. Density of liquid
amplitude of a sound? 2. Intensity of earthquakes
1. Decibel 2. Coulumb 3. Velocity of wind
3. Meter 4. Cycles 4. Humidity of air

Q:2. Electric current is measured by Q:11. 105 Fermi is equal to

1. Commutator 2. Anemometer 1. 1 meter 2. 100 micron
3. Ammeter 4. Voltmeter 3. 1 angstrom 4. 1 mm

Q:3. A Chronometer measures Q:12. Kg m/sec is unit of

1. Color Contrast 2. Sound waves 1. Impulse
3. Time 4. Water waves 2. Angular acceleration
3. Capacity of condenser
Q:4. Knot is a unit of speed of which of the 4. Acceleration
following?
1. Aeroplane 2. Light waves Q:13. The instrument used in aircrafts to
3. Ship 4. Sound waves measure altitude above a fixed level is :
1. Ammeter 2. Audiometer
Q:5. The unit of energy in MKS system is 3. Anemometer 4. Altimeter
1. Volt 2. Erg
3. Ohm 4. Joule Q:14. The energy of food is measured in
1. Kelvin 2. Calories
Q:6. 1 KWH is unit of 3. Bushel 4. None of the above
1. Time 2. Power
3. Energy 4. Stress Q:15. The telescope is use for viewing
1. Distant Objects 2. Near Objects
Q:7. Which one of the following units is a 3. Small Objects 4. Living cells
fundamental unit?
1. Watt 2. joule/sec Q:16. Candela is the unit of
3. Ampere 4. Newton 1. Magnetic flux
2. intensity of electric field
Q:8. Nautical mile is a unit of distance in 3. Luminous intensity
1. Navigation 2. Space 4. Charge
3. Aviation 4. None of these

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Q:17. If 10 Newton = X dynes, the value of X is 2. Angular velocity

1. 106 2. 104 3. Angular acceleration
3. 108 4. 103 4. Angular momentum

Q:18. 1 inch = ______ centimetre Q:27. Electron volt is a unit of

1. 3 2. 2.54 1. Charge 2. Potential difference
3. 2.7 4. 2.67 3. Energy 4. Magnetic Force

Q:19. One thousand microns is equal to Q:28. The ratio of S.I unit of K.E to C.G.S unit
1. 10-3 m 2. 10-6 m of K.E is
3. 10-9 m 4. 10-12 m 1. 107 2. 10-7
3. 10-5 4. 105
Q:20. Light year is a unit of
1. Time 2. Distance Q:29. Which one of the following is the unit of
3. Sunlight Intensity 4. Mass energy
1. Newton 2. N/sec
Q:21. The fundamental unit which is common in 3. N-sec 4. None of the above
F.P.S and M.K.S systems is
1. Foot 2. Sec Q:30. Which of the following is not a unit of
3. Kilo Gram 4. Pound power.
1. Watt 2. joule/hr
Q:22. Which of the following is Unit of length? 3. Nm/sec 4. N/sec
1. Lunar Month 2. Kelvin
3. Candela 4. Light Year Q:31. Which of the following is a derived unit?
1. Ampere 2. Mole
Q:23. The surface tension of a liquid is 70 3. Candela 4. Newton
dyne/cm. In MKS system its value is?
1. 70 N/m 2. 7 × 10-2 N/m Q:32. Which of the following is dimensionally
3. 7 × 102 N/m 4. 7 × 103 N/m correct formula.
1. v = ut + at 2. v + u = at
Q:24. At 4° C, the density of water is equal to 3. v/u = at 4. vt = u - a
1. 10-3 kg m-3 2. 10-2 kg m-3
3. 10 kg m-3 4. 103 kgm-3 Q:33. One nano meter is equal to
1. 10-6 m 2. 10-8 m
Q:25. One watt hour contains how many joules? 3. 10-9 m 4. 10-5 m
1. 3.6 × 108 J 2. 3.6 × 102 J
3. 36 × 103 J 4. 10-3 J Q:34. One fathom is equal to
1. 6 feet 2. 6 meters
Q:26. rad/ sec is the unit of 3. 60 feet 4. 100 cm
1. Angular displacement

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Q:35. Light year is a measurement of Q:44. Reading of a barometer going down is an

1. Speedof aeroplanes 2. Speed of light indication of
3. Stellar distances 4. Speed of rockets 1. Snow 2. Storm
3. Intense heat 4. Rainfall
Q:36. Bar is the unit of
1. Temperature 2. Heat Q:45. A chronometer measures
3. Atmospheric pressure 4. Current 1. Color contrast` 2. Sound waves
3. Time ` 4. Water waves
Q:37. Nautical mile is a unit of distance used in
1. Navigation Q:46. The unit of Current is
2. Road mile 1. Ohm 2. Watt
3. Astronomy 3. Ampere 4. None of the above
4. Measuring the boundaries of a nation
Q:47. Name the instrument used to measure
Q:38. How many Ergs are there in 1 joule? relative humidity
1. 102 2. 104 1. Hydrometer 2. Hygrometer
3. 106 4. 107 3. Barometer 4. Mercury thermometer

Q:39. Electric current is measure by Q:48. If MaLbTc the dimensional formula of

1. Commutator 2. Anemometer force, find the value of 2a-b-c
3. Ammeter 4. Voltmeter 1. 8 2. -4
3. 3 4. 6
Q:40. One horse power is equal to
1. 746watts 2. 748 watts Q:49. If MaLbTc the dimensional formula of
3. 736watts 4. 736 watts momentum and MxLyTz dimensional formula of
energy, find the value of ax + by - cz
Q:41. Kilowatt is a unit to measure 1. -3 2. 1
1. Work Power 2. Power 3. 2 4. 7
3. Electricity 4. Current
Q:50. Pair of quantities having same
Q:42. Kilo hertz is a unit which measures dimensional formula are
1. Power used by a current of one ampere 1. Velocity, Impulse
2. Crypto magnetic radio wave frequencies 2. Force, Weight
3. Voltage 3. Impulse, Inertia
4. Electric resistance 4. Angular momentum, Linear momentum

Q:43. Fathom is the unit of Q:51. . The dimensional formula of coefficient

1. Sound 2. Depth of viscosity is
3. Frequency 4. Distance 1. [MLT-1] 2. [M-1L2T-2]
3. [ML-1T-1] 4. none of these

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Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing Units & Measurements

Q:52. If length of pendulum is increased by 4. Convert DC into AC

2%.The time period will
1. increases by 1% 2. decreases by 1% Q:60. At what temperature do both the
3. increases by 2% 4. decreases by 2% Centigrade and the Fahrenheit, thermometers
show the same reading?
Q:53. Dimensional formula of thermal 1. -20° 2. -40°
conductivity is 3. 42° 4. 0°
1. ML2T-3 θ-1 2. ML2T-2θ-4
3. ML2T-2θ1 4. MLT-3θ-1 Q:61. Which instrument is used to measure
altitudes in aircrafts?
Q:54. Hygrometer is used to measure 1. Altimetert 2. Ammeter
1. Relative humidity 3. Audiometer 4. Anemometer
2. Purity of milk
3. Specific gravity of liquid Q:62. Which instrument is used to measures
4. None of the above strength of electric current?
1. Ammeter 2. Altimeter
Q:55. Which of the following is not a unit of 3. Audiometer 4. Anemometer
time?
1. Light year 2. Nano second Q:63. Which instrument is used to measure
3. Microsecond 4. Second intensity of sound?
1. Altimeter 2. Ammeter
Q:56. Velocity of wind is measured by 3. Audio meter 4. Anemometer
1. Speedometer 2. Tachometer
3. Anemometer 4. Audiometer Q:64. Which instrument is used to measures
force and velocity of wind and directions?
Q:57. What are audible sound waves? 1. Altimeter 2. Ammeter
1. Having frequency less than 20 Hz 3. Audiometer 4. Anemometer
2. Having frequency more than 20000 Hz
3. Having frequency between 20 Hz to 20000 Q:65. Which instrument is used to measure
Hz depth of ocean?
4. None of above 1. Fluxmeter 2. Endoscope
3. Fathometer 4. Galvanometer
Q:58. Kilogram = ____Pound
1. 2 2. 2.5 Q:66. Which instrument is used to measure
3. 2.2 4. 3.5 magnetic flux?
1. Fluxmeter 2. Endoscope.
Q:59. A transformer is used to 3. Fathometer 4. Galvanometer
1. Increase DC voltage
2. Increase or decrease AC voltage Q:67. Which instrument is used to examine
3. Decrease DC voltage internal parts of the body.

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Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing Units & Measurements

1. Fluxmeter 2. Endoscope 1. Voltmeter 2. Wattmeter

3. Fathometer. 4. Galvanometer 3. Wavemeter 4. Viscometer

Q:68. Name of the instrument to measure Q:76. Which instrument is used to measure
atmospheric pressure? viscosity of liquid?
1. Callipers 2. Bolometer 1. Voltmeter 2. Wattmeter
3. Barograph 4. Barometer 3. Wavemeter 4. Viscometer

Q:69. Name of the instrument to measure Q:77. Which instrument is used to determine the
recordings of atmospheric pressure? density and coefficient of expansion of liquids?
1. Callipers 2. Bolometer 1. Periscope 2. Polygraph
3. Barograph 4. Barometer 3. pycnometer 4. Photometer

Q:70. Name of the instrument is used to Q:78. Which instrument is used to measure
measure heat radiation? curvature of spherical objects?
1. Callipers 2. Bolometer 1. Sextant 2. Spherometer
3. Baromter 4. Barograph 3. Spectroscope 4. Spectrometer

Q:71. Name of the instrument is used to Q:79. Which instrument is used to measure the
measure inner and outer diameters of bodies? height of very distant objects and also used by
1. Callipers 2. Bolometer navigators to find the latitude?
3. Baromter 4. Barograph 1. Sextant 2. Spherometer
3. Spectroscope 4. Spectrometer
Q:72. Which instrument is used to measure the
power of electric circuit? Q:80. Which instrument is used to regulate the
1. Voltmeter 2. Wattmeter temperature at a particular point?
3. Wavemeter 4. Viscometer 1. Telemeter 2. Tonometer
3. Thernmostat 4. Transponder
Q:73. Which instrument is used to measure
electric potential difference between two points? Q:81. Which instrument is used to measure
1. Voltmeter 2. Wattmeter electrical resistance in ohms?
3. Wavemeter 4. Viscometer 1. Ohmmeter 2. Ondometer
3. Pyrometer 4. Nephetometer
Q:74. Which unit we use to express nuclear
sizes? Q:82. Which instrument is used to measure very
1. Tesla 2. Fermi high temperature?
3. Newton 4. None of above 1. Ohmmeter 2. Ondometer
3. Pyrometer 4. Nephetometer
Q:75. Which instrument is used to measure the Q:83. Which instrument is used to determine the
wavelength of a radio wave? intensity of colours

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Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing Units & Measurements

1. Coleorimeter 2. Commutator 3. Momentum 4. Moment of Inertia

3. Chronometer 4. Cathetometer
Q:92. Kilogram meter per second is unit of
Q:84. Which instrument is used to convert 1. Frequency 2. Angle Velocity
mechanical energy into electrical energy? 3. Momentum 4. Moment of Inertia
1. Cyclotron 2. Dyanamo
3. Dilatometer 4. Electroscope Q:93. Unit of impulse
1. Watt 2. Pascal
Q:85. Which instrument is used to measure 3. Newton second 4. Newton per meter
sound under water?
1. Hygrometer 2. Hygroscope Q:94. Unit of surface tension
3. Hypsometer 4. Hydrophone 1. Watt 2. Pascal
3. Newton second 4. Newton per meter
Q:86. Which instrument is used to measure level
of humidity? Q:95. What is unit of Work and Energy?
1. Hygrometer 2. Hygroscope 1. meter 2. joule
3. Hypsometer 4. Hydrophone 3. ampere 4. kilogram

Q:87. Which instrument is used shows the Q:96. What is unit of Thermal Conductivity?
changes in atmospheric humidity? 1. coulomb
1. Hygrometer 2. Hygroscope 2. Joule per kilogram per Kelvin
3. Hypsometer 4. Hydrophone 3. newton second per square meter
4. watt per meter per degree Celsius
Q:88. Which instrument is used to determine
salinity of solutions? Q:97. What is unit of Specific Heat capacity?
1. Radar 2. Salinometer 1. coulumb
3. Refractometer 4. Radio micrometer 2. joule per kilogram per kelvin
3. newton second per square meter
Q:89. . Which instrument is used to determine 4. watt per meter per degree Celsius
rotational speed of a shaft (used in aeroplanes
and motor boats)? Q:98. What is unit of Magnetic Induction?
1. Streoscope 2. Stroboscope 1. ohm 2. volt
3. Tachometer 4. Tangent Galvanometer 3. farad 4. henry

Q:90. Radian is used to measure Q:99. What is the unit of Astronomical

1. Angle 2. Solid Angle distance?
3. Temperature 4. Intensity of flame 1. light year 2. angstrom
3. weber 4. lux
Q:91. Radian per second is unit of
1. Frequency 2. Angle Velocity Q;100. The 'parsec' is the unit of -

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Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing Units & Measurements

1. Time 2. Energy 1. Mechanical energy is converted to heat

3. distance 4. Temperature energy
2. Electrical energy is converted to mechanical
Q:101. [ML-1T-2] is the dimensional formula of energy
1. Force 3. Mechanical energy is converted to electrical
2. Coefficient of friction energy
3. Modulus of elasticity 4. Electrical energy is converted to magnetic
4. Energy energy

Q:102. The dimensional formula of coefficient Q:109. Thickness of the Ozone layer is
of viscosity is measured in which units?
1. [MLT-1] 2. [M-1L2T-2] 1. dB 2. DU dobson unit
3. [ML-1T-1] 4. none of these 3. PPB 4. PPM

Q:103. A thermostat is a device for - Q:110. The equivalent of one Dobson unit is
1. Producing Heat 1. 0.1 m 2. 0.11 m
2. Regulating temperature 3. 0.1 mm 4. 0.01 mm
3. Measuring temperature
4. Switching off an electrical appliance Q:111 Which of the following pairs of physical
quantities has the same dimensions?
Q:104. One Astronomical unit is the average 1. Work and power 2. Momentum and energy
distance between 3. Force and power 4. Work and energy
1. Mars and the Sun 2. Earth and the Sun
3. Jupiter and the Sun 4. Earth and the Moon Q: 112 Which of the following is
dimensionless?
Q:105. A device used for converting A. C. into 1. Longitudinal stress 2. Shear stress
D. C. is called 3. Deforming force 4. Longitudinal strain
1. Dynamo 2. Rectifier
3. Transformer 4. Induction coil Q: 113 Which of the following is a
dimensionless unit?
Q:106. Which of the following devices converts 1. Joules 2. Coulombs
electrical energy into mechanical energy? 3. Meters 4. Radians
1. Inductor 2. Dynamo
3. Transformer 4. Electric motor Q:114 The square root of the product of
inductance and capacitance has the dimension of
Q:107. 'Farad' is the unit of ______
1.Resistance 2. Inductance 1. Length 2. Mass
3.Capacitance 4.Conductance 3. Time 4. No dimension

Q:108. In a 'dynamo', Q:115 Pressure is measured in terms of

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Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing Units & Measurements

1. Mass & Density 2. Work done 3. Galvanometer 4. None of above

3. Force and Area 4. Force and Distance
Q:125 Which unit we use to express nuclear
Q:116 What are the dimensions of density? sizes?
1. [M1L-3T0] 2. [M1L-1T0] 1. Tesla 2. Fermi
3. [M-1L3T0] 4. [M-1L-3T0] 3. Newton 4. None of above

Q:117 If v = at + bt2 v is velocity and t in Q:126 The 'parsec' is the unit of –

seconds, then the dimension of b is: 1. Time 2. Energy
1. LT0 2. LT-1 3. Distance 4. Temperature
3. LT-2 4. LT-3
Q:127 What is used to measure Magnetic flux?
Q:118 Find the dimension of the ratio of the 1. Lux 2. Weber
pressure to the stress. 3. Angstrom 4. Light year
1. [M1 L-1 T-2] 2. [M0 L0 T0]
3. [M1 L-1 T-1] 4. None of these Q:128 What are audible sound waves?
1. Having frequency less than 20 Hz
Q:119 The unit of noise pollution (level) is – 2. Having frequency more than 20000 Hz
1. ppm 2. decibel 3. Having frequency between 20 Hz to 20000
3. decimal 4. None of these Hz
4. None of above
Q:120 The SI unit of "work" is
1. Joule 2. Dyne Q:129 What is the range of mercury
3. Kg 4. Newton thermometer?
1. 0 degree Celsius to 350 degree Celsius
Q:121 The SI unit of "mass" is 2. -10 degree Celsius to 350 degree Celsius
1. Kg 2. Dyne 3. -20 degree Celsius to 350 degree Celsius
3. Joule 4. Newton 4. -30 degree Celsius to 350 degree Celsius

Q:122 The SI unit of "force" is Q:130 What is unit of Electrical Capacity?

1. Kg 2. Joule 1. ohm 2. volt
3. Newton 4. Dyne 3. farad 4. henry

Q:123 Tesla is a unit of magnetic – Q:131 What is unit of Magnetic Induction?

1. Flux 2. Field 1. ohm 2. volt
3. Moment 4. Induction 3. farad 4. henry

Q:124 Device used to measure potential Q:132 What is unit of Potential Difference
difference between two points in a circuit is? ?
1. Voltmeter 2. Ammeter 1. ohm 2. volt

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Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing Units & Measurements

3. farad 4. henry Q:140 In a 'Motor',

1. Mechanical energy is converted to heat
Q:133 What is unit of Electric Resistance? energy
1. ohm 2. volt 2. Electrical energy is converted to mechanical
3. farad 4. Henry energy
3. Mechanical energy is converted to electrical
Q:134 The SI unit of "pressure" is energy
1. kg 2. joule 4. Electrical energy is converted to magnetic
3. dyne 4. pascal energy

Q:135 A device used for measuring the depth of Q:141 Noise is measured in which units?
the sea is called – 1. Decibels(dB) 2. PPB
1. Altimeter 2. Fathometer 3. NTU 4. Joule
3. Manometer 4. Hydrometer
Q:142 Thickness of the Ozone layer is measured
Q:136 A thermostat is a device for – in which units?
1. Producing Heat 1. dB 2. DU Dobson unit
2. Regulating temperature 3. PPB 4. PPM
3. Measuring temperature
4. Switching off an electrical appliance Q:143 The equivalent of one Dobson unit is
1. 0.1 m 2. 0.11 m
Q:137 A device used for converting A. C. into 3. 0.1 mm 4. 0.01 mm
D. C. is called –
1. Dynamo 2. Rectifier Q:144 Anemometer measures –
3. Transformer 4. Induction coil 1. Net radiation 2. Wind velocity
3. Wind direction 4. Relative humidity
Q:138 One Astronomical unit is the average
distance between – Q:145 Which of the following pairs of physical
1. Mars and the Sun 2. Earth and the Sun quantities does not have same dimensional
3. Jupiter and the Sun 4. Earth and the Moon formula?
1. Work and torque
Q:139 Which of the following devices converts 2. Angular momentum and Planck’s constant
electrical energy into mechanical energy? 3. Tension and surface tension
1. Inductor 2. Dynamo 4. Impulse and linear momentum
3. Transformer 4. Electric motor

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Answers

1. Decibel 30. N/sec 59. 2 88. Salinometer 117. LT-3

2. Ammeter 31. Newton 60. -40°. 89. Tachometer 118. [M0 L0 T0].
3. Time 32. v + u = at 61. Altimeter 90. Angle 119. decibel.
4. Ship 33. 10-9 m 62. Ammeter 91. Angle 120. Joule
Velocity
5. Joule 34. 6 feet 63. Audiometer 92. Momentum 121. Kg
6. Energy 35 Stellar 64. Anemometer 93. Newton 122. Newton
distances second
7. Ampere 36. Atmospheric 65. Fathometer 94. Newton per 123. Field
pressure meter
8. Navigation 37. Navigation 66. Fluxmeter 95. Joule 124. Voltmeter
9. 27°C 38. 107 67. Endoscope 96. Watt per meter 125. Fermi
per degree Celsius
10. Intensity of 39. Ammeter 68. Barometer 97. Joule per 126. Distance
earthquakes kilogram per
Kelvin
11. 1 angstrom 40. 746 watts 69. Barograph 98. Henry 127. weber
12. Impulse 41. Power 70. Bolometer 99. Light year 128. 20-20000Hz
13. Altimeter 42. 2 71. Callipers 100. Distance 129. -30 degree
14. Calories 343. Depth 72. Wattmeter 101. Modulus of 130. farad
elasticity
15. Distant object 44. Rainfall 73. Voltmeter 102. [ML-1T-1]. 131. henry
16. Luminous 45. Time 74. Fermi 103. Regulating 132. volt
intensity temperature
17. 106 46. Ampere 75. Wavemeter 104. Earth and the 133. ohm
sun.
18. 2.64 47. Barometer 76. Viscometer 105. Rectifier 134. pascal
19. 10-3 m 48. 3 77. Pycnometer 106. Electric 135. Fathometer
motor
20. Distance 49. 1 78. Spherometer 107. Capacitance 136. Regulating
temperature
21. Sec 50. Force, Weight 79. Sextant 108. 3 137. Rectifier

22. Light Year 51. [ML-1T-1] 80. Thermostat 109. DU (dobson 138. Earth and
unit) Sun
23. 7 × 10-2 N/m 52. increase by 81. Ohmmeter 110. 0.01mm. 139. Electric
1%. motor

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Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing Units & Measurements

24. 103 kg m-3. 53. MLT-3𝝷-1. 82. Pyrometer 111. Work and 140. 2
energy
25. 3.6 × 103 J. 54. Relative 83. Colorimeter 112. Longitudinal 141. Decibels
humidity strain
26. Angular 55. Light year 84. Dynamo 113. Radians 142. DU Dobson
velocity unit.
27. Energy 56. Anemometer 85. Hydrophone 114. time 143. 0.01
28. 107 57. 20-20000Hz 86. Hygrometer 115. Force and 144. Wind
Area velocity
29. None of the 58. 2.2 87. Hygroscope 116. [M1L-3T0]. 145. Tension and
above surface tension

EXPLANATION = 1000 × 10-6 = x m

= 10-3 m
Q:9 The temperature 300 K is equal to 26.85
degrees Celsius. Q:23 In the International System of Units (SI),
To convert from Kelvin (K) to Celsius (C), you the units for surface tension are newtons per
can use the formula: C = K - 273.15 meter (N/m). To convert from dynes per
So, to convert 300 K to Celsius, you would do centimetre (dyne/cm) to newtons per meter, we
the following calculation: 300 K - 273.15 = need to first convert the dyne to newtons and the
26.85 °C or 27°C centimetre to meter.
1 dyne = 10-5 newtons 1 cm = 10-2 meter
Q:11 1 Angstrom is equal to 10-10m and 1 fermi So we can convert the surface tension of 70
meter is equal to 10-15m. dyne/cm to newtons per meter by multiplying
So 105 fermi meter = 10-10m = 1 fermi meter by (10-5 N/10-2 m)
70 dyne/cm = 70 × 10-5 N/10-2 m = 0.07 N/m or
Q:17 A Newton (N) is the standard unit of force 7 × 10-2 N/m.
in the International System of Units (SI). A
dyne, on the other hand, is a non-SI unit of force Q:25 One watt hour (Wh) is a unit of energy,
that is equal to 10-5 newtons. and it is equal to the amount of energy used
To convert from newtons to dynes, you can when a power of one watt is applied for one
multiply the value in newtons by 105. hour. The joule (J) is the SI unit of energy.
So, if 10 Newtons = X dynes: To convert from watt hours to joules, you can
X = 10 N × 105 X = 106 dynes multiply the value in watt hours by the number
Therefore, 10 Newtons is equivalent to 106 of seconds in an hour, which is 3600 seconds.
dynes. So, if 1 Wh = x Joules: x = 1 Wh × 3600 J/Wh x
= 3600 J
Q:19 One micron is equal to 10-6 meters Therefore, one watt hour contains 3600 joules pr
So, if 1,000 µm = x m: 3.6 × 103.

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Basic Science & Engineering and Engineering Drawing Units & Measurements

Q:28 1 Joule is equal to 107 ergs Q:96 The unit of thermal conductivity is the
Required ratio = 107/1 = 107 watt per meter per kelvin (W m-1·K-1) in the
International System of Units (SI). This unit is
Q:38 1 Joule is equal to 107 ergs used to express the amount of heat that flows
through a material per unit time, per unit area,
Q:48 Dimensional formula of force: M1L1T-2 per unit temperature difference.
= 2a – b- c Alternatively, thermal conductivity can also be
= 2(1) – 1 + 2 = 3 measured in calories per second per centimetre
per degree Celsius (cal s-1 cm-1·°C-1).
Q:49 Dimensional formula of momentum:
M1L2T-2 Q:102 It is a measure of a fluid's resistance to
So ax + by – cz = 1 + 2 – 2 flow and is defined as the ratio of the shear
=1 stress to the rate of shear strain. The formula for
Q:51 The SI unit of η is Newton-second per dynamic viscosity is as follows:
square meter (Ns. m-2) η=σ/γ
So dimensional formula will be: [M1L1T- η = coefficient of viscosity
2
][T1][L-2] σ = shear stress (force per unit area)
= [M1L-1T-1] γ = rate of shear strain (velocity gradient)
Dimensional formula: [M L-1 T-1]
Q:53 The dimensional formula of thermal
conductivity, which is a measure of a material's Q:109 The thickness of the ozone layer in a
ability to conduct heat, is typically given as: column of air from the ground to the top of the
k = Q/(A × ΔT/L) atmosphere is measured in terms of Dobson
[k] = [M] [L]-1 [T]-3 [Θ]-1 Units (DU).

Q:60 Let t be the required temperature on the Q:117 If v = at + bt2, where v is velocity and t is
Celsius scale. Then by using the relation time in seconds, then the dimension of b can be
between Celsius and Fahrenheit scales, determined by using the dimensional formula of
t/100 = (t − 32)/180 velocity, which is [L/T].
⇒ 180t − 100t = −3200 Dimension of v = dimension of bt2
⇒ 80t = −3200 = [L T-1] = dimension of b [T2]
∴t = −40∘C = Dimension of b = [L T-3]

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