INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

CHAPTER -1

NEED FOR MAINTENANCE

INTRODUCTION :
Maintenance is the process that has been done to prevent the deterioration in the building
whilst also to repair the damages in happen in the building. The damages happen in the
building when some part of the building cannot function well. There are many types of
damages in the building such as the electric system, water supply, floor, roof, the drainage
system and wall . This problem might be solving by doing the building maintenance to repair or
to restore the equipment that cannot functional well. The problem occurs in the building will
affect the tenant in the building, that's why the maintenance process is very important to make
sure that tenants seal convince and safe to use the building.

Building maintenance usually practice in every countries and it is very important in every
development to have maintenance management in general the meaning of building
maintenance is the work done by someone who expertise to keep the building maintenance
and to make sure that every part of the building is well improve. in order to maintain the
building, it also won to keep the value of the building and to upgrade Its services and
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

surrounds. The building maintenance also necessary in this country because by carried out the
maintenftrg5ance in the building it will maintain the value of the building, safe for Resident
who live in the building and the building can be used for extended period of time.

MAINTENANCE :
Maintenance is an important aspect of building construction system and maintenance includes
many services and their proper running for a long time.

Or

It is the work undertaken to restore improve every facility in every part of building, it's services
and surroundings to currently accepted standards and to sustain utility values of the facility.

REPAIR :

it is defined as the process of restoration of a broken, damaged, wholesale device, equipment,

Part, All property to an acceptable operating or use able condition or state.

OBJECTIVE OF MAINTENANCE :
 To preserve in good condition buildings and services.
 To extend the usual life of the buildings and prevent premature capital outlay for
replacement.
 To satisfy lender/ insurer requirement to provide a safe, secure and efficient working
and living environment and to avoid deterioration of physical assets.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 To maximize the aesthetic and economic values of a building as well as increase the
health and safety of the occupants.
 When deterioration occurs due to any reason it is inevitable to restore it to its original
standards.
 To make improvements whenever required.
 To sustain utility value

SOME IMPORTANT POINTS :

 Maintenance planning should start at the design stage of any building project and
should continue throughout the life of that building.
 Buildings are facing weathering factors like heavy rains or drought but by
insufficient/improper design during the design Stage, through bad housekeeping,
inadequate maintenance and neglect during its full operation.
 Minor problem which c

an grow
into a major one through neglect, and which can be multiplied in many buildings.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 All new buildings, as a matter of course, should be provided with the maintenance
manual.

IS BUILDING MAINTENANCE IMPORTANT ?......WHY?

 It was important that building continue to be properly maintained to ensure that they
can function as efficiently and effectively as possible.

 The deterioration of building due to the lack of maintenance could lead to future
financial burdens, pose legal and other Industrial Relation issues and affect the delivery
of services.
 Identifying building problems and understanding of building materials and its
mechanical and electrical systems are aspects of the process of preserving and
conserving building quality and to ensure the efficiency of the facilities.

A good maintenance team has to ensure :

1. safety
2. efficiency
3. reliability

MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS HAVE MANY FACETS SUCH AS :

1. Condition based maintenance:
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 it is the work initiated after inspection.

2. Fixed time maintenance:
 Activities repeated at pre-determined intervals.
3. Preventive maintenance:
 This is intended to preserve by preventing failure and detecting incipitant failure.
4. Opportunity maintenance:
 Work done as and when possible within the limits of operational demand.
5. Day-to-day maintenance:
 It involves maintenance that has to be performed daily.
6. Shutdown maintenance:
 Through overhaul and maintenance after closing.

Examples of some common maintenance works in a building are as follows :

1. Maintenance survey for water supply and sanitary system:

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 In case of water supply and sanitary system, periodic surveys are necessary to observe
how the system is functioning. Normally inspection should start from the top and
proceeds downward. Drawings which indicate various services and lid should be
obtained to facilitate survey.
2. Maintenance of electrical installations:
 The electrical installation is made safe by getting it installed and maintained through
licence persons. It's necessary that the installation is checked periodically and a proper
record of such work is maintained. Recommended periodicity of checking is as follows :
Earthing Test - once a year
Insulation - twice a year
Polarity - once in 5 years
3. Maintenance of walls to avoid a fluorescence:
 Fluorescence is caused due to entry of moisture into the brick work and soaking in it to
saturation. Once the moisture has entered it moves upward due to capillary action
reasons for entry of Moistures are :
 porous nature of structure
 cracks in the wall
 existing voids left due to bad workmanship
 small trees and plants in the wall
 non existence of damp proof course for failure of DPC

Effects of Efflorescence :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Dry rot of woodwork

 Disintegration of masonry
 Damage to furniture
 Crumbling of plaster

Steps to avoid efflorescence :

Eradication of a efflorescence is quite difficult and it is often termed as cancer of buildings. The
first app to check efflorescence is to check the ingress of moisture in buildings if there is no
failure of DPC efflorescence can be checked easily.

 Step 1 Ingress of water is checked

 Step 2 plaster is removed from from both inside and outside and is left to dry
 Step 3 voids in the wall are filled
 Step 4 walls are washed with tamarind water to remove stains
 Step 5 walls are replastered with cement mortar not Leaner than 1 ratio 4 and a
waterproofing admixtures.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE :

 Age of building
 Cost applied on manufacturing of building
 Availability of resources
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Future use of structure

 Atmospheric conditions
 Social consideration
1. Age of building :
 It is most important to assess the age of the structure before planning the maintenance
of a structure . The remaining useful useful life of building will only justify the amount of
capital spent for the repair and maintenance of a building.
2. Total cost involved :
 Total cost involved for the repair and maintenance of a structure is a major factor which
influence the decision to undertake maintenance operation.
3. Availability of resources :
 Maintenance of a structure can be taken up only when the availability of all the physical
resources is ensured. The resources include materials, equipments and Labour.
4. Urgency of Maintenance :
 An urgent maintenance work may be required for repair of services or repair of settings
/components. For urgent maintenance work, the cost will become of secondary
importance.
5. Future use of the structure :
 The future use of the building must be considered before starting the maintenance
operation.The extent of repair and maintaining timing of maintenance should be duly
considered.
6. Social Consideration :
 The following factors are also considered while planning the maintenance of building :
 the maintenance should be planned properly to minimise the nuisance .
 The maintenance work should be undertaken without disturbing the occupants or if
possible it may be carried out when the building is unoccupied
 disturbance such as noise, dost, smell and the interruption of services should be
bare minimum.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

CHAPTER -2

AGENCIES CAUSING DETERIORATION

INTRODUCTION :
A building defects can be defined as a material, component or finish which does not meet its
accepted performance criterion. Technical knowledge and proficiency and an indulgent of
building construction are necessary to accurately recognised as root of building defects and
remedies measures essential to put the defects right.

DETERIORATION :
Deterioration mean the falling from higher to lower level in quality, character, or vitality.
Deterioration implies generally the impairment of value or usefulness.

Or

In maintenance engineering, deterioration is defined as the gradual and continuous process of

degeneration of a structure or its component which hrender it unusable.

CAUSES OF DETERIORATION IN BUILDING IN GENERAL :

The primary source and causes of deterioration and decay in structures and buildings can be
listed as follows :

 Human
 Chemical
 atmospheric
 structural
 moisture
 fire
 Faulty design
 Faulty construction
 Faulty materials
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Faulty system
 Faulty systems
 Cleaning

1. Human :

 Failure to clean and carry out routine maintenance.

 Ignorance of the causes of deterioration and decay.
 Poor planning for poor man proper maintenance.
 Failure to promote Awareness of maintenance needs by all who used the buildings.
 Adopting a negative attitude of waiting until emergency measures are required.
 Lack of supervision during construction.
 Use of poor construction materials.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

2. Chemical :

Acid Rain effect Building Chemical Effect

Interaction of certain cleaning agents with materials and components causing disintegration
or discoloration.
Promoting Corrosion
Interaction of certain dissimilar materials in close contact with one another in corrosion
environment.
Some chemicals are :
 Chloride : these may be present in the fresh mix or may penetrate from external
source into the hardened concrete during the use of structures, chloride Mein
penetrate into the concrete from various sources, the most important of these are
seawater. The chloride in water is in contact with reinforced steel and destroy the
thin film on the steel.
 Sulphate : in this reaction between the physical and chemical interactions between
the minerals in hard drinks bottle and cement paste and sulphate ions from the
environment. The sulphate attack on concrete main first in the form of expansion,
cracking laws of mass and disintegration
3. Atmospheric :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Reaction of the structure, external fabric finishes and cladding to the atmospheric
elements such as :
 Wind
 Rain
 Sun
 Frost and snow for cold weather
 Pollution in the atmosphere
 Reaction of the building to the penetration of the above atmospheric elements.
4. Structural:

 Reaction of the structural elements to settlement, moisture, shrinkage and thermal

movements .
 Reaction of the structural elements to the change of loading patterns.
 Natural aging of the structural elements
 Reaction to the corrosive element in the atmosphere
 Deterioration due to inadequate inspecting and maintenance
5. Moisture :
 Penetration of the external fabric of cladding, or throw ground floor Constructions
giving to dampness which may create a suitable condition for fungi growth and attack.
 Excessive moisture in the internal atmosphere which may lead to excessive
condensation and corrosion.
 Irrigation
 Faculty plumbing
6. Fire :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Aftermath of a fire many possibilities main occurs

 Need for replacement of materials directly affected by the fire
 Damage can be done by the fire fighters in their efforts to control the fire
 Water used during the fire fighting can not only damage but also setup deteriorating in
materials not directly involved
 The heat and the combination of heat and water can lead to the swelling, distortion,
filing and tracking of nearby materials and components.
7. Faulty Design :
 Poor detailing at the design stage including
 insufficient allowance for expansion or contractions
 Absence of weathering in correctly placed damp
 Proof course
 Poor jointing between different materials or components
 Poor specification
 Lack of inadequate consideration of future maintenance problems
 Inadequate provisions for access to carry out maintenance activities.
8. Faulty Construction :
 Lack of proper supervision during construction period
 Failure to understand or follow exactly the specification and drawings
 Failure to replace defective work
 Failure of designer/ architecture or engineer monitor work in progress
 Lack of skilled labour
 Over emphasis or need for quantity rather than quality
 Failure to fully appreciate the consequences of shady or poor and materials.
9. Faulty Materials :
 Failure of client, builder, designer or architect to reject substandard materials -
inadequate inspection of materials by supplier or receiver - inadequate storage facilities
on site - inadequate inconsistent mixing of materials on site.
10. Faulty Components :
 Similar condition to those given above for faulty materials can lead to deterioration and
decay of the fabrics, services or finishes of the structure of building.
11. Faulty Systems :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Inadequate knowledge on the part of the designer or architect leading to an

unsatisfactory design, detail of system.
 Inability of the installer to follow the specification and drawings
 Inadequate testing of the system before commissioned
 Failure of honour to follow maintenance instructions provided by manufacture or
designer
 Inability of the owner to operate the system as instructed.
12. Cleaning :
 Failure to carry out routine cleaning operations
 Use of incorrect cleaning materials and techniques
 Inadequate supervision of cleaners to ensure that cleaning is thorough
 Failure of owner to tenant to provide sufficient space, enough time to know the correct
equipment and materials for cleaning operations
 Failure to employe specialists for cleaning special fittings and equipments.

EFFECTS OF VARIOUS AGENCIES OF DETERIORATION ON DIFFERENT

BUILDING MATERIAL IS AS FOLLOWS :
 Brick : Generally breaks have good durability. The most common effects of weathering on
bricks are
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

7. Efflorescence (deposition of white powdery materials causing difigurement of brick).

8. Spelling of the external surfaces.
9. Change in appearance.
 Timber : The following are the effects on durability of timber :
 Timber decays as a result of destructive action of fungi (called dry rot) growing on it.
 Dry rot requires a moisture content of about 20% and spreads very rapidly
 Insect infestation (i.e beetles,termites)destroys timber used in building.

 Exposure to natural weathering agents such as rain, wind and temperature contribute a
lot to faster care of timber.
The following steps are taken to avoid deterioration of timber:

 Proper seasoning of timber (reduction of moisture content to optimum level) is done

to make it last longer.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Preservatives are used to preserve the timber from decaying, such treatment is done
to ensure a longer, trouble-free life of timber.

 Concrete : Concrete is a relative durable material but its durability is affected due to the
following factors :

 Freezing and thawing : Water entering in the pores of concrete, freezes in cold climate
.due to increase in volume of water on freezing results into disintegration of concrete.
Concrete located in exposed conditions are more susceptible to such attack.
 Subsoil salt attack : the water soluble sulphate in soil when comes in contact of concrete
causes its expansion spelling and disintegration. The extent of damage of concrete will
depend upon the amount and type of sulphate present in the groundwater and quality
of concrete.
 Alkali aggregate reaction : silica present in aggregates react with the alkalis of cement in
the presence of water and causes expansion and subsequent damages of to concrete
 Corrosion of Steel : corrosion of Steel bars in RCC structures reduces the durability of
concrete in contact with steel bars. Rusting of Steel bars causes spelling and cracking of
concrete. Deterioration is aggravated in case the concrete is permeable or concrete
cover to Steel reinforcement is inadequate.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Effects of deterioration of concrete can be controlled by the following steps :

 Using optimum water cement ratio
 Using sound and fresh cement
 Using durables, densely graded and non reactive aggregates.
 Using proper batching and mixing equipments and methods
 Providing thorough and uniform compaction
 Providing proper curing.

 Metals: Metals used in buildings have good durability. Durability of metals is affected by
corrosion. Corrosion is a complex electrochemical reaction. It is aggravated by the presence
of dissolved atmospheric gaseous pollutants, shirt, admixtures for stop the risk of corrosion
is increased when metal are in contact with other building materials such as big or plaster.
Mild steel largely used in building construction is seldom exposed but has a protective
coating of paint, bitumenn or is enclosed by other materials, usually by concrete in RCC.
Protective coatings reduce the rate of corrosion. In RCC members, it is the concrete cover
that cracks first. Therefore, the cover to Steel in RCC structure should be according to the
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

exposure of the structure to the environment. when Steel cots very much, then only we can
see both broken concrete and corroded Steel.
 Paints : Paint are coating of coloured liquid materials applied on the surface of the finished
parts of the building, which on drying, forms as an impervious court and protects the
surface from the effects of atmospheric Agencies, decay or wood and corrosion of metal
and also serves as a decorative surface.

FIX PAINT DETERIORATION

The following defects are observed in painting due to various agencies of deterioration:
 Blistering: this is due to tapping of water vapour behind the painted surface. This forces
the paint in two little Bubbles or blisters.
 Fading : when the painted surface is exposed to direct sunlight, gradually shading of
colour due to loss of brightness of pigment occurs.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Blooming : this is the development of dull patches due to the presence of moisture for
chilling of surface glossy coat.
 Plastics : A wide range of plastics are used in buildings, polyvinyl chloride has the widest
application. Plasticized plasticized PVC is extensively used as floor covering, false ceiling
under pitched roofs, membrane covering in flat roofs and plastic membranes for
waterproofing. Special plastics are used for large drainage chamber, plumbing drainage,
fittings and wall tiles. Foamed plastic provide a cellular material used for thermal insulation
The following defects are observed in plastics :

 short wave solar radiations degrade plastics by causing embrittlement and change in
surface appearance
 moisture in general has little effect but can reduce Bond strength between glass fibre
and polyester resin.
 Cracking of polyethylene in cold water systems is caused by use of oil based jointing
compounds.
 plastic creep under continued loss and special precautions are needed when stresses
are high.
 Stones : Natural stones are classified as belonging to one of the three main groups igneous,
sedimentary or Metamorphic.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

The following declarations are observed in natural stones due to various weathering
Agencies :
 The atmospheric pollution causes deterioration of limestone and sandstone full stops is
waiting and drying are frequent due to rainfall, the surface of the stone get slowly
eroded.
 Frost may also attack some limestones.
 Marble is attacked by sulfuric gases.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 one major cause of damage in all types of stone can be due to corrosion of embedded
fixtures. Rusting of iron and steel cramps and dolls cause extensive damage to limestone
and sandstones.
 Slates are used for roofing, cladding and D.P.C .Roofing slates are exposed to most
severe conditions and can be affected by sulphuric gases.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

CHAPTER - 3

Investigation and Diagnosis of Defects :

INTRODUCTION :

Building components start deteriorating after certain period due to action of various natural
forces like rain, sunlight, wind, it is sometimes there are may be problem in the buildings due to
use of poor construction material, due to poor workmanship of faulty design etc. The
deterioration, if left unchecked can cause serious defects in buildings and these defects can
become the source of buildings failures. This adverse situation can be avoided for at least
reduced considerable e if we are able to understand the reason of these defects. In this
situation, necessary remedial measure measures can be taken in time. It is, therefore, most
important that actual cause cause of defect is known by through investigation. Hence
investigation of defects is the most important aspect in order to minimise the adverse effects of
defects.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

INVESTIGATION :

Investigation is the process of examining and inspecting the structure or its components to
collect information on the basis of which the exact cause of defects can be known so that
effective remedy strategy can be adopted accordingly.

DIAGNOSIS :

Diagnosis is the interpretation of the results obtained from investigation. The general approach
to diagnose the defects in a structure is to critically analyse all the probable cause of defects
and ultimate identity that true case.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Or

Building Diagnostics involves a process in which relevant experts investigate the existing
condition of a building, carry out unnecessary test, evaluate the data collected, make
recommendations professionally, and predict the future performance of the building.

OBJECTIVES OF INVESTIGATION OF DEFECTS :

 To identify the cause of defects.
 To identify the source of defects.
 To classify the damages as structural and nonstructural.
 To assess the extent of damage due to corrosion, fire earthquake or any other reasons.
 To assess the residual strength of the structure or its components.
 To assess its rehability.
 To select and plan the effective remedy.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 To prioritise the defective elements as per urgency for repair.

SOME USEFUL TERMS :

4. Scaling : It is the breakdown of the surface motor accompanied with the loosening of
surface aggregates.

5. Cracking :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Cracks are opening in the surface of concrete caused by their stresses, excessive external
loads, corrosion etc.

6. Spalling :

It is breaking off concrete pieces from the reinforcement surface as a result of the bar
expansion due to corrosion.
7. Leaching : leaching is the removal of soluble matter from brickwork for concrete surface by
running water.
8. Use of Covermeter :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Covermetre is used for assessing cover to reinforcement, diameter of bars and locations of
bars.

9. Use of Power drill :

Power drill is used for taking samples of plastic, bricks or concrete for inspection or
moisture determination.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH /PROCEDURE OF INVESTIGATION :

A systematic investigation should fulfill the requirements :

 It should be valid planned.

13. it should be thorough and timely.
14. It should examine all possible aspects of defects.
15. The scope and objective of Investigation should be clearly decided.
16. The investigation should have sound and for knowledge about possible aspects.
17. Investigation should be carried out using appropriate tools and kits.

The following steps are involved in the systematic approach investigation :

 Primiraly investigation about the defects in structure for stop physical inspection of
the structure.
 Testing all the materials involved in the structure.
 Non destructive test.
 Detailed diagnosis of defects.
 Study all the available relevant documents.
 Estimation of actual loading.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Checking the design and to see if there is any error.

 Consideration of Environmental effects.
 Appropriate strengthening of members as per requirement.
 Relevant repair as per requirement.

PRIMIRALY INVESTIGATION :
The following steps are taken in the preliminary investigation of the defects in buildings :

 The deteriorated building is kept undisturbed.

 During the first visit to the site, photographic data of the deteriorated building is
collected.
 All symptoms at the site are carefully recorded for further analysis.
 All the concerned persons are interview to collect informations about the probable
cause of defect.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION :
7. Drawing and Specifications
8. Consultant/Architects instructions
9. Site notes, reports
10. Maintenance manuals and other records
11. Interviews
12. Inspection
13. Test and measurement
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

NON-RESTRICTIVE TEST (NDT):

 Non destructive test are used to assess the in-situ properties of the structure.

 This test are less time consuming and relative inexpensive.

 This test are used for diagnosis the defects without disturbing the performance of the
structural members.

 This test can be used to assess the in situ strength, equality, location and extent of rats,
whitess and honeycombs.

 These tests are useful in determination of extent of corrosion in the structure.

 Test can be used to accessorize dual strength and durability of the structure.

 This test can be helpful in confirmation of suspected deterioration of the structure.

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Result of these tests are most useful when supplemented by a limited number of
destructive test.
 This test are more useful in cases where Data Structure like drawings and grades of
concrete used is not available.

VARIOUS TEST USING NDT TECHNIQUES:

 Determination of concrete strength, presence of cracks, voids and honeycombing.
 Determination of depth of concrete cover, bar diameter and spacing.
 Determination of extent of corrosion of reinforcement.
 Determination of chemical attack on concrete.
 Determination of permeability.
 Determination of defects in matters and welded joints.

SOME COMMONLY USED IMPORTANT NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST :

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

In the ultrasonic pulse velocity test, the time of travel of an ultrasonic pulse through the
concrete structure is measured and the pulse velocity is determined by the relation : pulse
velocity is equal to distance by time. As void and defects in the concrete prevent direct passage
of ultrasonic pulse moving to the existence of concrete air interface is, the ultrasonic test can
reveal internal defects of concrete such as the presence of honeycombing and the interiors.
Besides, as there is positive relationship between wave velocity and elastic modulus, as well as
between elastic modulus and strength, the ultrasonic velocity is able to reflect the concrete
strength.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Rebound Hammer Test :

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Rebound hammer test, or Schmidt Hammer Test, is a simple method to estimate the in situ
concrete strength. The hammer measures the rebound of a spring loaded mass impacting
against the surface of the concrete. The rebound hammer has an arbitrary scale ranging from
10 to 100. Emperor kal correlation was established between concrete strength and the rebound
number. It should be noted that the surface for testing should be grinded flat and smooth.
When conducting test, the Hammer should be held at right angles to the surface, because the
rebound reading can be affected by the orientation of the hammer. When used on the
underside of a suspended slab, gravity will increase is the rebound distance of mass. It rebound
hammer should be calibrated before use. The major drawback of rebound hammer test is the
Limited accuracy. Even for calibrated Hammers, the error of test could be about 15% there as
for uncalibrated hammers, the accuracy is much worse and error can reach 30%.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Concrete core test :

this is the direct way of measuring actual strength of concrete.concrete cores are cut by means
of a Rotary cutting tools with diamond bits.in this manner, a cylindrical specimen is obtained.
The core is then soaked in waters, capped with molten sulphur to make its ends plane and
parallel.The core is then tested in compression. In this way, we get the compressive strength of
the concrete used in the structure which gives the idea about the quality of concrete.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

CHAPTER - 4

DEFECTS AND THEIR ROOT CAUSES :

INTRODUCTION :
An ideal structure is the net result of the combination of so many ideal conditions such design,
materials, workmanship, super vision, environmental conditions etc. But in actual practice, all
these ideal conditions very rarely exist. Any slight variation in any of these parameters causes
defects in the structure. Hence defects are invertible in civil engineering structures. Some
defects are the natural consequences of ageing and normal use. But many premature defects
can be attributed to lack of proper scale and care during construction and maintenance.

DEFECTS IN BUILDING :
Defects in buildings may be defined as any fault, deficiency or Imperfection in a building
components which adversely affects its functional performance and appearance.

Or

A defect is a building flawr or design mistakes that reduces the value of the building, and causes
a dangerous condition for stop a construction defect can arise due to many factors such as poor
workmanship for the use of inferior materials
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

MAIN CAUSES OF DEFECTS IN BUILDINGS :

 Dampness
 Relative movement of members bof buildings due to various forces
 Lack of proper design
 Lack of proper construction practices
 Lack of suitable Maintenance practices

18. Dampness : Dampness in buildings may occur due to bad design, faulty construction and
use of poor quality of materials. Dampness not only affects the life of the building but also
create unhygienic condition of the important items of work in the construction of a building.
Following defects in the building are due to dampness in any part of the building:
 Stains on different surfaces of buildings.
 Fluorescence or white patches on the wall of concrete surface of the buildings.
 Falling of paint films, wallpapers, plaster etc.
 Weakening and disintegration of building materials of the buildings.
 Corrosion of Steel reinforcement or other Metals used in the buildings.
 Decay of timber used in the joinery or furniture in the building.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Occurrences of bad smell in building.

Causes of Dampness /Sources of Dampness in buildings :

14. Rain penetration

 rising of groundwater by capillary action through Foundation
 leakage from water supply and sanitary pipes
 Condensation of water from atmosphere
 Entrapped water during construction process
 hydroscopic salt
 Climate condition
 Defective construction i.e joints
 Drain ability of Soil

Methods of preventing dampness :

 By providing DPC (damp proof course)

 By surface treatment that is by providing them to paint
 By integral waterproofing methods
 By special devices that is by providing chajjas and by providing cavity walls etc.

19. Relative movement of members of building due to various forces: Defects in buildings are
also caused due to moment of one member of the building relative to another member.
Movement in the building components may be due to anyone or a combination of some
factors out of the following:
 Applied forces(dead load, live load, wind load)
 Temperature stresses(expansion or contraction of members)
 Change in moisture content (shrinkage or swelling in members)
 Physical Changes (creep, fatigue, settlement)
 Vibrations (due to earthquake, impact load, machines etc)
20. Effect of Environmental factors : The following environmental factors also affect the
building components and materials which causes defects in buildings.
 Solar radiations
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Temperature Changes
 Humidity
 Air pollutants (solids, liquid and gaseous)
 Ground salts
 Biological agencies

21. Lack of Proper design : Defects in buildings may also occur due to lack n the proper design.
It may be due to wrong consideration of design loss in appropriate provision of sections,
reinforcement, choice of wrong construction materials etc.

22. Lack of proper construction practices : Defects in buildings may be due to non observance
of standard concentration specifications, poor workmanship, inadequate supervision and
inspection is also.

23. Lack of suitable Maintenance practices: In the old buildings defects may develop due to
lack of maintenance and deterioration of materials with Agencies. Hence to avoid defects in
buildings, proper and timely maintenance is required.

MAIN DEFECTS AND THEIR CAUSES IN VARIOUS ELEMENTS

(COMPONENTS)OF BUILDING :
 Foundation
 Basement
 D.P.C
 Walls
 Columns
 Beams
 Roofs and Terraces
 Joinery work
 Decoration and protective finishes
 Services
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Foundation :

Defects Causes

a.) Excessive settlement or Differential  Low bearing capacity of soil

settlement of foundation  Overloading of soil
 inadequate depth or bits of foundation
 construction of additional storage
without strength meaning of existing
foundations
 excavation of deep foundations for
construction of basement on the
adjoining land

b.) Cracks in foundation

10. Load bearing capacity of soil

11. differential settlement of foundation

12. overloading

13. quicksand phenomena construction

activities on the adjoining land

14. non provision of Expansion joints

before below DPC level

15. due to earthquake

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

16. vegetative growth and thrust exerted

by the roads of trees on the nearby
land

17. Location variation is soil conditions

under Foundation.
IX. Vibrations due to heavy machinery ,
traffic

etc.

c.) Disintegration of foundation  Freezing and thawing

 Chemical reaction such as sulphate
attack on cement concrete.

Basement :

Defects Causes

a.) Inward bulging(swelling outward)of walls of  Inadequate design

basement  Poor workmanship
 Excessive lateral loads due to active
earth pressure and water pressure
 Excessive rainfall
 Plugging of drains

b.) Cracks in raft slab  Inadequate design

 Construction joints not treated

c.) Cracks in raft walls  Differential settlement of foundation

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Excessive thermal stresses

 Drying shrinkage

d.) Efflorescence  Use of poor quality

 Use of salty water during construction
 Continuous dampness
 Alternate wetting and drying

D.P.C

Defects Causes

a.) Cracks  Improper design

 Improper construction and expansion
joints
 Excessive loading
 Differential loading
 Shrinkage

b.) Rising dampness  Poor construction practices

 Poor quality materials used D.P.C
 Non provision of damp proof
membrane
 Damage caused in D.P.C while
providing services pipes etc.
 D.P.C not wide enough to cover full
width of wall

Walls :
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Load bearing walls :

Defects Causes

a.) Outward bulging of walls 10. Overloading of walls

11. High Slenderness ratio that is thickness
of wall insufficient in relation to height
12. vibrations due to heavy traffic aur up

b.) Horizontal, Vertical or Diagonal cracks  Non provision of Expansion joints in

long walls
 Foundation laid on shrinkable clay
 sulphate attack on jointed motor
 differential settlement of foundation
 vegetative growth in walls corrosion of
metal ties if used in wall masonary for
strengthening.

c.) Efflorescence  Presence of soluble salts for building

material
 alternate wetting and drying

d.) Movement of wall at D.P.C.level Expansion due to absorption of moisture in

new clay bricks

Lack of mechanical bond at D.P.C.

Non load bearing walls :

a.) Cracks at head and side  inadequate support at base

 differential moment between partition
and surroundings load bearing
structure
 deflection of upper floor joints
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Parapet walls :

a.) Cracks  Deflection and tilt due to wind/

earthquake
 sulphate attack
 Rusting of reinforcement

Boundary walls :

a.) Cracks  Moisture movement in walls

 vegetative growth in foundation and
walls

b.) Collapse of boundary wall  Inadequate Foundation

 scoring of foundation soil
 poor bonding large height/ thickness
ratio
 natural calamity that is floods,
earthquakes

Columns:

Defects Causes

a.) Cracks i. Excessive loading

ii. Eccentric loading
iii. corrosion of reinforcement
iv. Shrinkage
v. Temperature stresses

b.) Buckling  Inadequate design

 excessive slenderness ratio
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 excessive bending
 eccentric loading

c.) Crushing of Columns  Excessive loading on compressive

strength of concrete

d.) Spalling  Corrosion of reinforcement

 Insufficient cover to reinforcement
 Carbonation or chloride attack
 Physical damage

Beams :

Defects Causes

a ) Excessive deflection, lateral bulging  Excessive span/ effective depth ratio

 Excessive loading
 Inadequate design
 Construction failures
 Poor workmanship
 Excessive lateral loading
 Excessive vibration
 Corrosion of Reinforcement

Roofs and Terraces :

Defects Causes
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

a.) Deflection  Inadequate design

 Poor workmanship
 Poor formwork
 High span/depth ratio

b.) Cracking  Improper mixing

 Improper placement reinforcement
 Shrinkage in concrete
 Improper support condition

c.) Spalling i. Corrosion of reinforcement

ii. Freezing and thawing
iii. Sulphur attack
iv. Insufficient cover to Reinforcement

Decorative and Protective Finishes (paint films) :

Defects Causes

a.) Blistering Entrapped moisture forces of paint in two

little Bubbles or blisters

b.) Moulds Damp conditions

c.) Blooming Development of dull patches due to presence

of moisture or chilling surface glossy coat.

d.) Grining This is the clear reflection of the background

due to lack of opposite of final coat

surface not cleaned properly

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

paint partially applied

e.) Flaking/Peeling Lifting up and peeling away of the pain due to

loss of addition

in complete application of printing course in

complete preparation of substrate.

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

CHAPTER - 5

MATERIALS FOR REPAIR , MAINTENANCE AND PROTECTION

INTRODUCTION :
Though concrete is relative durable construction material it may suffer damage or distress
during its life period due to number of reasons for stop deterioration of concrete structure is
the natural phenomena of the gradual degradation of constituent materials that about physical
,chemical and mechanical processes. A basic understanding of underlying causes of concrete
deficiencies is essential to performing meaningful evaluations and successful repair for stocks if
the cause is understood it is much more likely that an appropriate repair system will be selected
and the repair will be successful and maximum life of repair will be obtained.

ESSENTIAL PARAMETERS FOR REPAIR MATERIALS

 Low shrinkage properties
 required setting/ hardening properties
 workability
 good Bond strength with existing substrate
 coefficient of thermal expansion
 compatible Mechanical properties and strength to that of the substrate
 Minimal or no curing requirement
 alkaline character
 low air and water permeability
 aesthetic to match with surroundings
 cost
 durable ,non degradable and non biodegradable
 non hazardous / non polluting

Low Shrinkage : it is well known that the cementitious repair materials shrink with the passage
of time. Most of the shrinkage generally takes place in the initial period from the time of casting
to 21 days. Therefore, cementitious repair material in its original form, if used for repair to
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

concrete / motor, is likely to get either delaminated due to de- bonding order or develop
shrinkage cracks on its surface due to shrink strains and stresses. Shrinkage cracks so
developed in the repair patch would allow the easy access of atmospheric air and water, which
would be harmful for concrete and reinforcement. It is therefore, official that the low shrinkage
properties of repair materials shall we look for while selecting a material for concrete repair.
Cementitious material need additional nose ring compound so as to be effective in achieving
the desired property. Using low cement content and low water cement ratio will also reduce
the drying shrinkage.

Workability : the property designed by the field workers is good workability. optimum
workability is to be achieved without sacrificing the other desirable properties by use of
suitable additives admixtures .

Bond with the Substrate : the bond strength of repair patch with the substrate are is essential
to have a successful repair system for stock if it is felt that the bond strength of the repair
materials with the base material is inadequate on left and the strength of the base material,
then some other suitable means could be explored to improve Bond strength between repair
material and subtractor. This could be used of :

24. adhesive
25. surface interlocking system and
26. mechanical bonding

Alkalinity : In case of RCC, it is important to maintain the alkalinity of concrete around

reinforcement with its pH above 11.5 from corrosion protection point of view. In this context, it
is necessary for the repair material to have Chemical characteristics such that it does not
adversely affect the alkalinity of the base concrete at a later date.

Low air &water permeability : permeable material allows easy formation of environmental
Chemicals including carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, industrial gases etc. It is essential that repair
materials should have a very low air and water permeability to provide protection to the
reinforced concrete against Ingress of harmful environmental chemicals.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Aesthetic : it is desirable that colour and texture of the repair material should match with the
structure and give aesthetically pleasing and appearance. If need be ,this could be achieved
through appropriate finishes.

Cost : Economics is important while considering various options for repair materials but
cheaper repair Metro should not be selected at the cost of performance characteristics.

Durability & Bio non - degradability : the repair material selected should be durable under its
exposure conditions during the service life against chemical attack, resistant to any form of
energy like ultraviolet rays, infrared rays, heat acceptor and should be bio non degradable.

Non - Hazardous / Non-polluting : the repair material should not be hazardous to field workers.
However adequate safety measures are required to be taken for repair materials, which are
hazardous to workers involved with their applications, etc should also be environment friendly.

ANTI CORROSION COATINGS : Anti corrosion refers to the protection of metal surface
from corroding in high-risk environment

When metallic materials are put into positive environment ,they tend to have chemical
reactions with air and water. The effects of corrosion become evident on the surface of these
materials. for example after putting a piece of iron into the atmosphere for an extended period,
it start rusting due to oxygen interaction with water on the surface of the fees of iron.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Metal equipments lacking any preventive measures may become registered both inside
and out depending upon atmospheric condition and how much of that equipment is exposed to
the year. Be there are a number of methods for preventing corrosion, is special in Marine
applications of anti corrosion measures are of particular importance in our environment there
high humidity, mist and start are factors.

Protection from corrosion :

 Anti corrosion materials

 Stainless steel
 Electrogalvanized cold rolled steel
 Barrier coatings provide a consistent and film that Forms of chemical resistant
barrier and blocks external factors from causing harm.
15. Surface treatments : formation by chemical reaction of a protective layer on the surface
such as nitriding or nitrocarburizing surface treatments.
16. Surface plating : deposition of a corrosion resistant layer, usually nikala Chrome by
various plating processes such as electroplating aur electroless plating.
17. Painting treatment on the surfaces : another way to protect metal housing from
corrosion is by using anti corrosive paint or powder on the metallic surface will stop the
function of this coating is to act as a barrier that inhibits contact between chemical
compounds for corrosive materials with the metal housing.

ADHESIVE AIDS : It is generally used for attaching drywall,tile, molding and fixtures to
walls, ceilings and floors. It is most most commonly available in tubes in timetable for use with
a caulking gun.

Composition : common ingredients include clay, cement, acrylic resin, polyethylene monomer,
styrene-butadiene rubber,hexane and other non-polar solvents, and various initiators and
functional additives.

Different types of adhesive are:

 White craft glue

 Yellow wood glue
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Super glue
 Hot glue
 Spray adhesive
 Fabric adhesive
 Epoxy
 Polyurethane

REPAIR MORTARS : Repair mortars are used to provide new strength to damaged
concrete and, in most cases,offer a permanent repair that is tough eny to stand up the most
heavy use.

Types of Repair martars are :

 Cementitious concrete repair Mortars

 Epoxy concrete repair mortars
 Concrete repair mortars

CURING COMPOUND : Curing is essential for the hydratu of cement in concrete

making.So, to maintain required moisture content, some precautions are applied. concrete
curing compound is a compound which helps to prevent loss of moisture content from the
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

concrete. So, concrete is properly secured with letters the full development of strength of

concrete.

Types of Concrete Curing Compounds :

 Synthetic resin compound

 Acrylic compounds
 Wax compound
 Chlorinated rubber compound

Synthetic resin concrete curing compound : synthetic resins will steal the concrete by forming
membrane full stops if we want to provide plastering, the membrane can be removed by
washing at with hot water.

Acrylic concrete curing compound : Arcylic is made of polymers of arcylic acid. It also seals the
concrete in good manner. It is having property of addition to the subsequent plaster. No need
to wash the surface of arcylic with hot water if we want to provide plastering.

Wax Concrete Curing Compound: Wax compound having similar properties like rising
compound. The wax membrane will lost its efficiency with time increment.

Chlorinated rubber curing compound : chlorinated rubber type curing compound will form
thick layer when we applied. It seals the concrete tightly and also fills the minutes pores
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

present in the concrete .but the film cannot stay for longer period. It is near about in the long
run.

Properties of curing compound

 Water retention
 Reflectance
 Drying period
 Long term setting
 Non-Volatile matter

JOINTS SEALANTS : joint ceiling is the installation of materials into the joints of building,
concrete slab for balconies, car parks and commercial structures. Created a waterproof feel
with joint feeling is used to intercept movement within the surface or at the point of
intersection between various building elements.

Types of sealents used for joints in building :

 Silicone based sealants

 Urethene based sealants
 Arcylic based sealants
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Polysulphide based sealants

WATER PROOFING SYSTEMS FOR ROOFS : Many types of water proof membrane
systems are available , including felt paper or tar paper with asphalt or tar to make a built - up
roof, other bituminous waterproofing, ethylene propylene monomer EPDM rubber, polyvinyl
chloride, liquid roofing and more

Here are some easy ways to waterproof your roof and ensure that your home is safe :

 Remove all dead leaves and branches.

 Trim trees close to the roof.
 Replace missing, curling or damage shingles
 Cover seams with seam tape
 Add a water repellent layer
 Add heat tape to gutters and more

Which waterproofing is best?

Silicone sealant is one of the materials that are effective for waterproofing . silicone sealant can
be effectively used to protect concrete and make it waterproof. Silicon are functions as the
crack filler and sealant, which can be applied to crack up to a quarter inch or 0.6 thin.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Cementitious waterproofing : cementitious waterproofing coating are breathable, seamless

coatings used to provide positive and negative side waterproofing protection on concrete and
masonry surfaces. They prevent damage from water infiltration and register mould and mildew.

Protective coating : attack to prevent corrosion of Steel by providing a barrier against moisture,
Oxygen and other contaminants and by providing Galvanic action. Paint is the most common
protective coating applied.

It is a layer of material applied to the surface of another materials with the intent of
inhibiting or preventing corrosion. A protective coating maybe metallic or nonmetallic.....
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

commonly used materials in non metallic protective coatings include Polymer foxes and
polyethanes.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

CHAPTER - 6

REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR BUILDING DEFECTS :

INTRODUCTION :
In this we will study about the remedies so that we can provide the longer life to our structure.

We will deal all types of remedies and their uses.

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATION :

It is conducted to keep equipment working and extend the life of the equipment.

SURFACE PREPARATION TECHNIQUE FOR REPAIR :

Coating performance is directly affected by surface preparation.

Methods :

 Chemical Cleaning
 Acid Etching
 Mechanical preparation
 Abrasive preparation
 Rotomilling
 Needle scaling

CRACK REPAIR METHOD :

Epoxy injection : Epoxy injection method is used for crack has narrow as 0.002 inch. The
technique generally consists of establishing entry at closed interval along the cracks, sealing the
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

crack on exposed surfaces, and injecting the expose under pressure.

Epoxy injection is an economical method of preparing non moving cracks in concrete walls,
slabs, columns and pure and is capable of restoring the concrete to its free cracked strength.

Epoxy resins are used in the manufacture of adhesive, plastics, Paints, coatings, primers and
sealers, flooring and other products are materials that are used in building and construction
applications.

Epoxy injection procedure :

27. Clean the cracks

28. Seal the surfaces
29. Install the entry
30. Mix the epoxy
31. Inject the epoxy
32. Remove the surface seal

Is Epoxy waterproof : epoxy is incredible waterproof, a detailed that didn't escape the
attention of the pioneers of these materials, and epoxy resins are used to broadly as coatings
Andaz waterproofing in man Industries, including home construction.

Is Epoxy eco-friendly : epoxy coating is one of the most environmental friendly method of
protective coatings because it comes from organic plant sources, it is manufactured in a wave
that release no biohazards to the environment, and when applied as protective coating, it has
no contaminants that could endanger the safety of women
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Grooving and Sealing : grooving and sealing is used to treat both find pattern cracks and
larger, isolated cracks. And effective use is for waterproofing by ceiling cracks on the concrete
surface Where water stands, or where hydrostatic pressure is applied . this statement reduces
the ability of moisture to reach the reinforcing steel or passed the concrete, causing surface
stains or other problems.

The procedure consist of preparing a group at the surface ranging in depth, typically, from 1 by
4 to 1 inch. A concrete saw,hand tools for pneumatic tools may be used.The group is then
cleaned by air blasting, sandblasting or water blasting and dried.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

A sealant is placed into the dry group and allowed to cure. A bond breaker may be provided at
the bottom of the group to allow the sealant to change shape, without a concentration of stress
on the bottom. The bone breaker maybe of a polyethylene or tape which will not born to the
sealant. Careful attention should be applied when detailing the joint so that its width to Dept
aspect ratio will accommodate anticipated moment.

Concrete crack repair by Stitching : stitching in walls drilling holes on both sides of the
crack and grounding in u shaped metal units with short legs that span the crack .stitching may
be used when tensile strength must be established across major crops tracks. The stitching
procedure consist of drilling holes on both sides of the crab cleaning the whole and anchoring
the lights of the staples in the holes, with either a known shrink grount or an epoxy resin based
bonding system.

Additional reinforcement and grouting for crack repair :

Drilling and plugging method :

Drilling and plugging a track consists of drilling down the length of the crack and grounding it to
form s key.this technique is only applicable when cracks done in reasonable straight lines and
are accessible at one end.This matter is most often used to repair vertical cracks in retaining
walls .a hole should be drilled, standard on and following the crack.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Prestressing the steel :

post tensioning is open the desirable solution when a major portion of a member must be
strengthened or when the cracks that have formed must be closed .this technique uses
prestressing stands or bars to apply compressive forces.Adequate anchorage must be provided
for the prestressing steel, and care is needed so that the problem will not merely migrate to
another part of the structure.

Portlanl cement grouting :

White cracks, particularly in gravity dams and thick concrete walls, may be repaired by filling
with Portland cement ground. This method is effective in stopping water leaks, but it will not
structurally Bond cracked section.

REPAIR OF SURFACE DEFECTS OF CONCRETE :

Bug holes : Bug holes are surface voids in concrete defined as small regular or irregular
cavities that usually do not exceed 15 mm in diameter. They are the result of the Entrapment of
air Bubbles in the surface of formed concrete during placement and consolidation.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Careful preparation and mathematical practices can eliminate even the worst of surface
voids.
 Removal and replacement of deteriorated concrete

Form tie holes: Three main contribute to this condition , improper vibration practice,non
permeable formwork and mix design.

Honey comb and larger voids : honeycombing is a structural defect of RCC structure, areas
of the concrete surface where the coarse aggregate are prominently visible are called
honeycombed surface, giving a look of honey bees nest.

If not treated Honey comb from the surface, the RCC structure will not perform adequately as
per its design, will also allow Ingress of harmful agents like contaminated water and air so the
created voids affecting durability of structure substantially.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

How to prevent Honeycomb in concrete :

 All concrete batches to be cohesive

 Concrete workability should match the placement requirement
 Ensure proper compaction of placed concrete
 Concrete should be thoroughly compacted and fully work around the reinforcement
 Concrete fall should be kept minimum.

REPAIR OF CORROSION IN R.C.C. ELEMENTS :

 Remove all loose concrete
 Remove rust over the bars
 Paint the steel with anti corrosion paint
 Apply bonding agent on concrete

Prevention of corrosion in reinforcement :there are few methods is :

 Cathodic protection
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Corrosion inhibitor admixture

 Anti corrosion coatings
 Rebar coating: This coating has strong adhesive force to steel.
 Fly ash : using of fly ash concrete with very low permeability, which will delay the arrival
of carbonation and chloride at the level of the Steel reinforcement.
 Epoxy coated bars

REPAIR OF DPC AGAINST RISING DAMPNESS :

Physical method:

 Keep on top of outdoor home Maintenance

 Keep the home warm
 Make sure your home is well ventilated
 Avoid producing lots of moisture
 Take care when cooking
 Remove excess moisture
 Choose moisture resistant Paint and wallpaper
 Leave room to breathe.

Electical method :

There are two Electro Osmosis method :

 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Passive system : The passage system relies on earthing of copper tape inserted at
approximately half metre intervals into two third of the thickness of the Wall. The Earth
rod, or the series of earth rod, short out the electrical potential, does stopping for the
uses rising damp.
 Active system : The active system uses a low DC current from a main Transformer,
directly two wires linking up to the anodes in the wall, providing an electric charge
repairing the charged water molecules rising from the ground.
Electro Osmosis DPC is usually used for stone buildings.

Chemical method :

The most effective and economical way to treat rising damp is with a damp proofing injection
cream. you can choose between complete kids or individual cottages of cream from leading
brands such as Kiesol C and Aida. The cream is injected or handpump into specially positioned
holes in the motor cost . Once inserted that damp proofing cream reverts into a liquid. this
allows it to penetrate the brakes and achieve complete absorption. As it crosses, it creates a
powerful water repellent barriers and a new chemical DPC that stops water from rising up the
wall.

REPAIR OF WALLS :
Repair of mortar joints against leakage : Be assure the mortar joints between the
brakes are in great shape, and repair as necessary. Once you have the motor in great shape,
apply as silane /siloxane water repellent to the entire brick wall. Play close attention to the
return instructions with respect to hear temperature and the amount of water supplied to
apply.

Remove of efflorescence : If you have not waterproof pure basement, now is the time to
prevent acceleration from our appearing. When you your walls are protected, water will not be
able to enter and stay for crystals to form. However, if you do not is an acceleration problem
forcibly starting to form this may mean you have a leak. At this point we suggest basement
waterproofing to come and professional assess the situation.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

Some preventing efflorescence are :

 Hydrophobic Sealant : Apply and connecting hydrophobic sealant to a building material

surface can prevent the absorption of water. The sealant also will stop water from
travelling within a building material.
 Capillary breaks : Installing capillary breaks such as polythene sheeting between a
building material and soil can minimise the risk of salt and bring the materials.
 Quality masonry construction : Implementing overhanging coatings, eaves and
flashings will minimise the risk of water from entering a wall.
 Installing Grout with mechanical vibrations : Consolidating route with mechanical
vibration with limit the chance of voids in the ground.
 Pressurised water : Applying pressurized water may dissolve efflorescence quickly. If
you use water, dry of the water from the building material after application.if you fail to
remove the water, crystal may remain that can cause efflorescence to reappear.
 Brushing : With the strong brush, you can remove efflorescence with ease.
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)

 Diluted vinegar : Iif you are in a pinch, using household diluted white vinegar can be
used on efflorescence ,so it's less harmful than industrial Chemicals and you most likely
already have visa in your kitchen.

THE END
 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, MURTHAL SONEPAT

E-NOTES , Subject : Repair and Maintenance of Buildings , Subject Code: 6.6.2 , Course: Diploma,
Branch: CIVIL Engineering , Sem-6th

( Prepared By: Ms Kajal, lecturer , CE)